SwePub - search: L773:1547 8181 OR L773:0018 72...

Enumeration	Reference	Cover	Find
1.	Barbieri, Dechristian Franca, et al. (author) Comparison of sedentary behaviors in office workers using sit-stand tables with and without semi-automated position changes 2017 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 59:5, s. 782-795 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: This study compared usage patterns of two different electronically controlled sit-stand tables during a 2-month intervention period among office workers.Background: Office workers spend most of their working time sitting, which is likely detrimental to health. Although the introduction of sit-stand tables has been suggested as an effective intervention to decrease sitting time, limited evidence is available on usage patterns of sit-stand tables, and whether patterns are influenced by table configuration.Methods: Twelve workers were provided with standard sit-stand tables (non-automated table group) and 12 with semi-automated sit-stand tables programmed to change table position according to a pre-set pattern, if the user agreed to the system-generated prompt (semi-automated table group). Table position was monitored continuously for two months after introducing the tables, as a proxy for sit-stand behavior.Results: On average, the table was in a “sit” position for 85% of the work-day in both groups; this did not change significantly during the 2-month period. Switches in table position from sit to stand were, however, more frequent in the semi-automated table group than in the non-automated table group (0.65 vs. 0.29 hr-1; p=0.001).Conclusion: Introducing a semi-automated sit-stand table appeared to be an attractive alternative to a standard sit-stand table, since it led to more posture variation.Application: A semi-automated sit-stand table may effectively contribute to making postures more variable among office workers, and thus aid in alleviating negative health effects of extensive sitting.
2.	Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al. (author) How Do Drivers Respond to Silent Automation Failures? Driving Simulator Study and Comparison of Computational Driver Braking Models 2020 In: Human Factors. - Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, USA.; University of Leeds, UK.; VTI, Gothenburg, Sweden. : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 62:7, s. 1212-1229 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: This paper aims to describe and test novel computational driver models, predicting drivers’ brake reaction times (BRTs) to different levels of lead vehicle braking, during driving with cruise control (CC) and during silent failures of adaptive cruise control (ACC). Background: Validated computational models predicting BRTs to silent failures of automation are lacking but are important for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving. Method: Two alternative models of driver response to silent ACC failures are proposed: a looming prediction model, assuming that drivers embody a generative model of ACC, and a lower gain model, assuming that drivers’ arousal decreases due to monitoring of the automated system. Predictions of BRTs issued by the models were tested using a driving simulator study. Results: The driving simulator study confirmed the predictions of the models: (a) BRTs were significantly shorter with an increase in kinematic criticality, both during driving with CC and during driving with ACC; (b) BRTs were significantly delayed when driving with ACC compared with driving with CC. However, the predicted BRTs were longer than the ones observed, entailing a fitting of the models to the data from the study. Conclusion: Both the looming prediction model and the lower gain model predict well the BRTs for the ACC driving condition. However, the looming prediction model has the advantage of being able to predict average BRTs using the exact same parameters as the model fitted to the CC driving data. Application: Knowledge resulting from this research can be helpful for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.
3.	Ciccarelli, Marina, et al. (author) Variation in Muscle Activity Among Office Workers When Using Different Information Technologies at Work and Away From Work 2013 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 55:5, s. 911-923 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: To determine differences in muscle activity amplitudes and variation of amplitudes, when using different Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).Background: Office workers use different ICT to perform tasks. Upper body musculoskeletal complaints are frequently reported by this occupational group. Increased muscle activity and insufficient muscle activity variation are potential risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints.Method: Muscle activity of right and left upper trapezius and right wrist extensor muscle bundle (extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) of 24 office workers (performing their usual tasks requiring different ICT at work and away-from-work) were measured continuously over 10-12 hours. Muscle activity variation was quantified using two indices, APDF(90-10) and EVAsd.Results: There was a trend for electronics-based New ICT tasks to involve less electromyography (EMG) variation than paper-based Old ICT tasks. Performing Combined ICT tasks (i.e. using paper- and electronics-based ICT simultaneously) resulted in the highest muscle activity levels and least variation; however, these Combined ICT tasks were rarely performed. Tasks involving no ICT (Non-ICT) had the greatest muscle activity variation.Conclusion: Office workers in this study used various ICT during tasks at work and away-from-work. The high EMG amplitudes and low variation observed when using Combined ICT may present the greatest risk for musculoskeletal complaints, and use of Combined ICT by workers should be kept low in office work. Breaking up Combined, New and Old ICT tasks; for example, by interspersing highly variable Non-ICT tasks into office workers’ daily tasks, could increase overall muscle activity variation and reduce risk for musculoskeletal complaints.
