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1.	Ajaxon, Ingrid, et al. (författare) Compressive fatigue properties of a commercially available acrylic bone cement for vertebroplasty 2014 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 13:6, s. 1199-1207 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Acrylic bone cements are widely used for fixation of joint prostheses as well as for vertebral body augmentation procedures of vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, with the cement zone(s) being subjected to repeated mechanical loading in each of these applications. Although, in vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, the cement zone is exposed to mainly cyclical compressive load, the compressive fatigue properties of acrylic bone cements used in these procedures are yet to be determined. The purposes of the present study were to determine the compressive fatigue properties of a commercially available cement brand used in vertebroplasty, including the effect of frequency on these properties; to identify the cement failure modes under compressive cyclical load; and to introduce a screening method that may be used to shorten the lengthy character of the standardized fatigue tests. Osteopal®V was used as the model cement in this study. The combinations of maximum stress and frequency used were 50.0, 55.0, 60.0, 62.5 and 75.5 MPa at 2 Hz; and of 40.0, 55.0, 60.0, 62.5 or 75.5 MPa at 10 Hz. Through analysis of nominal strain-number of loading cycles results, three cement failure modes were identified. The estimated mean fatigue limit at 2 Hz (55.4 MPa) was significantly higher than that at 10 Hz (41.1 MPa). The estimated fatigue limit at 2 Hz is much higher than stresses commonly found in the spine and also higher than that for other acrylic bone cements tested in a full tension–compression fatigue test, which indicates that tension–compression fatigue testing may substantially underestimate the performance of cements intended for vertebroplasty. A screening method was introduced which may be used to shorten the time spent in performing compressive fatigue tests on specimens of acrylic bone cement for use in vertebral body augmentation procedures.
2.	Andersson, Magnus, et al. (författare) Characterization of anisotropic turbulence behavior in pulsatile blood flow 2021 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 20, s. 491-506 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Turbulent-like hemodynamics with prominent cycle-to-cycle flow variations have received increased attention as a potential stimulus for cardiovascular diseases. These turbulent conditions are typically evaluated in a statistical sense from single scalars extracted from ensemble-averaged tensors (such as the Reynolds stress tensor), limiting the amount of information that can be used for physical interpretations and quality assessments of numerical models. In this study, barycentric anisotropy invariant mapping was used to demonstrate an efficient and comprehensive approach to characterize turbulence-related tensor fields in patient-specific cardiovascular flows, obtained from scale-resolving large eddy simulations. These techniques were also used to analyze some common modeling compromises as well as MRI turbulence measurements through an idealized constriction. The proposed method found explicit sites of elevated turbulence anisotropy, including a broad but time-varying spectrum of characteristics over the flow deceleration phase, which was different for both the steady inflow and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modeling assumptions. Qualitatively, the MRI results showed overall expected post-stenotic turbulence characteristics, however, also with apparent regions of unrealizable or conceivably physically unrealistic conditions, including the highest turbulence intensity ranges. These findings suggest that more detailed studies of MRI-measured turbulence fields are needed, which hopefully can be assisted by more comprehensive evaluation tools such as the once described herein.
3.	Bajuri, M. N., et al. (författare) A hyperelastic fibre-reinforced continuum model of healing tendons with distributed collagen fibre orientations 2016 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 15:6, s. 1457-1466 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The healing process of ruptured tendons is problematic due to scar tissue formation and deteriorated material properties, and in some cases, it may take nearly a year to complete. Mechanical loading has been shown to positively influence tendon healing; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Computational mechanobiology methods employed extensively to model bone healing have achieved high fidelity. This study aimed to investigate whether an established hyperelastic fibre-reinforced continuum model introduced by Gasser, Ogden and Holzapfel (GOH) can be used to capture the mechanical behaviour of the Achilles tendon under loading during discrete timepoints of the healing process and to assess the models sensitivity to its microstructural parameters. Curve fitting of the GOH model against experimental tensile testing data of rat Achilles tendons at four timepoints during the tendon repair was used and achieved excellent fits (0.9903 amp;lt; R-2 amp;lt; 0.9986). A parametric sensitivity study using a three-level central composite design, which is a fractional factorial design method, showed that the collagen-fibre-related parameters in the GOH model-kappa, k(1) and k(2)-had almost equal influence on the fitting. This study demonstrates that the GOH hyperelastic fibre-reinforced model is capable of describing the mechanical behaviour of healing tendons and that further experiments should focus on establishing the structural and material parameters of collagen fibres in the healing tissue.
