| 1. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy and land use change-state of the art
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 2:3, s. 282-303
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy projects can lead to direct and indirect land use change (LUC), which can substantially affect greenhouse gas balances with both beneficial and adverse outcomes for bioenergy's contribution to climate change mitigation. The causes behind LUC are multiple, complex, interlinked, and change over time. This makes quantification uncertain and sensitive to many factors that can develop in different directions-including land use productivity, trade patterns, prices and elasticities, and use of by-products associated with biofuels production. Quantifications reported so far vary substantially and do not support the ranking of bioenergy options with regard to LUC and associated emissions. There are however several options for mitigating these emissions, which can be implemented despite the uncertainties. Long-rotation forest management is associated with carbon emissions and sequestration that are not in temporal balance with each other and this leads to mitigation trade-offs between biomass extraction for energy use and the alternative to leave the biomass in the forest. Bioenergy's contribution to climate change mitigation needs to reflect a balance between near-term targets and the long-term objective to hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees C (Copenhagen Accord). Although emissions from LUC can be significant in some circumstances, the reality of such emissions is not sufficient reason to exclude bioenergy from the list of worthwhile technologies for climate changemitigation. Policy measures to minimize the negative impacts of LUC should be based on a holistic perspective recognizing the multiple drivers and effects of LUC.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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The climate benefit of Swedish ethanol: Present and prospective performance
- 2012
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 1:1, s. 81-97
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biofuels are introduced in the transportation sector as a means to reduce the sector'ns greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. European and other national and global standardization schemes for biofuels also include certain minimum GHG emission reduction among the requirements to be met. Assessments of the GHG performance of biofuels are complex due to the complexities of physical, chemical, and biological conversion processes, feedstock diversity, and variability in site-specific environmental conditions. Differences may also arise in analytical approaches, including in how direct and indirect land use change is accounted for. Current production of first-generation ethanol in Sweden, based on wheat, causes relatively low GHG emissions, whereas a future expansion may cause increased emissions from changes in land use and less optimal utilization of by-products. Such negative impacts may be avoided by an introduction and expansion of second-generation ethanol based on lignocellulosic feedstock (e.g., straw, short rotation coppice, and forest residues), which eventually could become the major feedstock in ethanol production. This transition to low, indirect impact ethanol systems creates an opening for a significant expansion of ethanol in the transport sector without compromising the sizeable climate benefits and sustainable resource exploitation.
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| 3. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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The climate effect of increased forest bioenergy use in Sweden: evaluation at different spatial and temporal scales
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:3, s. 351-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy from boreal forests managed for productive purposes (e.g., pulp, timber) is commonly held to offer attractive options for climate change mitigation. However, this view has been challenged in recent years. Carbon balances, cumulative radiative forcing, and average global temperature change have been calculated for a variety of bioenergy management regimes in Swedish forests and the results support the view that an increased use of forest biomass for energy in Sweden can contribute to climate change mitigation, although methodological (e.g. spatial scales) and parameter value choices influence the results significantly. We show that the climate effect of forest-based bioenergy depends on the forest ecosystems and management, including biomass extraction for bioenergy and other products, and how this management changes in response to anticipated market demands; and on the energy system effects, which determine the fossil carbon displacement and other greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation effects of using forest biomass for bioenergy and other purposes. The public and private sectors are advised to consider information from comprehensive analyses that provide insights about energy and forest systems in the context of evolving forest product markets, alternative policy options, and energy technology pathways in their decision-making processes.