4.	Dahlman, Joakim, 1974-, et al. (author) Performance and Autonomic Responses during Motion Sickness 2009 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 51:1, s. 56-66 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate how motion sickness, triggered by an optokinetic drum, affects short term memory performance and to explore autonomic responses to perceived motion sickness. Background: Previous research has found motion sickness to decrease performance, but it is not known how short term memory in particular is affected. Method: Thirty-eight healthy participants performed a listening span test while seated in a rotating optokinetic drum. Measurements of motion sickness, performance, heart rate, skin conductance, blood volume pulse, and pupil size were performed simultaneously throughout the experiment. Results: A total of 16 participants terminated the trial due to severe nausea, while the other 22 endured the full 25 minutes. Perceived motion sickness increased over time in both groups, but less among those who endured the trial. Short term memory performance decreased towards the end for those who terminated, while it increased for the other group. Results from the measured autonomic responses were ambiguous. Conclusion: The present study concludes that performance, measured as short term memory, declines as perceived motion sickness progresses. Application: This research has potential implications for command and control personnel in risk of developing motion sickness.
5.	Dahlman, Joakim, 1974, et al. (author) Performance and autonomic responses during motion sickness 2009 In: Human Factors. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 51:1, s. 56-66 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
6.	Duncan, Carolyn A., et al. (author) The Effect of Wave Motion Intensities on Performance in a Simulated Search and Rescue Task and the Concurrent Demands of Maintaining Balance 2022 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 64:3, s. 579-588 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine how intensity of wave motions affects the performance of a simulated maritime search and rescue (SAR) task. Background Maritime SAR is a critical maritime occupation; however, the effect of wave motion intensity on worker performance is unknown. Methods Twenty-four participants (12 male, 12 female) performed a simulated search and rescue task on a six-degree-of-freedom motion platform in two conditions that differed in motion intensity (low and high). Task performance, electromyography (EMG), and number of compensatory steps taken by the individual were examined. Results As magnitude of simulated motion increased, performance in the SAR task decreased, and was accompanied by increases in lower limb muscle activation and number of steps taken. Conclusions Performance of an SAR task and balance control may be impeded by high-magnitude vessel motions. Application This research has the potential to be used by maritime engineers, occupational health and safety professionals, and ergonomists to improve worker safety and performance for SAR operators.
