| 1. |
- Coates, Melissa
(författare)
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Visual ecology and functional morphology of Cubozoa (Cnidaria)
- 2003
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1557-7023 .- 1540-7063. ; 43:4, s. 542-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jellyfish belong to one of the oldest extant animal phyla, the Cnidaria. The first Cnidaria appear in the fossil record 600 million years ago, preceeding the Cambrian explosion. They are an extremely successful group present in all marine environments and some freshwater environments. In contrast to many animal phyla in which vision is a primary sense Cnidarians do not, generally, employ image forming eyes. One small class stands alone: the Cubozoa. Cubomedusae are commonly known as box jellyfish. They possess image forming eyes (Coates et al., 2001) which certainly evolved independently from other metazoans. Cubomedusae therefore offer a unique perspective on the evolution of image forming eyes. This literature review collects, into one place, what is known about: the multiple eye types of box jellyfish, cubomedusan life history and ecology, and the sensory and neural systems of box jellyfish. Here I discuss how these features set cubomedusae apart from scyphomedusae and hydromedusae. Knowledge in these areas is sparse; the work done to date inspires increased efforts.
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| 2. |
- Jones, Adam G., et al.
(författare)
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The measurement of sexual selection using Bateman's principles : An experimental test in the sex-role-reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle
- 2005
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 45:5, s. 874-884
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Angus J. Bateman's classic study of sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster has had a major influence on the development of sexual selection theory. In some ways, Bateman's study has served a catalytic role by stimulating debate on sex roles, sexual conflict and other topics in sexual selection. However, there is still considerable disagreement regarding whether or not "Bateman's principles" are helpful in the study of sexual selection. Here, we test the idea that Bateman's principles provide the basis for a useful method to quantify and compare mating systems. In this study, we focus on the sex-role-reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle as a model system to study the measurement of sexual selection. We set up artificial breeding assemblages of pipefish in the laboratory and used microsatellite markers to resolve parentage. Three different sex-ratio treatments (female-biased, even and male-biased) were used to manipulate the expected intensity of sexual selection. Measures of the mating system based on Bateman's principles were calculated and compared to the expected changes in the intensity of sexual selection. We also compare the results of this study to the results of a similar study of Bateman's principles in the rough-skinned newt, a species with conventional sex roles. The results of this experiment show that measures of the mating system based on Bateman's principles do accurately capture the relative intensities of sexual selection in the different treatments and species. Thus, widespread use of Bateman's principles to quantify mating systems in nature would facilitate comparative studies of sexual selection and mating system evolution.
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| 3. |
- Jönsson, K. Ingemar, 1959-
(författare)
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The evolution of life histories in holo-anhydrobiotic animals : a first approach
- 2005
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 45:5, s. 764-770
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The life histories of holo-anhydrobiotic animals differ from those of all other organisms by a regular or irregular entrance into an ametabolic state induced by desiccation. Such ametabolic periods will arrest growth and reproduction completely and thus affect primary life history parameters dramatically. The selective forces and the genetic and physiological trade-offs acting on anhydrobiotic animals are to a large extent unknown. Assuming low growth rates and low juvenile to adult survival, general theoretical models on life history responses to stress predict that anhydrobiotic animals will be selected for a high degree of iteroparity, with low fecundity, large egg size, and low total reproductive investment. A high degree of variability in growth and reproduction should create a selective force in the same direction. Although basic empirical data on life history parameters are very scarce, available observations seem to be consistent with this prediction.
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| 4. |
- Kelber, Almut, et al.
(författare)
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Colour vision in diurnal and nocturnal hawkmoths
- 2003
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1557-7023 .- 1540-7063. ; 43:4, s. 571-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diurnal and nocturnal hawkmoths (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) have three spectral types of receptor sensitive to ultraviolet, blue and green light. As avid flower visitors and pollinators, they use olfactory and visual cues to find and recognise flowers. Moths of the diurnal species Macroglossum stellatarum and the nocturnal species Deilephila elpenor, Hyles lineata and Hyles gallii use and learn the colour of flowers. Nocturnal species can discriminate flowers at starlight intensities when humans and honeybees are colour-blind. M. stellatarum can use achromatic, intensity-related cues if colour cues are absent, and this is probably also true for D. elpenor. Both species can recognise colours even under a changed illumination colour.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Berio, Fidji, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Ontogenetic Plasticity in Shoaling Behavior in a Forage Fish under Warming
- 2023
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 63:3, s. 730-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shoaling behavior is known to increase survival rates during attacks from predators, minimize foraging time, favor mating, and potentially increase locomotor efficiency. The onset of shoaling typically occurs during the larval phase, but it is unclear how it may improve across ontogenetic stages in forage fishes. Warming is known to increase metabolic rates during locomotion in solitary fish, and shoaling species may adjust their collective behavior to offset the elevated costs of swimming at higher temperatures. In this study, we quantified the effects of warming on shoaling performance across the ontogeny of a small forage fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different speeds. Shoals of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish were acclimated at two temperatures (28°C and 32°C), and metabolic rates were quantified prior to and following nonexhaustive exercise at high speed. Shoals of five individuals were filmed in a flow tank to analyze the kinematics of collective movement. We found that zebrafish improve shoaling swimming performance from larvae to juveniles to adults. In particular, shoals become more cohesive, and both tail beat frequency (TBF) and head-to-tail amplitude decrease with ontogeny. Early life stages have higher thermal sensitivity in metabolic rates and TBF especially at high speeds, when compared to adults. Our study shows that shoaling behavior and thermal sensitivity improve as zebrafish shift from larval to juvenile to adult stages.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bok, Michael J., et al.