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| 4. |
- Egnell, Gustaf
(författare)
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Options for increasing biomass output from long-rotation forestry
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 2, s. 465-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests managed by long-rotation forestry already play an important role as a source for renewable biomass and energy. The biomass output from these forests may be increased through higher harvest levels, but to be sustainable over time, harvest levels cannot exceed forest growth. A large proportion of the tree biomass (tops, foliage, branches, stumps, and small and unmerchantable trees) is left on the logging site in conventional stemwood harvest, representing a considerable amount of available biomass. The realizable biomass potential is lower, due to environmental and techno-economic constraints. If more technically adapted, efficient, and environmentally friendly biomass harvest and transport systems are developed, the realized biomass potential can be considerably increased. By complementing current stemwood harvesting technologies with systems that include logging residues, stumps, and small trees, a larger proportion of the potential will be available. In a longer term, increased forest growth can raise the biomass output. Many silvicultural treatments are available, including improved site preparation, vegetation control, insect control, browser control, genetically improved seedlings, fast growing tree species, fertilization, irrigation, denser stands, and so on. Inexpensive silvicultural measures that can be applied on large areas at a fast rate, such as using genetically improved seedling stock, have the highest potential to increase total forest production. Because of the long-rotation periods, it will take decades to make a difference in forest production and thereby in the biomass output potential. In addition, a more efficient use of biomass in both forest and energy industries and in biorefineries of the future holds potential. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Ekergård, Boel, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental results from a linear wave power generator connected to a resonance circuit
- 2012
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 2:4, s. 456-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The output voltage from a direct-driven permanent magnet linear generator installed in a wave power plant varies both in amplitude and frequency. Electrical conversion is therefore necessary before grid connection can be achieved. The aim of this paper is to present an electrical conversion system based on the electric resonance phenomena. As one of the first steps in the development, and to gain further knowledge and understanding of the proposed resonance circuit, experimental tests with a single-phase permanent magnet linear generator connected to a resonance circuit were performed. The experimental results presented in this paper indicated that a successful resonance between the generator and external circuit was achieved. The research regarding the wave energy converters lies within The Lysekil Wave Power Project at Uppsala University and has been ongoing since 2002.
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| 6. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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How do sustainability standards consider biodiversity?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 4:1, s. 26-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability certification schemes and standards are meant to prevent a range of unacceptable socioeconomic and environmental consequences, such as threats to biodiversity. While there is wide support for conserving biodiversity, opera- tionalizing this support in the form of guiding principles, criteria/indicators, and legislation is complicated. This study investigates how and to what extent 26 sustainability standards (eleven for forest management, nine for agriculture and six biofuel-related) consider biodiversity, by assessing how they seek to prevent actions that can threaten biodiversity as well as how they support actions aimed at biodiversity conservation. For this purpose, a benchmark standard was developed, meant to represent a case with very high ambitions concerning biodiversity con- servation. Of the assessed standards, the biofuel-related standards demonstrated the highest level of compliance with the benchmark. On average, they complied with 72% of the benchmark’s component criteria, compared to 61% for the agricul- tural standards and 60% for the forestry standards. Fairtrade, Sustainable Agricul- ture Network/Rainforest Alliance (SAN/RA), Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), and Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS) were particularly stringent, while Green Gold Label S5 (GGLS5), PEOLG, Global Partnership for Good Agricul- tural Practices (GLOBALGAP), European Union Organic (EU Organic), National Organic Program (NOP), Green Gold Label S2 (GGLS2), and International Sus- tainability & Carbon Certification (ISCC) were particularly unstringent. All eleven forestry standards, six of the nine agricultural standards, and all six biofuel-related standards addressed ecosystem conversion, ranging from requiring that high con- servation value areas be identified and preserved to requiring full protection. Finally, key barriers to, and challenges for, certification schemes are discussed and recommendations are made for further development of sustainability standards.
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| 7. |
- Englund, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
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Multifunctional perennial production systems for bioenergy: performance and progress
- 2020
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the global population increases and becomes more affluent, biomass demands for food and biomaterials will increase. Demand growth is further accelerated by the implementation of climate policies and strategies to replace fossil resources with biomass. There are, however, concerns about the size of the prospective biomass demand and the environmental and social consequences of the corresponding resource mobilization, especially concerning impacts from the associated land-use change. Strategically integrating perennials into landscapes dominated by intensive agriculture can, for example, improve biodiversity, reduce soil erosion and nutrient emissions to water, increase soil carbon, enhance pollination, and avoid or mitigate flooding events. Such ?multifunctional perennial production systems? can thus contribute to improving overall land-use sustainability, while maintaining or increasing overall biomass productivity in the landscape. Seven different cases in different world regions are here reviewed to exemplify and evaluate (a) multifunctional production systems that have been established to meet emerging bioenergy demands, and (b) efforts to identify locations where the establishment of perennial crops will be particularly beneficial. An important barrier towards wider implementation of multifunctional systems is the lack of markets, or policies, compensating producers for enhanced ecosystem services and other environmental benefits. This deficiency is particularly important since prices for fossil-based fuels are low relative to bioenergy production costs. Without such compensation, multifunctional perennial production systems will be unlikely to contribute to the development of a sustainable bioeconomy.