7.	Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al. (author) Effects of working memory load and repeated scenario exposure on emergency braking performance 2010 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 52:5, s. 551-559 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of working memory load on drivers' responses to a suddenly braking lead vehicle and whether this effect (if any) is moderated by repeated scenario exposure. Background: Several experimental studies have found delayed braking responses to lead vehicle braking events during concurrent performance of nonvisual, working memory-loading tasks, such as hands-free phone conversation. However, the common use of repeated, and hence somewhat expected, braking events may undermine the generalizability of these results to naturalistic, unexpected, emergency braking scenarios. Method: A critical lead vehicle braking scenario was implemented in a fixed-based simulator. The effects of working memory load and repeated scenario exposure on braking performance were examined. Results: Brake response time was decomposed into accelerator pedal release time and accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. Accelerator pedal release times were strongly reduced with repeated scenario exposure and were delayed by working memory load with a small but significant amount (178 ms). The two factors did not interact. There were no effects on accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. Conclusion:The results suggest that effects of working memory load on response performance obtained from repeated critical lead vehicle braking scenarios may be validly generalized to real world unexpected events. Application: The results have important implications for the interpretation of braking performance in experimental settings, in particular in the context of safety-related evaluation of in-vehicle information and communication technologies. © 2010, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
8.	Eriksson, Lars, 1963-, et al. (author) Effects of visual flow display of flight maneuvers on perceived spatial orientation 2005 In: Human Factors. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 47:2, s. 378-393 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Postural responses were utilized as measures of the effectiveness of a wide-angle visual flow display in determining perceived spatial orientation (SO). The general experimental setup included a 150 degrees x 34 degrees wide-field display showing flight over computer-generated ground with horizon. Simulated roll maneuvers on this display induced postural sway in the observer that was registered by a head-tracker system. Two experiments with 16 participants in each investigated the effects of visual flow, display exclusions in the central visual field, and display extensions into the visual periphery. Clear vestibular and proprioceptive suppression effects were demonstrated on postural sway with the inclusion of visual flow of forward ego motion in roll maneuvers. Compared with the full view, up to 20 degrees x 20 degrees central field omission either did not reduce the effect or reduced the effect but, frequently, only moderately. Limiting the display area to 45 degrees in the horizontal dimension reduced display effectiveness significantly, whereas a 105 degrees area did not, compared with the full view. Utilizing postural responses as indications of visual display resonance with our SO mechanism, actual or potential applications of this research include the design of an interface integrating flight-adapted visual flow to counteract or reduce pilot spatial disorientation.
9.	Friberg, Marc, et al. (author) The Effects of Stress on Tourniquet Application and CPR Performance in Layperson and Professional Civilian Populations 2023 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 65:3, s. 496-507 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare laypeoples and professional first responders ability to perform tourniquet application and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during calm and stressful circumstances. Background Life-threatening bleeding is a major cause of death that could be prevented by fast and appropriate first aid interventions. Therefore, laypeople are now being trained in bleeding control skills, transforming them from bystanders to immediate responders. However, critics have questioned whether laypeople are able to perform during more stressful conditions. Method Twenty-four laypersons and 31 professional first responders were tested in two conditions: a calm classroom scenario and a stressful scenario consisting of paintball fire and physical exertion. Stress and workload were assessed along with task performance. Results The experimental manipulation was successful in terms of eliciting stress reactions. Tourniquet application performance did not decline in the stressful condition, but some aspects of CPR performance did for both groups. First responders experienced higher task engagement and lower distress, worry and workload than the laypeople in both the calm and stressful conditions. Conclusion Stress did not affect first responders and laypeople differently in terms of performance effects. Stress should therefore not be considered a major obstacle for teaching bleeding control skills to laypeople. Application Tourniquet application can be taught to laypeople in a short amount of time, and they can perform this skill during stress in controlled settings. Concerns about laypeoples ability to perform under stress should not exclude bleeding control skills from first aid courses for civilian laypeople.
10.	Gillespie, B. M., et al. (author) The Impact of Robotic-Assisted Surgery on Team Performance: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review 2021 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208. ; 63:8, s. 1352-1379 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective The aim of this study is to describe the impact of robotic-assisted surgery on team performance in the operating room. Background The introduction of surgical robots has improved the technical performance of surgical procedures but has also contributed to unexpected interactions in surgical teams, leading to new types of errors. Method A systematic literature search of Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases using key words and MeSH terms was conducted. Screening identified studies employing qualitative and quantitative methods published between January 2000 and September 2019. Two reviewers independently appraised the methodological quality of the articles using theMixed Methods Appraisal Tool(2018). Discussions were held among authors to examine quality scores of the studies and emergent themes, and agreement was reached through consensus. Themes were derived using inductive content analysis. Results Combined searches identified 1,065 citations. Of these, 19 articles, 16 quantitative and 3 qualitative, were included. Robotic-assisted surgeries included urology, gynecology, cardiac, and general procedures involving surgeons, anesthetists, nurses, and technicians. Three themes emerged: Negotiating the altered physical environs and adapting team communications to manage task and technology; managing the robotic system to optimize workflow efficiency; andtechnical proficiency depends on experience, team familiarity, and case complexity. Conclusion Inclusion of a robot as a team member adds further complexity to the work of surgery. Application These review findings will inform training programs specifically designed to optimize teamwork, workflow efficiency, and learning needs.