(författare)
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Here, There and Everywhere : The Radiolar Eyes of Fan Worms (Annelida, Sabellidae)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 56:5, s. 784-795
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fan worms (Annelida: Sabellidae) possess some of the strangest eyes in nature. Their eponymous fans are composed of two sets of radiolar tentacles that project from the head up out of the worm's protective tube into the water column. Primarily used for respiration and feeding, these radioles are also often involved in photoreception. They display a surprising diversity of eyes of varying levels of sophistication, ranging from scattered single ocelli to compound eyes with up to hundreds of facets. These photoreceptors could represent a relatively recent evolutionary development to cope with a sessile, tube-dwelling lifestyle, and the primary cerebral eyes (haplessly positioned within the tube most of the time) amount to little more than minute pigment cups with scant visual potential. The radiolar eyes on the other hand, appear to function as visual burglar alarms for detecting looming predators and eliciting a startle response for the worm to rapidly retreat within its fortified tube. Despite sometimes resembling arthropod compound eyes, the radiolar photoreceptors have many canonically vertebrate-like physiological characteristics. Considering the unusual and apparently recently evolved nature of the fan worm radiolar photoreceptors, these animals are an excellent case for examining the emergence of novel visual systems, the development of rudimentary visually guided behaviors, and the function of distributed sensory systems. Here, we review over 100 years of investigations into the anatomical diversity of sabellid radiolar photoreceptors and eyes in an evolutionary and functional context. We provide new information on radiolar eye structure in several species of fan worms, and we attempt to organize the various eye types and ocellar structures into meaningful hierarchies. We discuss the developmental, evolutionary, and functional significance of the radiolar eyes and highlight areas of future interest in deciphering their unique nature.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bowlin, Melissa, et al.
(författare)
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Grand Challenges in Migration Biology
- 2010
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 50:3, s. 261-279
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Billions of animals migrate each year. To successfully reach their destination, migrants must have evolved an appropriate genetic program and suitable developmental, morphological, physiological, biomechanical, behavioral, and life-history traits. Moreover, they must interact successfully with biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Migration therefore provides an excellent model system in which to address several of the "grand challenges" in organismal biology. Previous research on migration, however, has often focused on a single aspect of the phenomenon, largely due to methodological, geographical, or financial constraints. Integrative migration biology asks 'big questions' such as how, when, where, and why animals migrate, which can be answered by examining the process from multiple ecological and evolutionary perspectives, incorporating multifaceted knowledge from various other scientific disciplines, and using new technologies and modeling approaches, all within the context of an annual cycle. Adopting an integrative research strategy will provide a better understanding of the interactions between biological levels of organization, of what role migrants play in disease transmission, and of how to conserve migrants and the habitats upon which they depend.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Bowlin, M. S., et al.
(författare)
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The aerodynamic consequences of molt
- 2011
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1557-7023 .- 1540-7063. ; 51, s. 14-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Colley, Nansi Jo, et al.