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| 8. |
- Funkenbusch, Li Lu T., et al.
(författare)
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Technoeconomic assessment of hydrothermal liquefaction oil from lignin with catalytic upgrading for renewable fuel and chemical production
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 8:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin is a readily available by-product of the Kraft pulping process, and may be processed via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce a bio-oil suitable for cofeeding into a petroleum refinery hydrotreatment unit. HTL of lignin is performed in near-critical water and, in addition to the bio-oil, produces an aqueous organic and solid char phase. The aqueous organics are primarily phenolics, which may be converted into valuable coproducts via liquid–liquid extraction and hydrotreatment to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) compounds. Three technological scenarios were developed: a current technology case, a state-of-the-art research case, and an optimal case based on product targets provided by refiners. For a large Kraft pulp mill (400 metric tons/day of dry lignin), a renewable fuel production of 65–70 million L/year, with capital costs of $114–125 million and a final per liter cost of $0.41–0.44 were estimated. The BTEX coproduct yield ranged from 16.8–18.0 million L/year. An economic analysis of the process revealed that the hydrotreatment steps have the highest installed capital costs, while the liquid–liquid extraction process is the largest operating cost. Based on these results, the minimum selling price (MSP) of the biofuel is between $3.52 and $3.86/gallon, and the MSP of BTEX is between $1.65 and $2.00 per liter. With current technology, coproduction of BTEX does not offset the cost of biofuel production. Improved technology to further lower bio-oil oxygen content and decrease both capital and operating costs are needed to make HTL-based fuels competitive with fossil fuel-based options. This article is categorized under: Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials Bioenergy > Economics and Policy Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure.
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| 9. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 4:3, s. 290-306
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, Sweden has the largest share of renewable fuels for transport in the EU. The ambition of the Swedish Government for 2030 is for a vehicle fleet independent of fossil fuels. This paper assesses the potential future contribution of domestically produced biofuels for transport in Sweden to 2030, based on a mapping of the prospects from the actual and potential Swedish biofuel producers. There are plans for cellulose-based ethanol, methanol, DME, methane, and the biodiesel option HVO. Continued domestic production of biofuels at current levels, and the realization of all the ongoing mapped plans for additional biofuels production, results in a potential domestic biofuels production of 18 TWhfuel in 2023. When assuming a continued expansion of biofuels production capacity, the potential domestic biofuels production reaches about 26 TWh(fuel) in 2030. If the realization of the mapped biofuels plans is delayed by 5 years and the pace of continued implementation of additional biofuel capacity is also reduced, the potential domestic biofuels production is reduced to about 8 TWh(fuel) and 20 TWh(fuel) biofuels in 2020 and 2030, respectively. These two scenarios correspond to a share of biofuels of the total future energy demand for road transport in Sweden at about 10-30% in 2020 and 26-79% in 2030, depending on which official energy demand scenario is used. The actual contribution of biofuels for road transport will depend on, e.g., policies, the global development for fossil fuels and biofuels, the competition for biomass and biofuels, and future energy demand in the road transport sector.
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| 10. |
- Hansson, Julia, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The potential influence of sustainability criteria on the European Union pellets market—the example of Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:4, s. 413-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of sustainability criteria for solid biomass/biofuels on the European Union (EU) or global level may influence the EU pellets market, e.g., by limiting the eligible biomass supply potential or specific pellet chains. This assessment focuses on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and the issue of sustainable forest management (SFM) for pellets potentially used in Sweden(for residential and/or industrial use). The paper includes (1) a literature review of recent studies addressing the impact of sustainability requirements (for solid biomass and/or liquid biofuels) on the bioenergy market, (2) a characterization of SFM conditions in potential pellets export countries and their capacity to enforce respective legislation, and (3) an assessment of GHG emissions for heat and electricity for the Swedish market from selected potential wood pellet chains (including torrefaction) and related GHG emissions reduction compared to fossil fuelsusing a life cycle assessment perspective. Most of the assessed wood pellet value chains will most likely be able to meet stringent sustainability requirements from a GHG perspective. Thus, the impact of near-term GHG emission reduction demands on the Swedish pellets market is limited. More specifically, we find that torrefaction may be advantageous for pellets imported over long distances (i.e.,over approximately 18,500 km). We conclude that demand for SFM related to solid biofuels will not have a significant or long-lasting effect on the market for Swedish pellets. The real impacts of sustainability requirements will howeverdepend on levels of ambition as well as the methodologies and systems boundaries applied in future systems.