11.	Gold, Judith, et al. (author) Serum and MRI biomarkers in mobile device texting : a pilot study 2014 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 56:5, s. 864-872 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: We aimed to determine if serum biochemical and MRI biomarkers differed between high volume (≥ 230 texts sent/day; n = 5) and low volume (≤ 25 texts sent/day; n = 5) texters. A secondary aim was to ascertain what correlations between the biochemical and imaging biomarkers could tell us about the pathophysiology of early onset tendinopathies.Background: Text messaging has become widespread, particularly among college-aged young adults. There is concern that high rates of texting may result in musculoskeletal disorders, including tendinopathies. Pathophysiology of tendinopathies is largely unknown.Method: Ten females with a mean age of 20 were recruited. We examined serum for 20 biomarkers of inflammation, tissue degeneration and repair. We used conventional MRI and MRI mean intratendinous signal intensity (MISI) to assess thumb tendons. Correlations between MISI and serum biomarkers were also examined.Results: Three high volume texters had MRI tendinopathy findings as did one low volume texter. Increased serum TNF-R1 was found in high volume texters compared to low volume texters, as were non-significant increases in MISI in two thumb tendons. Serum TNF-R1 and TNF-α correlated with MISI in these tendons, as did IL1-R1. Conclusion: These results suggest that early onset tendinopathy with concurrent inflammation may be occurring in prolific texters. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed for confirmation.
12.	Helander, Martin (author) Drivers' Steering Behavior during Traffic Events: A Case of Perceptual Tropism? 1978 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 20:6, s. 681-690 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Seventy-five drivers participated in test runs, driving a total of 1500 km. Mean value and 1 standard deviation of steering wheel angle were plotted for several traffic events from 10 s before the event until 10 s after. Two seconds before meeting an oncoming car, there was a 1° shift in steering wheel angle to the left, thereby moving toward the oncoming car. The peak value was obtained at the instant when the oncoming car passed. The original steering wheel position was regained 2 s after the meeting. The behavior was more pronounced on narrow roads than on wide roads, and it was unaffected by driving experience. The behavior is explained by the perceptual significance of the oncoming car and, in analogy with tropistic behavior noted in lower organisms, the phenomenon is called perceptual tropism. The findings introduce a new dimension to analyses of steering behavior. More important, the obtained results suggest that there are interactions between visual and motor behavior.
13.	Jackson, Jennie, et al. (author) Should We Be More on the Ball? : The Efficacy of Accommodation Training on Lumbar Spine Posture, Muscle Activity, and Perceived Discomfort During Stability Ball Sitting 2013 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 55:6, s. 1064-1076 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 9-day accommodation protocol on reducing perceived discomfort while sitting on a stability ball (SB); trunk muscle activity levels and lumbar spinal postures were also considered. Background: Previous studies have compared SB sitting with office chair sitting with few observed differences in muscle activity or posture; however, greater discomfort during SB sitting has been reported. These findings may indicate an accommodation period is necessary to acclimate to SB sitting. Method: For this study, 6 males and 6 females completed two separate, 2-hr sitting sessions on an SB. Half the participants completed a 9-day accommodation period between the visits, whereas the other half did not use an SB during the time. On both occasions, self-reported perceived discomfort ratings were collected along with erector spinae and abdominal muscle activity and lumbar spinal postures. Results: Discomfort ratings were reduced in female participants following the accommodation; no effects on muscle activation or lumbar spine postures were observed. Conclusion: Accommodation training may reduce perceived low-back discomfort in females. Trunk muscle activity and lumbar spine postures during seated office work on an SB did not differ between groups; however, greater sample power was required to conclusively address these variables. Application: Regarding whether to use an SB in place of a standard office chair, this study indicates that females electing to use an SB can decrease discomfort by following an accommodation protocol; no evidence was found to indicate that SB chair use will improve trunk strength or posture, even following an accommodation period.
