| 1. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing Privacy Controls for Patients via a Selective Authentic Electronic Health Record Exchange Service : Qualitative Study of Perspectives by Medical Professionals and Patients
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Internet Research. - : JMIR Publications. - 1438-8871. ; 20:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients' privacy is regarded as essential for the patient-doctor relationship. One example of a privacy-enhancing technology for user-controlled data minimization on content level is a redactable signature. It enables users to redact personal information from signed documents while preserving the validity of the signature, and thus the authenticity of the document. In this study, we present end users' evaluations of a Cloud-based selective authentic electronic health record (EHR) exchange service (SAE-service) in an electronic health use case. In the use case scenario, patients were given control to redact specified information fields in their EHR, which were signed by their doctors with a redactable signature and transferred to them into a Cloud platform. They can then selectively disclose the remaining information in the EHR, which still bears the valid digital signature, to third parties of their choice. Objective: This study aimed to explore the perceptions, attitudes, and mental models concerning the SAE-service of 2 user roles: signers (medical professionals) and redactors (patients with different technical knowledge) in Germany and Sweden. Another objective was to elicit usability requirements for this service based on the analysis of our investigation. Methods: We chose empirical qualitative methods to address our research objective. Designs of mock-ups for the service were used as part of our user-centered design approach in our studies with test participants from Germany and Sweden. A total of 13 individual walk-throughs or interviews were conducted with medical staff to investigate the EHR signers' perspectives. Moreover, 5 group walk-throughs in focus groups sessions with (N=32) prospective patients with different technical knowledge to investigate redactor's perspective of EHR data redaction control were used. Results: We found that our study participants had correct mental models with regard to the redaction process. Users with some technical models lacked trust in the validity of the doctor's signature on the redacted documents. Main results to be considered are the requirements concerning the accountability of the patients' redactions and the design of redaction templates for guidance and control. Conclusions: For the SAE-service to be means for enhancing patient control and privacy, the diverse usability and trust factors of different user groups should be considered.
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| 2. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Handling Public Well-being during the COVID-19 Crisis : Empirical Study with Representatives from Municipalities in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: JMIR Formative Research. - : JMIR Publications. - 2561-326X. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the public’s health and well-being due to infections and restrictions imposed during the crisis. Recreational activities are important for the public’s well-being; however, the public’s safety from the COVID-19 virus is the top priority. Sweden, a country with a decentralized public health and welfare system, relied on less stringent approaches for handling the crisis. The limited restrictions in Sweden allowed recreational activities to take place despite the pandemic, which could be attributed to considerations for the public’s well-being. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate municipal approaches for handling and supporting recreational activities during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: We conducted an empirical study (qualitative and quantitative), using an online survey for data collection, with 23 participants. They were representatives holding mostly managerial roles in 18 distinct municipalities (18 counties). A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze open-ended responses, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the closed-ended responses. Results: In this study, we report on the status of municipalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The highlighted results showed a significant impact on the municipalities as a result of COVID-19, where 78% (18/23) of participants stated significant changes due to the pandemic. Moreover, 91% (21/23) indicated efforts and approaches for supporting recreational activities during COVID-19. Following national guidelines for the public’s health and safety was indicated by 78% (18/23) of participants. Information and communications technology (ICT) was considered significant for dealing with COVID-19 according to 87% (20/23) of participants. Our qualitative results further showed details of the public’s health and safety considerations, the efforts to support recreational activities particularly for youth, and the role and requirements of ICT. Challenges relating to the usability of ICT were also highlighted. Conclusions: Despite the critique of Sweden’s lenient strategy for handling the COVID-19 crisis, our results showed significant considerations for the public’s safety and well-being by the municipalities (regional and local levels) in this study. The Swedish approach to handling the crisis involved trusting the public with safety guidelines in addition to efforts for the public’s safety, supporting the public’s well-being with approaches for maintaining recreational activities, and giving special care to the youth. Despite having technological solutions in place, challenges in using digital solutions and requirements for future development were noted.