4.	Burke, Darren, et al. (författare) Substrate stiffness and oxygen availability as regulators of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation within a mechanically loaded bone chamber 2015 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7940 .- 1617-7959. ; 14:1, s. 93-105 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mechanical stimuli such as tissue deformation and fluid flow are often implicated as regulators of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation during regenerative events in vivo. However, in vitro studies have identified several other physical and biochemical environmental cues, such as substrate stiffness and oxygen availability, as key regulators of stem cell fate. Hypotheses for how MSC differentiation is regulated in vivo can be either corroborated or rejected based on the ability of in silico models to accurately predict spatial and temporal patterns of tissue differentiation observed experimentally. The goal of this study was to employ a previously developed computational framework to test the hypothesis that substrate stiffness and oxygen availability regulate stem cell differentiation during tissue regeneration within an implanted bone chamber. To enable a prediction of the oxygen levels within the bone chamber, a lattice model of angiogenesis was implemented where blood vessel progression was dependent on the local mechanical environment. The model successfully predicted key aspects of MSC differentiation, including the correct spatial development of bone, marrow and fibrous tissue within the unloaded bone chamber. The model also successfully predicted chondrogenesis within the chamber upon the application of mechanical loading. This study provides further support for the hypothesis that substrate stiffness and oxygen availability regulate stem cell differentiation in vivo. These simulations also highlight the indirect role that mechanics may play in regulating MSC fate by inhibiting blood vessel progression and hence disrupting oxygen availability within regenerating tissues.
5.	Chang, You, et al. (författare) Simulation of the power transmission of bone-conducted sound in a finite-element model of the human head 2018 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 17:6, s. 1741-1755 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Bone conduction (BC) sound is the perception of sound transmitted in the skull bones and surrounding tissues. To better understand BC sound perception and the interaction with surrounding tissues, the power transmission of BC sound is investigated in a three-dimensional finite-element model of a whole human head. BC sound transmission was simulated in the FE model and the power dissipation as well as the power flow following a mechanical vibration at the mastoid process behind the ear was analyzed. The results of the simulations show that the skull bone (comprises the cortical bone and diploe) has the highest BC power flow and thereby provide most power transmission for BC sound. The soft tissues was the second most important media for BC sound power transmission, while the least BC power transmission is through the brain and the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the cranial vault. The vibrations transmitted in the skull are mainly concentrated at the skull base when the stimulation is at the mastoid. Other vibration transmission pathways of importance are located at the occipital bone at the posterior side of the head while the transmission of sound power through the face, forehead and vertex is minor. The power flow between the skull bone and skull interior indicate that some BC power is transmitted to and from the skull interior but the transmission of sound power through the brain seem to be minimal and only local to the brain-bone interface.
6.	Cloots, R. J. H., et al. (författare) Micromechanics of diffuse axonal injury : influence of axonal orientation and anisotropy 2011 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 10:3, s. 413-422 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Multiple length scales are involved in the development of traumatic brain injury, where the global mechanics of the head level are responsible for local physiological impairment of brain cells. In this study, a relation between the mechanical state at the tissue level and the cellular level is established. A model has been developed that is based on pathological observations of local axonal injury. The model contains axons surrounding an obstacle (e.g., a blood vessel or a brain soma). The axons, which are described by an anisotropic fiber-reinforced material model, have several physically different orientations. The results of the simulations reveal axonal strains being higher than the applied maximum principal tissue strain. For anisotropic brain tissue with a relatively stiff inclusion, the relative logarithmic strain increase is above 60%. Furthermore, it is concluded that individual axons oriented away from the main axonal direction at a specific site can be subjected to even higher axonal strains in a stress-driven process, e.g., invoked by inertial forces in the brain. These axons can have a logarithmic strain of about 2.5 times the maximum logarithmic strain of the axons in the main axonal direction over the complete range of loading directions. The results indicate that cellular level heterogeneities have an important influence on the axonal strain, leading to an orientation and location-dependent sensitivity of the tissue to mechanical loads. Therefore, these effects should be accounted for in injury assessments relying on finite element head models.