14.	Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al. (author) Minimum Required Attention : A Human-Centered Approach to Driver Inattention 2017 In: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 59:3, s. 471-484 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: To propose a driver attention theory based on the notion of driving as a satisficing and partially self-paced task and, within this framework, present a definition for driver inattention.Background: Many definitions of driver inattention and distraction have been proposed, but they are difficult to operationalize, and they are either unreasonably strict and inflexible or suffer from hindsight bias.Method: Existing definitions of driver distraction are reviewed and their shortcomings identified. We then present the minimum required attention (MiRA) theory to overcome these shortcomings. Suggestions on how to operationalize MiRA are also presented.Results: MiRA describes which role the attention of the driver plays in the shared "situation awareness of the traffic system." A driver is considered attentive when sampling sufficient information to meet the demands of the system, namely, that he or she fulfills the preconditions to be able to form and maintain a good enough mental representation of the situation. A driver should only be considered inattentive when information sampling is not sufficient, regardless of whether the driver is concurrently executing an additional task or not.Conclusions: The MiRA theory builds on well-established driver attention theories. It goes beyond available driver distraction definitions by first defining what a driver needs to be attentive to, being free from hindsight bias, and allowing the driver to adapt to the current demands of the traffic situation through satisficing and self-pacing. MiRA has the potential to provide the stepping stone for unbiased and operationalizable inattention detection and classification.
15.	Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al. (author) On the Difference Between Necessary and Unnecessary Glances Away From the Forward Roadway : An Occlusion Study on the Motorway 2020 In: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 62:7, s. 1117-1131 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The present study strove to distinguish traffic-related glances away from the forward roadway from non-traffic-related glances while assessing the minimum amount of visual information intake necessary for safe driving in particular scenarios.Background: Published gaze-based distraction detection algorithms and guidelines for distraction prevention essentially measure the time spent looking away from the forward roadway, without incorporating situation-based attentional requirements. Incorporating situation-based attentional requirements would entail an approach that not only considers the time spent looking elsewhere but also checks whether all necessary information has been sampled.Method: We assess the visual sampling requirements for the forward view based on 25 experienced drivers’ self-paced visual occlusion in real motorway traffic, dependent on a combination of situational factors, and compare these with their corresponding glance behavior in baseline driving.Results: Occlusion durations were on average 3 times longer than glances away from the forward roadway, and they varied substantially depending on particular maneuvers and on the proximity of other traffic, showing that interactions with nearby traffic increase perceived uncertainty. The frequency of glances away from the forward roadway was relatively stable across proximity levels and maneuvers, being very similar to what has been found in naturalistic driving.Conclusion: Glances away from the forward roadway proved qualitatively different from occlusions in both their duration and when they occur. Our findings indicate that glancing away from the forward roadway for driving purposes is not the same as glancing away for other purposes, and that neither is necessarily equivalent to distraction.
16.	Kujala, Tuomo, et al. (author) A Review of Occlusion as a Tool to Assess Attentional Demand in Driving 2021 In: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The aim of this review is to identify how visual occlusion contributes to our understanding of attentional demand and spare visual capacity in driving and the strengths and limitations of the method.Background: The occlusion technique was developed by John W. Senders to evaluate the attentional demand of driving. Despite its utility, it has been used infrequently in driver attention/inattention research.Method: Visual occlusion studies in driving published between 1967 and 2020 were reviewed. The focus was on original studies in which the forward visual field was intermittently occluded while the participant was driving.Results: Occlusion studies have shown that attentional demand varies across situations and drivers and have indicated environmental, situational, and inter-individual factors behind the variability. The occlusion technique complements eye tracking in being able to indicate the temporal requirements for and redundancy in visual information sampling. The proper selection of occlusion settings depends on the target of the research.Conclusion: Although there are a number of occlusion studies looking at various aspects of attentional demand, we are still only beginning to understand how these demands vary, interact, and covary in naturalistic driving.Application: The findings of this review have methodological and theoretical implications for human factors research and for the development of distraction monitoring and in-vehicle system testing. Distraction detection algorithms and testing guidelines should consider the variability in drivers’ situational and individual spare visual capacity.