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| 11. |
- Hodge, B. -MS., et al.
(författare)
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Addressing technical challenges in 100% variable inverter-based renewable energy power systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapidly increasing levels of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources (are quickly changing electric power systems and prompting questions about how the systems will be operated when renewable generation becomes the dominant technologies. In this article, we review the status of this shifting paradigm in power systems throughout the world. We then review the implications of this shift, focusing on the rising challenges, and we provide an overview and technology-readiness classifications of some proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions that will require solutions to reach these ultrahigh shares of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources.
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| 12. |
- Huertas-Hernando, D., et al.
(författare)
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Hydro power flexibility for power systems with variable renewable energy sources : An IEA Task 25 collaboration
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydro power is one of the most flexible sources of electricity production. Power systems with considerable amounts of flexible hydro power potentially offer easier integration of variable generation, e.g., wind and solar. However, there exist operational constraints to ensure mid-/long-term security of supply while keeping river flows and reservoirs levels within permitted limits. In order to properly assess the effective available hydro power flexibility and its value for storage, a detailed assessment of hydro power is essential. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the weather-dependent hydrological cycle, regulation constraints on the hydro system, and uncertainty of internal load as well as variable generation (wind and solar), this assessment is complex. Hence, it requires proper modeling of all the underlying interactions between hydro power and the power system, with a large share of other variable renewables. A summary of existing experience of wind integration in hydro-dominated power systems clearly points to strict simulation methodologies. Recommendations include requirements for techno-economic models to correctly assess strategies for hydro power and pumped storage dispatch. These models are based not only on seasonal water inflow variations but also on variable generation, and all these are in time horizons from very short term up to multiple years, depending on the studied system. Another important recommendation is to include a geographically detailed description of hydro power systems, rivers' flows, and reservoirs as well as grid topology and congestion.
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| 13. |
- Li, B., et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives of energy transitions in East and Southeast Asia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy transitions are designed to improve the resilience, sustainability, and productivity of a country's energy system, and are the key instruments to mitigating the warming climate. Countries and regions have unique circumstances when projecting energy transition pathways. Nonetheless, East Asian economies have shared opportunities and challenges. From the perspective of fuel mix, East Asia had some initial success in renewable energy development accompanied by energy efficiency improvements. Nuclear energy, although controversial, has been well developed and is continuing its advancement in East Asia. However, the dominance of coal in the energy mix has not been sufficiently addressed, mostly because of legacy issues. The region's renewable energy potential is also underdeveloped due to a mismatch between resources and energy demand. Since the region as whole is well endowed with renewable energy resources, the region's advancement in regional energy connectivity presents a valuable institutional asset to further decarbonize East Asian energy sector beyond individual nation's efforts. This article is categorized under: Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy Energy and Development > Economics and Policy.
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| 14. |
- Milligan, M., et al.
(författare)
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Capacity value assessments of wind power
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes some of the recent research into the capacity value of wind power. With the worldwide increase in wind power during the past several years, there is increasing interest and significance regarding its capacity value because this has a direct influence on the amount of other (nonwind) capacity that is needed. We build on previous reviews from IEEE and IEA Wind Task 25a and examine recent work that evaluates the impact of multiple-year data sets and the impact of interconnected systems on resource adequacy. We also provide examples that explore the use of alternative reliability metrics for wind capacity value calculations. We show how multiple-year data sets significantly increase the robustness of results compared to single-year assessments. Assumptions regarding the transmission interconnections play a significant role. To date, results regarding which reliability metric to use for probabilistic capacity valuation show little sensitivity to the metric. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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| 15. |
- Nielsen, Tobias D., et al.