7.	Cloots, Rudy J.H., et al. (författare) Multi-scale mechanics of traumatic brain injury : predicting axonal strains from head loads 2013 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 12:1, s. 137-150 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The length scales involved in the development of diffuse axonal injury typically range from the head level (i.e., mechanical loading) to the cellular level. The parts of the brain that are vulnerable to this type of injury are mainly the brainstem and the corpus callosum, which are regions with highly anisotropically oriented axons. Within these parts, discrete axonal injuries occur mainly where the axons have to deviate from their main course due to the presence of an inclusion. The aim of this study is to predict axonal strains as a result of a mechanical load at the macroscopic head level. For this, a multi-scale finite element approach is adopted, in which a macro-level head model and a micro-level critical volume element are coupled. The results show that the axonal strains cannot be trivially correlated to the tissue strain without taking into account the axonal orientations, which indicates that the heterogeneities at the cellular level play an important role in brain injury and reliable predictions thereof. In addition to the multi-scale approach, it is shown that a novel anisotropic equivalent strain measure can be used to assess these micro-scale effects from head-level simulations only.
8.	Fallqvist, Björn, et al. (författare) A chemo-mechanical constitutive model for transiently cross-linked actin networks and a theoretical assessment of their viscoelastic behaviour 2013 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 12:2, s. 373-382 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Biological materials can undergo large deformations and also show viscoelastic behaviour. One such material is the network of actin filaments found in biological cells, giving the cell much of its mechanical stiffness. A theory for predicting the relaxation behaviour of actin networks cross-linked with the cross-linker alpha-actinin is proposed. The constitutive model is based on a continuum approach involving a neo-Hookean material model, modified in terms of concentration of chemically activated cross-links. The chemical model builds on work done by Spiros (Doctoral thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 1998) and has been modified to respond to mechanical stress experienced by the network. The deformation is split into a viscous and elastic part, and a thermodynamically motivated rate equation is assigned for the evolution of viscous deformation. The model predictions were evaluated for stress relaxation tests at different levels of strain and found to be in good agreement with experimental results for actin networks cross-linked with alpha-actinin.
9.	Fiusco, Francesco, 1994-, et al. (författare) Effect of low rate ratio and positioning on a lighthouse tip ECMO return cannula 2023 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a life-saving support therapy in the case of cardiopulmonary refractory failure. Its use is associated to complications due to the presence of artificial surfaces and supraphysiological stress conditions. Thus, knowledge of the fluid structures associated to each component can give insight into sources of blood damage. In this study, an experimentally validated numerical study of a conventional lighthouse tip cannula in return configuration was carried out to characterize the flow structures using water or a Newtonian blood analog with different flow rate ratios and cannula positioning and their influence on hemolysis. The results showed that strong shear layers developed where the jets from the side holes met the co-flow. Stationary backflow regions at the vessel wall were also present downstream of the cannula. In the tilted case, the recirculation was much more pronounced on the wide side and almost absent on the narrow side. Small vortical backflow structures developed at the side holes which behaved like obstacles to the co-flow, creating pairs of counter-rotating vortices, which induced locally higher risk of hemolysis. However, global hemolysis index did not show significant deviations. Across the examined flow rate ratios, the holes on the narrow side consistently reinfused a larger fraction of fluid. A radial force developed in the tilted case in a direction so as to recenter the cannula in the vessel.