17.	Kumar, Arun, 1991, et al. (author) Prediction of Drivers’ Subjective Evaluation of Vehicle Reaction Under Aerodynamic Excitations 2024 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 66:5, s. 1600-1615 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The objectives are to determine which quantities are important to measure to determine how drivers perceive vehicle stability, and to develop a regression model to predict which induced external disturbances drivers are able to feel. Background: Driver experience of a vehicle’s dynamic performance is important to auto manufacturers. Test engineers and test drivers perform several on-road assessments to evaluate the vehicle’s dynamic performance before sign-off for production. The presence of external disturbances such as aerodynamic forces and moments play a significant role in the overall vehicle assessment. As a result, it is important to understand the relation between the subjective experience of the drivers and these external disturbances acting on the vehicle. Method: A sequence of external yaw and roll moment disturbances of varying amplitudes and frequencies is added to a straight-line high-speed stability simulation test in a driving simulator. The tests are performed with both common and professional test drivers, and their evaluations to these external disturbances are recorded. The sampled data from these tests are used to generate the needed regression model. Results: A model is derived for predicting which disturbances drivers can feel. It quantifies difference in sensitivity between driver types and between yaw and roll disturbances. Conclusion: The model shows a relationship between steering input and driver sensitivity to external disturbances in a straight-line drive. Drivers are more sensitive to yaw disturbance than roll disturbance and increased steering input lowers sensitivity. Application: Identify the threshold above which unexpected disturbances such as aerodynamic excitations can potentially create unstable vehicle behaviour.
18.	Liu, Zhuofan, et al. (author) Attentional Demand as a Function of Contextual Factors in Different Traffic Scenarios 2019 In: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 62:17, s. 1171-1189 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: To assess the attentional demand of different contextual factors in driving.Background: The attentional demand on the driver varies with the situation. One approach for estimating the attentional demand, via spare capacity, is to use visual occlusion.Method: Using a 3 × 5 within-subjects design, 33 participants drove in a fixed-base simulator in three scenarios (i.e., urban, rural, and motorway), combined with five fixed occlusion durations (1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 s). By pressing a microswitch on a finger, the driver initiated each occlusion, which lasted for the same predetermined duration within each trial. Drivers were instructed to occlude their vision as often as possible while still driving safely.Results: Stepwise logistic regression per scenario indicated that the occlusion predictors varied with scenario. In the urban environment, infrastructure-related variables had the biggest influence, whereas the distance to oncoming traffic played a major role on the rural road. On the motorway, occlusion duration and time since the last occlusion were the main determinants.Conclusion: Spare capacity is dependent on the scenario, selected speed, and individual factors. This is important for developing workload managers, infrastructural design, and aspects related to transfer of control in automated driving.Application: Better knowledge of the determinants of spare capacity in the road environment can help improve workload managers, thereby contributing to more efficient and safer interaction with additional tasks.
19.	Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al. (author) The Impact of Intonation and Valence on Objective and Subjective Attention Capture by Auditory Alarms 2012 In: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 54:5, s. 826-837 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective:The objective was to study the involuntary capture of attention by spoken words varying in intonation and valence.Background:In studies of verbal alarms, the propensity of alarms to capture attention has been primarily assessed with the use of subjective ratings of their perceived urgency. Past studies suggest that such ratings vary with the alarms’ spoken urgency and content.Method:We measured attention capture by spoken words varying in valence (negative vs. neutral) and intonation (urgently vs. nonurgently spoken) through subjective ratings and behavioral measures. The key behavioral measure was the response latency to visual stimuli in the presence of spoken words breaking away from the periodical repetition of a tone.Results:The results showed that all words captured attention relative to a baseline standard tone but that this effect was partly counteracted by a relative speeding of responses for urgently compared with nonurgently spoken words. Word valence did not affect behavioral performance. Rating data showed that both intonation and valence increased significantly perceived urgency and attention grabbing without any interaction.Conclusion:The data suggest a congruency between subjective ratings and behavioral performance with respect to spoken intonation but not valence.Application:This study demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of objective measures of attention capture to help design efficient alarm systems.