(författare)
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Photoreception in Phytoplankton
- 2016
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 56:5, s. 764-775
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many species of phytoplankton, simple photoreceptors monitor ambient lighting. Photoreceptors provide a number of selective advantages including the ability to assess the time of day for circadian rhythms, seasonal changes, and the detection of excessive light intensities and harmful UV light. Photoreceptors also serve as depth gauges in the water column for behaviors such as diurnal vertical migration. Photoreceptors can be organized together with screening pigment into visible eyespots. In a wide variety of motile phytoplankton, including Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Euglena, and Kryptoperidinium, eyespots are light-sensitive organelles residing within the cell. Eyespots are composed of photoreceptor proteins and typically red to orange carotenoid screening pigments. This association of photosensory pigment with screening pigment allows for detection of light directionality, needed for light-guided behaviors such as positive and negative phototaxis. In Chlamydomonas, the eyespot is located in the chloroplast and Chlamydomonas expresses a number of photosensory pigments including the microbial channelrhodopsins (ChR1 and ChR2). Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists that are ecologically important constituents of the phytoplankton. They display a great deal of diversity in morphology, nutritional modes and symbioses, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic, feeding on smaller phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates, such as Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, have eyespots that are used for light-mediated tasks including phototaxis. Dinoflagellates belonging to the family Warnowiaceae have a more elaborate eye. Their eye-organelle, called an ocelloid, is a large, elaborate structure consisting of a focusing lens, highly ordered retinal membranes, and a shield of dark pigment. This complex eye-organelle is similar to multicellular camera eyes, such as our own. Unraveling the molecular makeup, structure and function of dinoflagellate eyes, as well as light-guided behaviors in phytoplankton can inform us about the selective forces that drove evolution in the important steps from light detection to vision. We show here that the evolution from simple photoreception to vision seems to have independently followed identical paths and principles in phytoplankton and animals, significantly strengthening our understanding of this important biological process.
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| 16. |
- Cronin, Thomas W, et al.
(författare)
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Crustacean Larvae-Vision in the Plankton
- 2017
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1557-7023 .- 1540-7063. ; 57:5, s. 1139-1150
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the visual systems of crustacean larvae, concentrating on the compound eyes of decapod and stomatopod larvae as well as the functional and behavioral aspects of their vision. Larval compound eyes of these macrurans are all built on fundamentally the same optical plan, the transparent apposition eye, which is eminently suitable for modification into the abundantly diverse optical systems of the adults. Many of these eyes contain a layer of reflective structures overlying the retina that produces a counterilluminating eyeshine, so they are unique in being camouflaged both by their transparency and by their reflection of light spectrally similar to background light to conceal the opaque retina. Besides the pair of compound eyes, at least some crustacean larvae have a non-imaging photoreceptor system based on a naupliar eye and possibly other frontal eyes. Larval compound-eye photoreceptors send axons to a large and well-developed optic lobe consisting of a series of neuropils that are similar to those of adult crustaceans and insects, implying sophisticated analysis of visual stimuli. The visual system fosters a number of advanced and flexible behaviors that permit crustacean larvae to survive extended periods in the plankton and allows them to reach acceptable adult habitats, within which to metamorphose.
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| 17. |
- Dawson, H. M., et al.
(författare)
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Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar and Temperate Diatoms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 60:6, s. 1401-1413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intense bottom-ice algal blooms, often dominated by diatoms, are an important source of food for grazers, organic matter for export during sea ice melt, and dissolved organic carbon. Sea-ice diatoms have a number of adaptations, including accumulation of compatible solutes, that allows them to inhabit this highly variable environment characterized by extremes in temperature, salinity, and light. In addition to protecting them from extreme conditions, these compounds present a labile, nutrient-rich source of organic matter, and include precursors to climate active compounds (e.g., dimethyl sulfide [DMS]), which are likely regulated with environmental change. Here, intracellular concentrations of 45 metabolites were quantified in three sea-ice diatom species and were compared to two temperate diatom species, with a focus on compatible solutes and free amino acid pools. There was a large diversity of metabolite concentrations between diatoms with no clear pattern identifiable for sea-ice species. Concentrations of some compatible solutes (isethionic acid, homarine) approached 1 M in the sea-ice diatoms, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Navicula cf. perminuta, but not in the larger sea-ice diatom, Nitzschia lecointei or in the temperate diatom species. The differential use of compatible solutes in sea-ice diatoms suggests different adaptive strategies and highlights which small organic compounds may be important in polar biogeochemical cycles.
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| 18. |
- Day, L. B., et al.