10.	Florea, Cristina, et al. (författare) A combined experimental atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation and computational modeling approach to unravel the key contributors to the time-dependent mechanical behavior of single cells 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 16:1, s. 297-311 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cellular responses to mechanical stimuli are influenced by the mechanical properties of cells and the surrounding tissue matrix. Cells exhibit viscoelastic behavior in response to an applied stress. This has been attributed to fluid flow-dependent and flow-independent mechanisms. However, the particular mechanism that controls the local time-dependent behavior of cells is unknown. Here, a combined approach of experimental AFM nanoindentation with computational modeling is proposed, taking into account complex material behavior. Three constitutive models (porohyperelastic, viscohyperelastic, poroviscohyperelastic) in tandem with optimization algorithms were employed to capture the experimental stress relaxation data of chondrocytes at 5 % strain. The poroviscohyperelastic models with and without fluid flow allowed through the cell membrane provided excellent description of the experimental time-dependent cell responses (normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.003 between the model and experiments). The viscohyperelastic model without fluid could not follow the entire experimental data that well (NMSE = 0.005), while the porohyperelastic model could not capture it at all (NMSE = 0.383). We also show by parametric analysis that the fluid flow has a small, but essential effect on the loading phase and short-term cell relaxation response, while the solid viscoelasticity controls the longer-term responses. We suggest that the local time-dependent cell mechanical response is determined by the combined effects of intrinsic viscoelasticity of the cytoskeleton and fluid flow redistribution in the cells, although the contribution of fluid flow is smaller when using a nanosized probe and moderate indentation rate. The present approach provides new insights into viscoelastic responses of chondrocytes, important for further understanding cell mechanobiological mechanisms in health and disease.
11.	Gade, Jan-Lucas, 1988-, et al. (författare) In vivo parameter identification in arteries considering multiple levels of smooth muscle activity 2021 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Nature. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 20:4, s. 1547-1559 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper an existing in vivo parameter identification method for arteries is extended to account for smooth muscle activity. Within this method a continuum-mechanical model, whose parameters relate to the mechanical properties of the artery, is fit to clinical data by solving a minimization problem. Including smooth muscle activity in the model increases the number of parameters. This may lead to overparameterization, implying that several parameter combinations solve the minimization problem equally well and it is therefore not possible to determine which set of parameters represents the mechanical properties of the artery best. To prevent overparameterization the model is fit to clinical data measured at different levels of smooth muscle activity. Three conditions are considered for the human abdominal aorta: basal during rest; constricted, induced by lower-body negative pressure; and dilated, induced by physical exercise. By fitting the model to these three arterial conditions simultaneously a unique set of model parameters is identified and the model prediction agrees well with the clinical data.
12.	Giordano, Chiara, 1988-, et al. (författare) Anisotropic finite element models for brain injury prediction: the sensitivity of axonal strain to white matter tract inter-subjectvariability 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Computational models incorporating anisotropic features of brain tissue have become a valuable tool for studying the occurrence of traumatic brain injury. The tissue deformation in the direction of white matter tracts (axonal strain) was repeatedly shown to be an appropriate mechanical parameter to predict injury. However, when assessing the reliability of axonal strain to predict injury in a population, it is important to consider the predictor sensitivity to the biological inter-subject variability of the human brain. The present study investigated the axonal strain response of 485 white matter subject-specific anisotropic finite element models of the head subjected to the same loading conditions. It was observed that the biological variability affected the orientation of the preferential directions (coefficient of variation of 39.41% for the elevation angle—coefficient of variation of 29.31% for the azimuth angle) and the determination of the mechanical fiber alignment parameter in the model (gray matter volume 55.55–70.75%). The magnitude of the maximum axonal strain showed coefficients of variation of 11.91%. On the contrary, the localization of the maximum axonal strain was consistent: the peak of strain was typically located in a 2 cm3 volume of the brain. For a sport concussive event, the predictor was capable of discerning between non-injurious and concussed populations in several areas of the brain. It was concluded that, despite its sensitivity to biological variability, axonal strain is an appropriate mechanical parameter to predict traumatic brain injury.