20.	Lo, Julia C., et al. (author) Individual Markers of Resilience in Train Traffic Control : The Role of Operators' Goals and Strategic Mental Models and Implications for Variation, Expertise, and Performance 2016 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 58:1, s. 80-91 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to examine individual markers of resilience and obtain quantitative insights into the understanding and the implications of variation and expertise levels in train traffic operators' goals and strategic mental models and their impact on performance. Background: The Dutch railways are one of the world's most heavy utilized railway networks and have been identified to be weak in system and organizational resilience. Method: Twenty-two train traffic controllers enacted two scenarios in a human-in-the-loop simulator. Their experience, goals, strategic mental models, and performance were assessed through questionnaires and simulator logs. Goals were operationalized through performance indicators and strategic mental models through train completion strategies. Results: A variation was found between operators for both self-reported primary performance indicators and completion strategies. Further, the primary goal of only 14% of the operators reflected the primary organizational goal (i.e., arrival punctuality). An incongruence was also found between train traffic controllers' self-reported performance indicators and objective performance in a more disrupted condition. The level of experience tends to affect performance differently. Conclusion: There is a gap between primary organizational goals and preferred individual goals. Further, the relative strong diversity in primary operator goals and strategic mental models indicates weak resilience at the individual level. Application: With recent and upcoming large-scale changes throughout the sociotechnical space of the railway infrastructure organization, the findings are useful to facilitate future railway traffic control and the development of a resilient system.
21.	Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al. (author) A Review of Near-Collision Driver Behavior Models 2012 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 54:6, s. 1117-1143 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: This article provides a review of recent models of driver behavior in on-road collision situations.Background: In efforts to improve traffic safety, computer simulation of accident situations holds promise as a valuable tool, for both academia and industry. However, to ensure the validity of simulations, models are needed that accurately capture near-crash driver behavior, as observed in real traffic or driving experiments.Method: Scientific articles were identified by a systematic approach, including extensive database searches. Criteria for inclusion were defined and applied, including the requirement that models should have been previously applied to simulate on-road collision avoidance behavior. Several selected models were implemented and tested in selected scenarios.Results: The reviewed articles were grouped according to a rough taxonomy based on main emphasis, namely avoidance by braking, avoidance by steering, avoidance by a combination of braking and steering, effects of driver states and characteristics on avoidance, and simulation platforms.Conclusion: A large number of near-collision driver behavior models have been proposed. Validation using human driving data has often been limited, but exceptions exist. The research field appears fragmented, but simulation-based comparison indicates that there may be more similarity between models than what is apparent from the model equations. Further comparison of models is recommended.Application: This review provides traffic safety researchers with an overview of the field of driver models for collision situations. Specifically, researchers aiming to develop simulations of on-road collision accident situations can use this review to find suitable starting points for their work.
22.	Montgomery, Henry, et al. (author) Engaging in activities involving information technology : dimensions, modes, and flow 2004 In: Human Factors. - Santa Monica : Human factors. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 46:2, s. 334-348 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract An engagement mode involves a subject (e.g., a user of information technology, or IT) who is engaged in an activity with an object in a certain manner (the mode). The purpose of this study is to develop a general model of engagement modes that may be used for understanding how IT-related activities are shaped by properties of the user and the IT object. A questionnaire involving items on IT engagement and the experience of flow was administered to 300 participants. The results supported an engagement mode (EM) model involving 5 different engagement modes (enjoying/acceptance, ambition/curiosity, avoidance/hesitation, frustration/anxiety, and efficiency/productivity) characterized on 3 dimensions (evaluation of object, locus of control between subject and object, and intrinsic or extrinsic focus of motivation). The flow experience follows from a balance between enjoying/acceptance and efficiency/productivity propelled by ambition/curiosity. The EM model could provide a platform for considering how IT users, IT applications, and IT environments should work together to yield both enjoyment and efficiency. Actual or potential applications of this research include designing IT training programs on different levels of specificity.