(författare)
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Politics and the plastic crisis: A review throughout the plastic life cycle
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396. ; 9:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article surveys the politics of plastics through a reading and analysis of more than 180 scientific articles in the fields of environmental science and environmental studies. Despite the many benefits of plastics, the global plastic system is increasingly being recognized as the source of severe environmental problems. Rather than orient the investigation around specific venues, levels, or architectures of governance, our survey first follows plastic through its life cycle, and then considers the major categories of plastic objects addressed in the current literature, and the different approaches taken to each category. The politics of plastics is a growing field of inquiry, with the most rapid expansion in the areas of marine pollution and microplastics. Our consideration of plastic flows reveals increasing politicization towards the latter end of the life cycle, that is, plastic as waste and pollution. Turning to plastic objects, we observe different forms of mobilization, and varying connections between flows and objects, which allow for multiple interpretations of what is at stake. In the closing section, we consider two recent trends in the plastic governance discussion that take a more holistic view of the plastic crisis: attempts to construct (a) a circular plastics economy and (b) global plastics conventions or treaties. We end the paper by highlighting the need for studies to further investigate the norms and practices that maintain the role of plastics in society, as well as the political and economic arrangements that secure its overabundance and low price.
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| 16. |
- Olsson, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Time to tear down the pyramids? A critique of cascading hierarchies as a policy tool
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cascading, or cascade use, is concept that has many different definitions, but a common theme is a sequential use of resources for different purposes. The cascading concept was first presented in the early 1990s but has become an intensively debated topic primarily in the most recent decade. In the available literature on cascading of wood, there are few studies that discuss policy implementation. As this is currently heavily debated, there is an important gap here that we aim to fill. In this paper, we (a) critically review the conceptual history of cascading and (b) highlight the complexities involved in its implementation in policy frameworks. Originally, cascading was discussed as a broad framework for how society better should manage natural resource flows. In more recent debates on woody biomass however, cascading is often presented as simply a hierarchy, wherein material use of wood should hold priority over energy use of wood. This is partly based on an idea that certain forms of wood utilization are inherently more valuable than others, an assumption that becomes problematic when implemented in policy. In reality, how and for what a certain wood resource is used varies with time and place and historical examples of implementation of hierarchical policy frameworks indicate a high risk of unwanted consequences, such as unstable policy structures and tendencies toward a negotiation economy. Cascading of woody biomass can have benefits from both an economical and environmental perspective. However, cascading systems should emerge bottom-up, not be imposed top-down through politically determined hierarchies.This article is categorized under:Energy and Climate > Economics and PolicyEnergy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
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| 17. |
- Persson, Martin, 1976
(författare)
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The impact of biofuel demand on agricultural commodity prices: a systematic review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 4:5, s. 410-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By diverting agricultural land away from food, feed, and livestock production, increased production of biofuel feedstock crops tend to drive up prices for agricultural commodities. But by how much? This question has been heavily debated in recent years, following the food price crisis of 2007–2008. A systematic review of 121 studies that quantifies the impact of biofuel demand on agricultural commodity markets reveals that there is still considerable uncertainty around the exact magnitude of the price response. Increased demand for corn ethanol in the United States—the focus of the majority of studies—is estimated to have accounted for 14–43% of the rise in US corn prices in the period 2000–2008. The divergence in results between studies is mainly due to different assumptions regarding demand and supply elasticities for agricultural commodities, and there is very limited empirical evidence that can help reduce the uncertainty around the value of these parameters, especially outside the United States. Few studies analyze the impact of biofuel demand beyond current or near‐future levels and it is argued that estimated price effects can neither be extrapolated to large‐scale biofuel demand shocks, nor are most models able to capture accurately the impacts of such shocks due to weaknesses in how land markets and land transformation process are modeled. To better gauge current and future impacts of biofuel demand on agricultural commodity markets, we need better data on supply and demand responses, both in the short and long run, as well as improved modeling of land competition and land‐use change.
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| 18. |
- Persson, Tryggve, et al.