13.	Grassi, Lorenzo, et al. (författare) Prediction of femoral strength using 3D finite element models reconstructed from DXA images: validation against experiments 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7940 .- 1617-7959. ; 16:3, s. 989-1000 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Computed tomography (CT)-based finite element (FE) models may improve the current osteoporosis diagnostics and prediction of fracture risk by providing an estimate for femoral strength. However, the need for a CT scan, as opposed to the conventional use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for osteoporosis diagnostics, is considered a major obstacle. The 3D shape and bone mineral density (BMD) distribution of a femur can be reconstructed using a statistical shape and appearance model (SSAM) and the DXA image of the femur. Then, the reconstructed shape and BMD could be used to build FE models to predict bone strength. Since high accuracy is needed in all steps of the analysis, this study aimed at evaluating the ability of a 3D FE model built from one 2D DXA image to predict the strains and fracture load of human femora. Three cadaver femora were retrieved, for which experimental measurements from ex vivo mechanical tests were available. FE models were built using the SSAM-based reconstructions: using only the SSAM-reconstructed shape, only the SSAM-reconstructed BMD distribution, and the full SSAM-based reconstruction (including both shape and BMD distribution). When compared with experimental data, the SSAM-based models predicted accurately principal strains (coefficient of determination >0.83, normalized root-mean-square error <16%) and femoral strength (standard error of the estimate 1215 N). These results were only slightly inferior to those obtained with CT-based FE models, but with the considerable advantage of the models being built from DXA images. In summary, the results support the feasibility of SSAM-based models as a practical tool to introduce FE-based bone strength estimation in the current fracture risk diagnostics.
14.	Gustafsson, Anna, et al. (författare) Crack propagation in cortical bone is affected by the characteristics of the cement line : a parameter study using an XFEM interface damage model 2019 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 18:4, s. 1247-1261 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Bulk properties of cortical bone have been well characterized experimentally, and potent toughening mechanisms, e.g., crack deflections, have been identified at the microscale. However, it is currently difficult to experimentally measure local damage properties and isolate their effect on the tissue fracture resistance. Instead, computer models can be used to analyze the impact of local characteristics and structures, but material parameters required in computer models are not well established. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the material parameters that are important for crack propagation in cortical bone and to elucidate what parameters need to be better defined experimentally. A comprehensive material parameter study was performed using an XFEM interface damage model in 2D to simulate crack propagation around an osteon at the microscale. The importance of 14 factors (material parameters) on four different outcome criteria (maximum force, fracture energy, crack length and crack trajectory) was evaluated using ANOVA for three different osteon orientations. The results identified factors related to the cement line to influence the crack propagation, where the interface strength was important for the ability to deflect cracks. Crack deflection was also favored by low interface stiffness. However, the cement line properties are not well determined experimentally and need to be better characterized. The matrix and osteon stiffness had no or low impact on the crack pattern. Furthermore, the results illustrated how reduced matrix toughness promoted crack penetration of the cement line. This effect is highly relevant for the understanding of the influence of aging on crack propagation and fracture resistance in cortical bone.
15.	Hariton, I., et al. (författare) Stress-driven collagen fiber remodeling in arterial walls 2007 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 6:3, s. 163-175 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A stress-driven model for the relation between the collagen morphology and the loading conditions in arterial walls is proposed. We assume that the two families of collagen fibers in arterial walls are aligned along preferred directions, located between the directions of the two maximal principal stresses. For the determination of these directions an iterative finite element based procedure is developed. As an example the remodeling of a section of a human common carotid artery is simulated. We find that the predicted fiber morphology correlates well with experimental observations. Interesting outcomes of the model including local shear minimization and the possibility of axial compressions due to high blood pressure are revealed and discussed.