(författare)
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Correlated Evolution of Acrobatic Display and Both Neural and Somatic Phenotypic Traits in Manakins (Pipridae)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 61:4, s. 1343-1362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brightly colored manakin (Ayes: Pipridae) males are known for performing acrobatic displays punctuated by non-vocal sounds (sonations) in order to attract dull colored females. The complexity of the display sequence and assortment of display elements involved (e.g., sonations, acrobatic maneuvers, and cooperative performances) varies considerably across manakin species. Species-specific display elements coevolve with display-distinct specializations of the neuroanatomical, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems in the handful of species studied. Conducting a broader comparative study, we previously found positive associations between display complexity and both brain mass and body mass across eight manakin genera, indicating selection for neural and somatic expansion to accommodate display elaboration. Whether this gross morphological variation is due to overall brain and body mass expansion (concerted evolution) versus size increases in only functionally relevant brain regions and growth of particular body ("somatic") features (mosaic evolution) remains to be explored. Here, we test the hypothesis that cross-species variation in male brain mass and body mass is driven by mosaic evolution. We predicted positive associations between display complexity and variation in the volume of the cerebellum and sensorimotor arcopallium, brain regions which have roles in sensorimotor processes, and learning and performance of precisely timed and sequenced thoughts and movements, respectively. In contrast, we predicted no associations between the volume of a limbic arcopallial nucleus or a visual thalamic nudeus and display complexity as these regions have no-specific functional relationship to display behavior. For somatic features, we predicted that the relationship between body mass and complexity would not include contributions of tarsus length based on a recent study suggesting selection on tarsus length is less labile than body mass. We tested our hypotheses in males from 12 manakin species and a closely related flycatcher. Our analyses support mosaic evolution of neural and somatic features functionally relevant to display and indicate that sexual selection for acrobatic complexity increases the capacity for procedural learning via cerebellar enlargement and may decrease maneuverability via increases in tarsus length.
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| 19. |
- Di Santo, Valentina
(författare)
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EcoPhysioMechanics : Integrating Energetics and Biomechanics to Understand Fish Locomotion under Climate Change
- 2022
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 62:3, s. 711-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecological physiologists and biomechanists have investigated swimming performance in a diversity of fishes; however, the connection between form, function, and energetics of locomotion has been rarely evaluated in the same system and under climate change scenarios. In this perspective, I argue that working within the framework of “EcoPhysioMechanics,” i.e. integrating energetics and biomechanics tools, to measure locomotor performance and behavior under different abiotic factors, improves our understanding of the mechanisms, limits and costs of movement. To demonstrate how EcoPhysioMechanics can be applied to locomotor studies, I outline how linking biomechanics and physiology allows us to understand how fishes may modulate their movement to achieve high speeds or reduce the costs of locomotion. I also discuss how the framework is necessary to quantify swimming capacity under climate change scenarios. Finally, I discuss current dearth of integrative studies and gaps in empirical datasets that are necessary to understand fish swimming under changing environments.
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| 20. |
- Engel, Sophia, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Wind-Tunnel Studies in Integrative Research on Migration Biology
- 2010
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 50:3, s. 323-335
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wind tunnels allow researchers to investigate animals' flight under controlled conditions, and provide easy access to the animals during flight. These increasingly popular devices can benefit integrative migration biology by allowing us to explore the links between aerodynamic theory and migration as well as the links between flight behavior and physiology. Currently, wind tunnels are being used to investigate many different migratory phenomena, including the relationship between metabolic power and flight speed and carry-over effects between different seasons. Although biotelemetry is also becoming increasingly common, it is unlikely that it will be able to completely supplant wind tunnels because of the difficulty of measuring or varying parameters such as flight speed or temperature in the wild. Wind tunnels and swim tunnels will therefore continue to be important tools we can use for studying integrative migration biology.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Halanych, K. M., et al.
(författare)
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Unsegmented annelids? Possible origins of four lophotrochozoan worm taxa
- 2002
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - 1540-7063. ; 42:3, s. 678-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In traditional classification schemes, the Annelida consists of the Polychaeta and the Clitellata (the latter including the Oligochaeta and Hirudinida). However, recent analyses suggest that annelids are much more diverse than traditionally believed, and that polychaetes are paraphyletic. Specifically, some lesser-known taxa. (previously regarded as separate phyla) appear to fall within the annelid radiation. Abundant molecular, developmental, and morphological data show that the Siboglinidae, which includes the formerly recognized Pogonophora and Vestimentifera, are derived annelids; recent data from the Elongation Factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) gene also suggest that echiurids are of annelid ancestry. Further, the phylogenetic origins of two other lesser-known groups of marine worms, the Myzostomida and Sipuncula, have recently been called into question. Whereas some authors advocate annelid affinities, others argue that these taxa do not fall within the annelid radiation. With advances in our understanding of annelid phylogeny, our perceptions of body plan evolution within the Metazoa are changing. The evolution of segmentation probably is more plastic than traditionally believed. However, as our understanding of organismal evolution is being revised, we are also forced to reconsider the specific characters being examined. Should segmentation be considered a developmental process or an ontological endpoint?
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Hart, M. W., et al.
(författare)
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Selection on coevolving human gamete recognition genes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden.. - 1540-7063 .- 1557-7023. ; 56, s. E84-E84
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 25. |
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