(författare)
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Stump harvesting for bioenergy: A review of climatic and environmental impacts in northern Europe and America
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stump harvesting is defined as an intensification of forest management in comparison with stem-only harvesting and removal of tops and branches. It increases soil mixing and the proportion of bare soil. In contrast to earlier hypotheses, stump harvesting was found to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide, and methane in the short term. In the long term, heterotrophic soil CO2 evolution is reduced. Both model and empirical studies indicate that stump removal can reduce the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in the short term, but long-term experiments (32-39 years) could not verify any SOC decline. Life cycle assessment studies showed that stumps as fuel resulted in markedly lower emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere, viewed over a whole forest rotation compared to heating by natural gas and coal. Stump removal does not seem to affect timber production in the next forest rotation and often reduces the infection rate of root rot. It increases the natural regeneration of birch and pine, it can increase nitrate leaching at N-rich sites, and it can increase the number of water-filled cavities where methylmercury is formed. Stump extraction decreases the amount of dwarf shrubs in young clear-cuts, but after 1-2 decades, these species are generally recovered. Many species dependent on dead wood are adversely affected by intense stump harvest. Model studies suggest that the risk of species extinction is small when only 10% of the total clear-cut area in the forest landscape is stump harvested, but the risk of extinction rises at increasing extraction intensities.This article is categorized under:Bioenergy > Climate and EnvironmentEnergy and Climate > Climate and EnvironmentEnergy and Development > Climate and Environment
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| 19. |
- Smith, C T, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities to encourage mobilization of sustainable bioenergy supply chains
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 6:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Significant opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase domestic energy security, boost rural economies, and improve local environmental conditions through the deployment of sustainable bioenergy and bio-based product supply chains. There is currently a wide selection of possible feedstocks, a variety of conversion routes, and a number of different end products that can be produced at a range of scales. However, economic slowdown, low oil prices, lack of global political will, and lingering questions regarding land use change and the sustainability of bioenergy production systems provide a challenging global context to speed the pace of investment. The opinions expressed in this paper are derived from our collaboration within IEA Bioenergy to determine opportunities as well as barriers that need to be overcome to realize opportunities on a wider scale. This comprehensive and novel collaborative effort confirmed that feedstocks produced using logistically efficient production systems can be mobilized to make significant contributions to achieving global targets for bioenergy. At the same time, significant barriers to large-scale implementation exist in many regions. The mobilization potential identified in the study will depend on both increases in supply chain efficiencies and profits and strong policy support to increase stakeholder and investor confidence.
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| 20. |
- Stupak, I, et al.
(författare)
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A global survey of stakeholder views and experiences for systems needed to effectively and efficiently govern sustainability of bioenergy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:1, s. 89-118
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different governance mechanisms have emerged to ensure biomass and bioenergy sustainability amidst a myriad of related public and private regulations that have existed for decades. We conducted a global survey with 59 questions which examined 192 stakeholders' views and experiences related to (1) the multi-leveled governance to which they are subjected, (2) the impacts of that governance on bioenergy production and trade, and (3) the most urgent areas for improvement of certification schemes. The survey revealed significant support along the whole supply chain for new legislation which uses market-based certification schemes to demonstrate compliance (co-regulation). Some respondents did not see a need for new regulation, and meta-standards is a promising approach for bridging divergent views, especially if other proof than certification will be an option. Most respondents had so far experienced positive or neutral changes to their bioenergy production or trade after the introduction of new sustainability governance. Legislative requirements and a green business profile were important motivations for getting certified, while lack of market advantages, administrative complexity and costs all were barriers of varying importance. A need to include, e.g., regular standard revision and dealing with conflicting criteria was identified by respondents associated with bioenergy schemes. Respondents associated with forestry schemes saw less need for revisions, but some were interested in supply chain sustainability criteria. Significant differences among schemes suggest it is crucial in the future to examine the tradeoffs between certification costs, schemes' inclusiveness, the quality of their substantive and procedural rules, and the subsequent effectiveness on-the-ground.
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| 21. |
- Söder, Lennart
(författare)
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Simplified analysis of balancing challenges in sustainable and smart energy systems with 100% renewable power supply
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:4, s. 401-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a power system, the basic physical law states that the total production is always exactly the same as total consumption. This physical law is always fulfilled no matter the type of power plants in the power system. In a power system with large shares of solar and wind power, this means that the other power plants have to fill the gap between actual solar plus wind power and the demand during each second/minute/hour. However, if there are large amounts of solar and wind power, then sometimes the available power from solar and wind exceeds the demand. In a future system based on large shares of solar and wind power, all these different situations have to be handled, and the question is how to analyze this. Three different methods concerning how to analyze systems with large shares of solar and wind power will be presented. The methods are applied to a Swedish case with close to 100% renewable power based on hydro, solar, wind and, bio-fuelled combined heat and power (CHP). This study shows that there are limited balancing costs for this case. The costs for curtailment of surplus as well as to keep enough capacity to cover a high load combined with low solar and low wind is comparatively small, below 0.3 Eurocent/kWh. However, more detailed studies are needed to quantify the exact cost under different conditions, but this study indicates the size of the challenges.