16.	Holzapfel, Gerhard A., et al. (författare) Single lamellar mechanics of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus 2005 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 3:3, s. 125-140 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The mechanical behavior of the entire anulus fibrosus is determined essentially by the tensile properties of its lamellae, their fiber orientations, and the regional variation of these quantities. Corresponding data are rare in the literature. The paper deals with an in vitro study of single lamellar anulus lamellae and aims to determine (i) their tensile response and regional variation, and (ii) the orientation of lamellar collagen fibers and their regional variation. Fresh human body-discbody units (L1-L2, n=11) from cadavers were cut midsagittally producing two hemidisc units. One hemidisc was used for the preparation of single lamellar anulus specimens for tensile testing, while the other one was used for the investigation of the lamellar fiber orientation. Single lamellar anulus specimens with adjacent bone fragments were isolated from four anatomical regions: superficial and deep lamellae (3.9 +/- 0.21 mm, mean SD, apart from the outer boundary surface of the anulus fibrosus) at ventro-lateral and dorsal positions. The specimens underwent cyclic uniaxial tensile tests at three different strain rates in 0.15 mol/l NaCl solution at 37 degrees C, whereby the lamellar fiber direction was aligned with the load axis. For the characterization of the tensile behavior three moduli were calculated: E-low (0-0.1 MPa), E-medium (0.1-0.5 MPa) and E-high (0.5-1 MPa). Additionally, specimens were tested withthe load axis transverse to the fiber direction. From the second hemidise fiber angles with respect to the horizontal plane were determined photogrammetrically from images taken at six circumferential positions from ventral to dorsal and at three depth levels. Tensile moduli along the fiber direction were in the range of 28-78 MPa (regional mean values). Superficial lamellae have larger E-medium (p=0.017) and E-high (p=0.012) than internal lamellae, and the mean value of superficial lamellae is about three times higher than that of deep lamellae. Tensile moduli of ventro-lateral lamellae do not differ significantly from the tensile moduli of dorsal lamellae, and E-low, is generally indifferent with respect to the anatomical region. Tensile moduli transverse to the fiber direction were about two orders of magnitude smaller (0.22 +/- 0.2 MPa, mean SD, n = 5). Tensile properties are not correlated significantly with donor age. Only small viscoelastic effects were observed. The regional variation of lamellar fiber angle alpha is described appropriately by a regression line vertical bar rho vertical bar = 23.2 + 0.130x alpha (r(2) =0.55, p < 0.001), where a is the polar angle associated with the circumferential position. The single anulus lamella may be seen as the elementary structural unit of the anulus fibrosus, and exhibits marked anisotropy and distinct regional variation of tensile properties and fiber angles. These features must be considered for appropriate physical and numerical modeling of the anulus fibrosus.
17.	Hurtado, Daniel E., et al. (författare) Spatial patterns and frequency distributions of regional deformation in the healthy human lung 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 16:4, s. 1413-1423 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Understanding regional deformation in the lung has long attracted the medical community, as parenchymal deformation plays a key role in respiratory physiology. Recent advances in image registration make it possible to noninvasively study regional deformation, showing that volumetric deformation in healthy lungs follows complex spatial patterns not necessarily shared by all subjects, and that deformation can be highly anisotropic. In this work, we systematically study the regional deformation in the lungs of eleven human subjects by means of in vivo image-based biomechanical analysis. Regional deformation is quantified in terms of 3D maps of the invariants of the right stretch tensor, which are related to regional changes in length, surface and volume. Based on the histograms of individual lungs, we show that log-normal distributions adequately represent the frequency distribution of deformation invariants in the lung, which naturally motivates the normalization of the invariant fields in terms of the log-normal score. Normalized maps of deformation invariants allow for a direct intersubject comparison, as they display spatial patterns of deformation in a range that is common to all subjects. For the population studied, we find that lungs in supine position display a marked gradient along the gravitational direction not only for volumetric but also for length and surface regional deformation, highlighting the role of gravity in the regional deformation of normal lungs under spontaneous breathing.
18.	Joffre, Thomas, et al. (författare) Trabecular deformations during screw pull-out : a micro-CT study of lapine bone 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 16:4, s. 1349-1359 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The mechanical fixation of endosseous implants, such as screws, in trabecular bone is challenging because of the complex porous microstructure. Development of new screw designs to improve fracture fixation, especially in high-porosity osteoporotic bone, requires a profound understanding of how the structural system implant/trabeculae interacts when it is subjected to mechanical load. In this study, pull-out tests of screw implants were performed. Screws were first inserted into the trabecular bone of rabbit femurs and then pulled out from the bone inside a computational tomography scanner. The tests were interrupted at certain load steps to acquire 3D images. The images were then analysed with a digital volume correlation technique to estimate deformation and strain fields inside the bone during the tests. The results indicate that the highest shear strains are concentrated between the inner and outer thread diameter, whereas compressive strains are found at larger distances from the screw. Tensile strains were somewhat smaller. Strain concentrations and the location of trabecular failures provide experimental information that could be used in the development of new screw designs and/or to validate numerical simulations.