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| 3. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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How to Facilitate Interaction in Remote Focus Groups : a Practical Guide
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6<sup>th</sup> International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design. - : AHFE Open Access. - 9781964867342 ; , s. 187-199
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There exists a significant knowledge gap in the scientific literature concerning the effective design of remote focus groups, particularly with regard to facilitating interactive engagement among participants. This paper aims to address this gap by presenting a hands-on guide for designing online or remote focus groups, emphasizing approaches to enhance interaction. Our guide is informed by prior works and our recent empirical experiences in conducting remote focus groups. We offer this guide as a resource for researchers, students, and practitioners seeking to conduct remote focus groups and facilitate interactions.
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| 4. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Intrinsic Factors and COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Technology
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unprecedented pandemic of the infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still ongoing. Considering the limitations and restrictions imposed by COVID-19, we explored the role of technology and the extent of usage by end-users. In our online survey, we investigated users’ perspectives on their use of technologies in different contexts (e.g., work, entertainment), taking into consideration intrinsic factors such as health consciousness, perceived social isolation, and pandemic-related concerns. Results from 218 respondents show a significant increase in technology use in all investigated contexts after the pandemic occurred. Moreover, the results suggest that different factors may contribute to such increases, depending on the context. It appears that perceived social isolation, concerns about the pandemic, and tracking have the most prominent influence on different use of technology. Furthermore, open-ended responses include beneficial opportunities, concerns & consequences, and behavioral transformations & adaptations due to COVID-19. Our findings provide insights for designing and developing new technologies, especially for communication and entertainment, to support users’ needs during a pandemic.
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| 5. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Machine Learning–Based Analysis of Encrypted Medical Data in the Cloud : Qualitative Study of Expert Stakeholders’ Perspectives
- 2021
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Ingår i: JMIR Human Factors. - : JMIR Publications. - 2292-9495. ; 8:3, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Third-party cloud-based data analysis applications are proliferating in electronic health (eHealth) because of the expertise offered and their monetary advantage. However, privacy and security are critical concerns when handling sensitive medical data in the cloud. Technical advances based on “crypto magic” in privacy-preserving machine learning (ML) enable data analysis in encrypted form for maintaining confidentiality. Such privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) could be counterintuitive to relevant stakeholders in eHealth, which could in turn hinder adoption; thus, more attention is needed on human factors for establishing trust and transparency.Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze eHealth expert stakeholders’ perspectives and the perceived tradeoffs in regard to data analysis on encrypted medical data in the cloud, and to derive user requirements for development of a privacy-preserving data analysis tool.Methods:We used semistructured interviews and report on 14 interviews with individuals having medical, technical, or research expertise in eHealth. We used thematic analysis for analyzing interview data. In addition, we conducted a workshop for eliciting requirements.Results:Our results show differences in the understanding of and in trusting the technology; caution is advised by technical experts, whereas patient safety assurances are required by medical experts. Themes were identified with general perspectives on data privacy and practices (eg, acceptance of using external services), as well as themes highlighting specific perspectives (eg, data protection drawbacks and concerns of the data analysis on encrypted data). The latter themes result in requiring assurances and conformance testing for trusting tools such as the proposed ML-based tool. Communicating privacy, and utility benefits and tradeoffs with stakeholders is essential for trust. Furthermore, stakeholders and their organizations share accountability of patient data. Finally, stakeholders stressed the importance of informing patients about the privacy of their data.Conclusions:Understanding the benefits and risks of using eHealth PETs is crucial, and collaboration among diverse stakeholders is essential. Assurances of the tool’s privacy, accuracy, and patient safety should be in place for establishing trust of ML-based PETs, especially if used in the cloud.