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| 22. |
- Wikman-Svahn, Per, 1972-
(författare)
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Radiation protection issues related to the use of nuclear power
- 2012
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 1:3, s. 256-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear power generation require protection against harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Radiation protection is based on the linear, no‐threshold model of health risks at low doses and three fundamental principles: justification, optimization, and limitation. The practical application of radiation protection is divided into three areas: planned, emergency, and existing exposure situations. Planned exposure situations include difficult social issues related to the exposure of large populations, exposure of future generations, protection against accidents, and protection of the environment. Emergency and existing exposure situations are both characterized by heterogeneous distributions of exposures and complex social and economic aspects, which make assessment and evaluation of protective strategies complicated and value laden. Four problem areas of social and ethical issues stand out as central for radiation protection: The first is uncertainty and the influence of value judgments in scientific risk assessments. The second is distributions of risks and benefits between different individuals, both in space and time. The third is the problem of setting limits when there is no known level of exposure that is associated with a zero risk. The fourth central problem area is related to stakeholder influence and risk communication.
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| 23. |
- Xiros, Charilaos, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrolysis and fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 2:6, s. 633-654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Second-generation bioethanol produced from various lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, agricultural, or forest residues, has the potential to be a valuable substitute for, or a complement to, gasoline. At least three major factors—rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and their rising costs—suggest that we now need to accelerate research plans to make greater use of plant-based biomass for energy production and as a chemical feedstock as part of a sustainable energy economy. Optimizing the production of bioethanol to be competitive with petrochemical fuels is the main challenge for the underlying process development. The exhaustive research on enzyme technology during the latest years, resulting in significant advances in the field, show the importance of the enzymatic hydrolysis for a profitable ethanol production process. On the other hand, the persisting challenges in biomass pretreatment, which are the initial steps in most process designs, show the remarkable recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic materials to biological degradation. The recent scientific trends show toward an integrated overall bioconversion process in which fermentation technology and genetic engineering of ethanologenic microorganisms aim not only at maximizing yields and productivities but also at widening the range of fermentation products and applications.
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| 24. |
- Zalesny, Ronald S., et al.
(författare)
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Positive water linkages of producing short rotation poplars and willows for bioenergy and phytotechnologies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 8:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production of short rotation woody crops (SRWCs) such as poplars and willows is a promising component of global bioenergy and phytotechnology portfolios. In addition to the provision of biomass feedstocks and pollution remediation, these trees and shrubs have been sustainably grown to conserve or utilize water in a variety of applications. Growing these woody plants for multiple uses supports many of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG6) and Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG7). As a result, focusing on ecosystem services such as freshwater and biomass has become an important aspect of deploying these production systems across variable landscapes. The current review consists of an introduction of ecosystem services and the SDGs, as well as SRWCs and their applications. The middle section of the review contains case studies highlighting the positive water linkages of producing short rotation poplars and willows for bioenergy and phytotechnologies. The review concludes with a section that combines the common themes that are consistent among the case studies to address options for integrating new bioenergy feedstock production systems into rural and urban landscapes to promote environmental, social and economic sustainability. This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Economics and Policy Bioenergy > Climate and Environment.
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| 25. |
- Zheng, Wandong, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing renewable power curtailment and CO2 emissions in China through district heating storage
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions reductions are often achieved through the increased share of renewable energy sources (RES) and China is the leader in the growth of RES in the power sector. This growth has led to high levels of curtailment of RES power due to insufficient reinforcement of the electricity grid to support such growth and due to competition with other power sources. Although the problem of curtailment has been alleviated in recent years, large amounts of power are still discarded, and it is important to consider how to address this problem in the short term and how much CO2e emissions could be avoided as a result. The use of district heating systems to reduce the curtailment of renewable power has seen increasing interest in recent years. Based on a review of potential energy storage in district heating, the current paper assesses the capability to use the national storage potential of district heating systems in China to reduce curtailment and to determine what effects that may have on avoiding CO2e emissions. The distribution networks and the thermal inertia of buildings connected to district heating are considered as two major forms of storage that can be “charged” using power that would otherwise be curtailed. The results show that there may be sufficient storage available to absorb all renewable power that is currently curtailed in those provinces using district heating during the heating season, resulting in avoided emissions of up to 14 MtCO2e/annum. This article is categorized under: Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy Wind Power > Climate and Environment Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment Energy and Urban Design > Climate and Environment.
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