19.	Kindberg, Katarina, 1977-, et al. (författare) Strain based estimation of time dependent transmural myocardial architecture in the ovine heart 2010 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : SpringerLink. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 10:4, s. 521-528 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Left ventricular myofibers are connected by an extensive extracellular collagen matrix to form myolaminar sheets. Histological cardiac tissue studies have previously observed a pleated transmural distribution of sheets in the ovine heart, alternating sign of the sheet angle from epicardium to endocardium. The present study investigated temporal variations in myocardial fiber and sheet architecture during the cardiac cycle. End diastolic histological measurements made at subepicardium, midwall and subendocardium at an anterior-basal and a lateral-equatorial region of the ovine heart, combined with transmural myocardial Lagrangian strains, showed that the sheet angle but not the fiber angle varied temporally throughout the cardiac cycle. The magnitude of the sheet angle decreased during systole at all transmural depths at the anterior-basal site and at midwall and subendocardium depths at the lateral-equatorial site, making the sheets more parallel to the radial axis. These results support a previously suggested accordion-like wall thickening mechanism of the myocardial sheets.
20.	Kosterina, Natalia, 1983-, et al. (författare) History effect and timing of force production introduced in a skeletal muscle model 2012 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 11:7, s. 947-957 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Skeletal muscle modelling requires a detailed description of muscular force production. We have performed a series of experiments on mouse skeletal muscles to give a basis for an improved description of the muscular force production. Our previous work introduced a force modification in isometric phases, which was based on the work performed by or on the muscle during transient-length-varying contractions. Here, state-space diagrams were used to investigate the timing aspects of the force production. These show a dominant exponential nature of the force development in isometric phases of the contractions, reached after a non-exponential phase, assumed as an activation or deactivation stage and not further analysed here. The time constants of the exponential functions describing isometric force redevelopment after length variations appear to be related to the one for an initial isometric contraction, but depending on the previous history. The timing of force production calculated from the state-space diagrams was in agreement with the generally accepted muscle properties, thereby demonstrating the reliability of the method. A macroscopic muscular model consisting of a contractile element, parallel and series elastic elements was developed. The parameters from the experiment analysis, particularly the force modification after non-isometric contractions and the time constants, were reproduced by the simulations. The relationship between time constants introduced in a mechanistic model and the measured macroscale timings is discussed.
21.	Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare) An anatomically detailed and personalizable head injury model : Significance of brain and white matter tract morphological variability on strain 2021 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Finite element head (FE) models are important numerical tools to study head injuries and develop protection systems. The generation of anatomically accurate and subject-specific head models with conforming hexahedral meshes remains a significant challenge. The focus of this study is to present two developmental works: first, an anatomically detailed FE head model with conforming hexahedral meshes that has smooth interfaces between the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid, embedded with white matter (WM) fiber tracts; second, a morphing approach for subject-specific head model generation via a new hierarchical image registration pipeline integrating Demons and Dramms deformable registration algorithms. The performance of the head model is evaluated by comparing model predictions with experimental data of brain–skull relative motion, brain strain, and intracranial pressure. To demonstrate the applicability of the head model and the pipeline, six subject-specific head models of largely varying intracranial volume and shape are generated, incorporated with subject-specific WM fiber tracts. DICE similarity coefficients for cranial, brain mask, local brain regions, and lateral ventricles are calculated to evaluate personalization accuracy, demonstrating the efficiency of the pipeline in generating detailed subject-specific head models achieving satisfactory element quality without further mesh repairing. The six head models are then subjected to the same concussive loading to study the sensitivity of brain strain to inter-subject variability of the brain and WM fiber morphology. The simulation results show significant differences in maximum principal strain and axonal strain in local brain regions (one-way ANOVA test, p < 0.001), as well as their locations also vary among the subjects, demonstrating the need to further investigate the significance of subject-specific models. The techniques developed in this study may contribute to better evaluation of individual brain injury and the development of individualized head protection systems in the future. This study also contains general aspects the research community may find useful: on the use of experimental brain strain close to or at injury level for head model validation; the hierarchical image registration pipeline can be used to morph other head models, such as smoothed-voxel models.