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| 6. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Reciprocities or Incentives? : Understanding Privacy Intrusion Perspectives and Sharing Behaviors
- 2019
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Ingår i: HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 9783030223502 ; , s. 355-370
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance and perception of privacy varies from one context to the other. However, everyone values his or her privacy to a certain extent. The subjectivity of that value, attitudes, and behaviors would depend on different entangling factors. It is important to understand the motivation that influences human behavior, whether to protect or share their information. In this paper, we aim at understanding the boundaries of privacy, factors influencing information sharing behavior including experiences (reciprocities of privacy), and efforts taken to protect one’s data. We collected data using quantitative (survey/quiz) and qualitative means (focus groups). In the survey/quiz, our results showed that intrusion experience and awareness have a significant correlation between sharing of data. Furthermore, our focus groups results yielded details on influencing factors for privacy reciprocities and tradeoffs. We discuss our results in terms of privacy incentives and factors influencing the sharing behavior of their information. Finally, we highlight the complexity of behavior where intrinsic and extrinsic motivations could clash and result in a dilemma such as the privacy paradox phenomenon. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 7. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Structural and functional explanations for informing lay and expert users: the case of functional encryption
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies. - : Privacy Enhancing Technologies Board. - 2299-0984. ; 2023:4, s. 359-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Usable explanations of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) help users make more informed privacy decisions, but the explanations of PETs are generally geared toward individuals with more technical knowledge. To explain functional encryption (FE) to experts and laypersons, we investigate structural and functional explanations and explore users' interests and preferences, as well as how they affect users' comprehension and decisions about sharing data. To this end (with an EU-based population), we conducted four focus groups, in combination with walk-throughs, with 13 participants in the first study, followed by an online survey with 347 experts and 370 laypersons. Both explanations were considered useful in fulfilling the different needs of participants interested in the privacy policy information. Participants, regardless of their expertise, trusted and were more satisfied with the structural explanation. However, functional explanations had a higher contribution to all participants' comprehension. We, therefore, recommend combining both types of explanations for a usable privacy policy.
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| 8. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Recreational Businesses Coping with COVID-19 Using Technologies
- 2022
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Ingår i: HCI International 2022 Posters. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031063909 - 9783031063916 ; , s. 349-357
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Restrictions imposed on societies across the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic have had direct and indirect consequences to the public’s health and well-being. Unlike many countries, Sweden’s restrictions were significantly milder. Businesses offering recreational services provide activities that are important to the well-being of the public. This study explores the status and perspectives of 34 Swedish businesses that provide recreational activities during COVID-19 and the role of technology on recreational services. Results show that businesses comply with guidelines and recommendations, have trust in the government despite lack of sufficient support, and have special considerations for youth. Technology was significant in aiding businesses to cope with COVID-19. Trends reported are: adoption of new remote technologies, increase of digital tools use, offerings of online services, and openness to new solutions.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah
(författare)
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The Wicked Problem of Privacy : Design Challenge for Crypto-based Solutions
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Data privacy has been growing in importance in recent years, especially with the continuous increase of online activity. Researchers study, design, and develop solutions aimed at enhancing users’ data privacy. The wicked problem of data privacy is a continuous challenge that defies straightforward solutions. Since there are many factors involved in data privacy, such as technological, legal, and human aspects, we can only aim at mitigating rather than solving this wicked problem. Our aim was to focus on human aspects for designing usable crypto-based privacy-enhancing solutions. In this thesis, we followed a user centered design method by using empirical qualitative means for investigating user’s perceptions and opinions of our solutions. Most of our work has focused on redactable signatures in the cloud context within the eHealth use-case. Redactable signatures are a privacy enhancing scheme allowing to remove parts of a signed document by a specified party for achieving data minimization without invalidating the respective signature.We mainly used semi-structures interviews and focus groups in our investigations. Our results yielded key HCI considerations as well as guidelines of different means for supporting the design of future solutions.