23.	Nordqvist, Tommy, et al. (author) Fatigue and reading of text on videotex 1986 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 28:3, s. 353-363 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Examined the effects of fatigue during the reading of texts presented by means of a videotex system or by means of print on paper in 3 experiments with 72 undergraduates. The 2-hr reading task was interrupted 6 times for tests of speed and accuracy in scanning a matrix of letters for given target letters, speed and accuracy in an auditory-motor reaction time (RT) task, and a free recall test of the information presented prior to each text session. The 3 experiments differed with respect to task demands. Exp I was less demanding than Exp II, which was less demanding than Exp III. It was predicted that Ss who read the texts presented on videotex would show more dramatic effects than Ss who read texts under more regular print-on-paper conditions. It was also predicted that these effects would be more pronounced for more demanding tasks. Results demonstrate only marginal effects of fatigue. It is suggested that some effects could be interpreted as more fatigue in the videotex group than in the print group. The increase in task demands resulted in longer scanning and RTs, but accuracy data were unaffected.
24.	Oskarsson, Per-Anders, et al. (author) Enhanced perception and performance by multimodal threat cueing in simulated combat vehicle 2012 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 54:1, s. 121-136 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective:In a simulated combat vehicle, uni-, bi-, and trimodal cueing of direction to threat were compared with the purpose to investigate whether multisensory redundant information may enhance dynamic perception and performance. Background: Previous research has shown that multimodal display presentation can enhance perception of information and task performance. Method: Two experiments in a simulated combat vehicle were performed under the instructions to turn the vehicle toward the threat as fast and accurately as possible after threat cue onset. In Experiment 1, direction to threat was presented by four display types: visual head-down display, tactile belt, 3-D audio, and trimodal with the three displays combined. In Experiment 2, direction to threat was presented by three display types: visual head-up display (HUD)–3-D audio, tactile belt–3-D audio, and trimodal with HUD, tactile belt, and 3-D audio combined. Results: In Experiment 1, the trimodal display provided overall best performance and perception of threat direction. In Experiment 2, both the trimodal and HUD–3-D audio displays led to overall best performance, and the trimodal display provided overall the best perception of threat direction. None of the trimodal displays induced higher mental workload or secondary task interference. Conclusion: The trimodal displays provided overall enhanced perception and performance in the dynamically framed threat scenario and did not entail higher mental workload or decreased spare capacity. Application: Trimodal displays with redundant information may contribute to safer and more reliable peak performance in time-critical dynamic tasks and especially in more extreme and stressful situations with high perceptual or mental workload.
25.	Pipkorn, Linda, 1991, et al. (author) Driver Visual Attention Before and After Take-Over Requests During Automated Driving on Public Roads 2024 In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 66:2, s. 336-347 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective This study aims to understand drivers’ visual attention before and after take-over requests during automated driving (AD), when the vehicle is fully responsible for the driving task on public roads. Background Existing research on transitions of control from AD to manual driving has mainly focused on take-over times. Despite its relevance for vehicle safety, drivers’ visual attention has received little consideration. Method Thirty participants took part in a Wizard of Oz study on public roads. Drivers’ visual attention was analyzed before and after four take-over requests. Visual attention during manual driving was also recorded to serve as a baseline for comparison. Results During AD, the participants showed reduced visual attention to the forward road and increased duration of single off-road glances compared to manual driving. In response to take-over requests, the participants looked away from the forward road toward the instrument cluster. Levels of visual attention towards the forward road did not return to the levels observed during manual driving until after 15 s had passed. Conclusion During AD, drivers may look toward non-driving related task items (e.g., mobile phone) instead of forward. Further, when a transition of control is required, drivers may take over control before they are aware of the driving environment or potential threat(s). Thus, it cannot be assumed that drivers are ready to respond to events shortly after the take-over request. Application It is important to consider the effect of the design of take-over requests on drivers’ visual attention alongside take-over times.

Skapa referenser, mejla, bekava och länka

Permalink

Träfflista för sökning "L773:1547 8181 OR L773:0018 7208 "

Refine your search

Year