| 1. |
- Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 and handwashing: Implications for water use in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because the main modes of transmission of the COVID-19 virus are respiration and contact, WHO recommends frequent washing of hands with soap under running water for at least 20 s. This article investigates how the level of concern about COVID-19 affects the likelihood of washing hands frequently in sub-Saharan Africa. We discuss the implication of the findings for water-scarce environment. The study makes use of a unique survey dataset from 12 sub-Saharan African countries collected in April 2020 (first round) and May 2020 (second round) and employs an extended ordered probit model with endogenous covariate. The results show that the level of concern about the spread of the virus increases the likelihood of washing hands with soap under running water for a minimum of 20 s at least five times a day. The increase in the probability of handwashing due to concern about COVID-19, ranges from 3% for Benin to 6.3% for South Africa. The results also show heterogeneous effects across gender- and age-groups, locality and various water sources. However, in Africa, the sustainability of the handwashing protocol could be threatened by the severe water scarcity that exists in the region. To sustain frequent handwashing, sub-Saharan Africa needs an effective strategy for water management and supply.
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| 2. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial analysis of water quality and income in Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between water quality and income within the European Union, considering spatial interdependences across countries. To this end, we apply a spatial econometrics framework using panel data, at the national level, for twenty EU countries across seventeen years, 1998 to 2014. Furthermore, we account for the role of human and livestock population size, institutional quality and economic openness for water quality. Results show that a significant EKC relationship is seen with an inverted N-shaped relationship between income and water quality. Water quality is decreasing in income for low income levels, increasing in income when GDP per capita for medium income levels, and deteriorating for high income levels. Eight out of twenty countries have income levels associated with a declining water quality. Spatial spillovers between countries are significant. Higher livestock density levels are associated with lower levels of water quality, while institutional quality and openness to trade are positively associated with water quality
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| 3. |
- Chowdhury, Nasima Tanveer, 1968
(författare)
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Marginal product of irrigation expenses in Bangladesh
- 2013
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 4, s. 38-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper highlights the importance of water management in agricultural production in Bangladesh. It has reviewed the role of the economic value of water in different dimensions including economics of international water and the scarcity value of dry season irrigation water to farmers. It focuses on measuring the marginal product of irrigation expenses for the irrigated rice in Bangladesh under dry (boro) season. Using a Translog production function, the study estimates the marginal product of irrigation expenses per BDT for irrigated boro rice by various farm sizes and regions. In USD it ranges from 0.01 to 0.03 for irrigated boro rice in Bangladesh. The Eastern Hills has the highest marginal product of irrigation expenses per BDT. The study has important implications for an optimal allocation of water between different groups of farmers. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
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| 4. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Aquatic invasive species and ecosystem services: Economic effects of the worm Marenzelleria spp. in the Baltic Sea
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 24, s. 13-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impacts of alien marine species on ecosystem services have been documented in numerous studies, but estimates of the costs, with explicit quantification of the impact channels, are lacking. We calculated the costs of the invasive worm Marenzelleria in the Baltic Sea, which affects the capacity of the seabed to store nutrients, by combining the production function and replacement cost methods. The nutrient storage capacity is then regarded as an input to nutrient cleaning of the sea, with reduced capacity implying higher costs of reaching nutrient reduction targets. We developed a simple dynamic model which captured the effect of Marenzelleria on the decay rates of nutrient pools in different interconnected sea basins of the Baltic Sea. Evidence and numerical estimates indicated a decrease in sequestration of phosphorus in the different sea basins caused by occurrence of the invasive worm. The total discounted cost of this decrease was estimated for two different international nutrient policy scenarios; cost-effective abatement and current international agreement on country targets. The results showed large differences in total abatement costs between these scenarios, but the calculated cost of the species were similar. The estimated cost ranged between 290 and 1094 billion SEK, depending on the effect of Marenzelleria on sequestration of phosphorus. The average annual cost corresponds to 0.03-0.13% of total gross domestic product of the nine coastal countries. However, the cost was unevenly distributed among the countries, with Poland bearing the largest share because of its large phosphorus loads and access to low-cost abatement options.
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| 5. |
- Hasler, B., et al.
(författare)
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Hydro-economic modelling of cost-effective transboundary water quality management in the Baltic Sea
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 5, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helcom's recently revised Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) aims to reduce eutrophication in the, Baltic Sea by reducing nutrient loads from all discharging drainage basins. The BALTCOST costminimisation, model, featuring abatement cost and effect functions which utilise spatial data down to, 10×10km2 grid cell resolution, is used to identify a cost-effective distribution of nutrient abatement, measures between drainage basins whilst attempting to achieve specified nutrient load reductions for, separate Baltic Sea regions. Results indicate that the 2013 BSAP load reduction targets for nitrogen and phosphorus can be achieved in most Baltic Sea regions, except for phosphorus into the Baltic Proper, and the Gulf of Finland. The estimated minimum total cost of delivering these reductions is 4.17 billion, Euros annually, with substantial differences in the cost burden between countries and measures.Results are strongly influenced by differences in nutrient retention between drainage basins. Detailed, retention modelling and high spatial resolution source data are major novel features of this research.
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