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| 11. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah
(författare)
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Tinkering the Wicked Problem of Privacy : Design Challenges and Opportunities for Crypto-based Services
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Data privacy has been growing in importance in recent years, especially with the constant increase of online activity. Consequently, researchers study, design, and develop solutions aimed at enhancing users' data privacy. The wicked problem of data privacy is a dynamic challenge that defies straightforward solutions. Since there are many factors involved in data privacy, such as technological, legal, and human aspects, we can only aim at mitigating rather than solving this wicked problem.Our aim was to explore challenges and opportunities with a focus on human aspects for designing usable crypto-based privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs). Mainly, there were three PETs in the cloud context included in our studies: malleable signatures, secret sharing, and homomorphic encryption. Based on the three PETs, services were developed within European research projects that were the scope of our user studies. We followed a user-centered design approach by using empirical qualitative and quantitative means for collecting study data. Our results and tinkering conveyed (i) analysis of different categories of user's perspectives, mental models, and trade-offs, (ii) user requirements for PET services, and (iii) user interface design guidelines for PET services. In our contributions, we highlight considerations and guidelines for supporting the design of future solutions.
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| 12. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Transparency of Privacy Risks Using PIA Visualizations
- 2023
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Ingår i: HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031358210 - 9783031358227 ; 14045 LNCS, s. 3-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Privacy enhancing technologies allow the minimization of risks to online data. However, the transparency of the minimization process is not so clear to all types of end users. Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs) is a standardized tool that identifies and assesses privacy risks associated with the use of a system. In this work, we used the results of the PIA conducted in our use case to visualize privacy risks to end users in the form of User Interface (UI) mock ups. We tested and evaluated the UI mock-ups via walkthroughs to investigate users' interests by observing their clicking behavior, followed by four focus group workshops. There were 13 participants (two expert groups and two lay user groups) in total. Results reveal general interests in the transparency provided by showing the risks reductions. Generally, although participants appreciate the concept of having detailed information provided about risk reductions and the type of risks, the visualization and usability of the PIA UIs require future development. Specifically, it should be tailored to the target group's mental models and background knowledge.
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| 13. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Using PAPAYA for eHealth – Use Case Analysis and Requirements
- 2020
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Ingår i: 2020 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS). - : IEEE. - 9781728194295 ; , s. 437-442
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an eHealth use case basedon a privacy-preserving machine learning platform to detectarrhythmia developed by the PAPAYA project that can run inan untrusted domain. It discusses legal privacy and user requirementsthat we elicited for this use case from the GDPR andvia stakeholder interviews. These include requirements for securepseudonymisation schemes, for allowing also pseudonymous usersto exercise their data subjects rights, for not making diagnosticdecisions fully automatically and for assurance guarantees, conformancewith specified standards and informing clinicians andpatients about the privacy protection. The requirements are notonly relevant for our use case but also for other use cases utilisingprivacy-preserving data analytics to classify medical data.
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| 14. |
- Alaqra, Ala Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Wearable devices and measurement data : An empirical study on ehealth and data sharing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781728194295 ; , s. 443-448
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of medical applications and services is growing but is hampered by security and privacy concerns and a lack of trust by users. This interview study with 29 users of wearable devices reports perspectives on privacy concerns towards sharing of measured data in general, and measured stress data in the workplace. Participants consider stress data to be sensitive (73%), and report that privacy protection is a requirement for both the technology and the workplace. Sharing behavior is shown to be strongly coupled with clear purposes and incentives. Sharing measured fitness data is accepted (72%), and sharing stress measured data for the common good (48%), despite privacy concerns. Over half mistrust the technology not to leak data. Technology solutions should provide clear and sound purposes for storing, sharing, and processing measured data, as well as provide assurances from workplace and cloud.
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| 15. |
- Bagnato, A., et al.