22.	Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare) The importance of nonlinear tissue modelling in finite element simulations of infant head impacts 2017 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 16:3, s. 823-840 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite recent efforts on the development of finite element (FE) head models of infants, a model capable of capturing head responses under various impact scenarios has not been reported. This is hypothesized partially attributed to the use of simplified linear elastic models for soft tissues of suture, scalp and dura. Orthotropic elastic constants are yet to be determined to incorporate the direction-specific material properties of infant cranial bone due to grain fibres radiating from the ossification centres. We report here on our efforts in advancing the above-mentioned aspects in material modelling in infant head and further incorporate them into subject-specific FE head models of a newborn, 5- and 9-month-old infant. Each model is subjected to five impact tests (forehead, occiput, vertex, right and left parietal impacts) and two compression tests. The predicted global head impact responses of the acceleration-time impact curves and the force-deflection compression curves for different age groups agree well with the experimental data reported in the literature. In particular, the newly developed Ogden hyperelastic model for suture, together with the nonlinear modelling of scalp and dura mater, enables the models to achieve more realistic impact performance compared with linear elastic models. The proposed approach for obtaining age-dependent skull bone orthotropic material constants counts both an increase in stiffness and decrease in anisotropy in the skull bone-two essential biological growth parameters during early infancy. The profound deformation of infant head causes a large stretch at the interfaces between the skull bones and the suture, suggesting that infant skull fractures are likely to initiate from the interfaces; the impact angle has a profound influence on global head impact responses and the skull injury metrics for certain impact locations, especially true for a parietal impact.
23.	Lindgren, Natalia, et al. (författare) Prediction of skull fractures in blunt force head traumas using finite element head models 2023 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Nature. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 23:1, s. 207-225 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Traumatic head injuries remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although skull fractures are one of the most common head injuries, the fundamental mechanics of cranial bone and its impact tolerance are still uncertain. In the present study, a strain-rate-dependent material model for cranial bone has been proposed and implemented in subject-specific Finite Element (FE) head models in order to predict skull fractures in five real-world fall accidents. The subject-specific head models were developed following an established image-registration-based personalization pipeline. Head impact boundary conditions were derived from accident reconstructions using personalized human body models. The simulated fracture lines were compared to those visible in post-mortem CT scans of each subject. In result, the FE models did predict the actual occurrence and extent of skull fractures in all cases. In at least four out of five cases, predicted fracture patterns were comparable to ones from CT scans and autopsy reports. The tensile material model, which was tuned to represent rate-dependent tensile data of cortical skull bone from literature, was able to capture observed linear fractures in blunt indentation loading of a skullcap specimen. The FE model showed to be sensitive to modeling parameters, in particular to the constitutive parameters of the cortical tables. Nevertheless, this study provides a currently lacking strain-rate dependent material model of cranial bone that has the capacity to accurately predict linear fracture patterns. For the first time, a procedure to reconstruct occurrences of skull fractures using computational engineering techniques, capturing the all-in-all fracture initiation, propagation and final pattern, is presented.
24.	Lindström, Stefan, et al. (författare) Extension of Murray's law including nonlinear mechanics of a composite artery wall 2015 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 14:1, s. 83-91 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A goal function approach is used to derive an extension of Murray’s law that includes effects of nonlinear mechanics of the artery wall. The artery is modeled as a thin-walled tube composed of different species of nonlinear elastic materials that deform together. These materials grow and remodel in a process that is governed by a target state defined by a homeostatic radius and a homeostatic material composition. Following Murray’s original idea, this target state is defined by a principle of minimum work. We take this work to include that of pumping and maintaining blood, as well as maintaining the materials of the artery wall. The minimization is performed under a constraint imposed by mechanical equilibrium. We derive a condition for the existence of a cost-optimal homeostatic state. We also conduct parametric studies using this novel theoretical frame to investigate how the cost-optimal radius and composition of the artery wall depend on flow rate, blood pressure, and elastin content.
25.	Ljubimova, Darja, et al. (författare) Aspects of eye accommodation evaluated by finite elements 2008 Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 7:2, s. 139-150 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Axisymmetric nonlinear finite models of accommodation incorporating the posteriorly sloped force and vitreous effects have been studied by means of their effectiveness in mechanical and optical performances. All materials were assumed to be linearly elastic, vitreous and lens matrices were incompressible. The present model is subjected to certain indicated shortcomings, however, the behavior of the model is predictable, reasonable and favourably consistent with different published data, supporting the Helmholtz theory of accommodation.

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