(författare)
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Workshop on privacy challenges in public and private organizations
- 2020
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Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030425036 ; , s. 82-89
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent developments in information technology such as the Internet of Things and the cloud computing paradigm enable public and private organisations to collect large amounts of data to employ various data analytic techniques for extracting important information that helps improve their businesses. Unfortunately, these benefits come with a high cost in terms of privacy exposures given the high sensitivity of the data that are usually processed at powerful third-party servers. Given the ever-increasing of data breaches, the serious damage they cause, and the need for compliance to the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), these organisations look for secure and privacy-preserving data handling practices. During the workshop, we aimed at presenting an approach to the problem of user data protection and control, currently being developed in the scope of the PoSeID-on and PAPAYA H2020 European projects.
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| 16. |
- Framner, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Making secret sharing based cloud storage usable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Information and Computer Security. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2056-4961. ; 27:5, s. 647-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to develop a usable configuration management for Archistar, whichutilizes secret sharing for redundantly storing data over multiple independent storage clouds in a secure andprivacy-friendly manner. Selecting the optimal secret sharing parameters, cloud storage servers and othersettings for securely storing the secret data shares, while meeting all of end user’s requirements and otherrestrictions, is a complex task. In particular, complex trade-offs between different protection goals and legalprivacy requirements need to be made.
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| 17. |
- Geewe, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive Augmented Reality to Extend Students' Vector Experience
- 2024
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Ingår i: The International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education. - : Research Information Ltd. - 1744-2710 .- 2045-2519. ; 31:2, s. 61-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First-year engineering students show difficulties in connecting basic vector algebra with manipulations using the graphical representation. Experiencing vectors in real applications can improve the process of learning vectors. Thus, we introduce a unique approach for using digital technologies, namely augmented reality. We utilized a video see-through head-mounted display to develop a vector manipulation tool enabling users to select and place virtual vectors in the real environment. The aim was to see how students react when experiencing vectors in augmented reality. After using the prototype, students answered a questionnaire about this experience. Results show that students experiences are positive and they are motivated to use the prototype in the course. Further, we investigated opinions about vector concepts from students in the trial group and other students attending the same course in vector algebra. The results indicate some differences in what students spontaneously associate with the concept vectors. Moreover, this study provides insights into how such investigations can be elaborated in the future.
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| 18. |
- Iwaya, Leonardo H, et al.
(författare)
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Privacy impact assessments in the wild : A scoping review
- 2024
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Ingår i: Array. - : Elsevier. - 2590-0056. ; 23, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs) offer a process for assessing the privacy impacts of a project or system. As a privacy engineering strategy, they are one of the main approaches to privacy by design, supporting the early identification of threats and controls. However, there is still a shortage of empirical evidence on their use and proven effectiveness in practice. To better understand the current literature and research, this paper provides a comprehensive Scoping Review (ScR) on the topic of PIAs “in the wild,” following the well-established Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This ScR includes 45 studies, providing an extensive synthesis of the existing body of knowledge, classifying types of research and publications, appraising the methodological quality of primary research, and summarising the positive and negative aspects of PIAs in practice, as reported by those studies. This ScR also identifies significant research gaps (e.g., evidence gaps from contradictory results and methodological gaps from research design deficiencies), future research pathways, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers developing and using PIA frameworks. As we conclude, there is still a significant need for more primary research on the topic, both qualitative and quantitative. A critical appraisal of qualitative studies revealed deficiencies in the methodological quality, and only four quantitative studies were identified, suggesting that current primary research remains incipient. Nonetheless, PIAs can be regarded as a prominent sub-area in the broader field of empirical privacy engineering, in which further scientific research to support existing practices is needed.
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| 19. |
- Karegar, Farzaneh, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring User-Suitable Metaphors for Differentially Private Data Analyses
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, SOUPS 2022. - 9781939133304 ; , s. 175-193
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite recent enhancements in the deployment of differential privacy (DP), little has been done to address the human aspects of DP-enabled systems. Comprehending the complex concept of DP and the privacy protection it provides could be challenging for lay users who should make informed decisions when sharing their data. Using metaphors could be suitable to convey key protection functionalities of DP to them. Based on a three-phase framework, we extracted and generated metaphors for differentially private data analysis models (local and central). We analytically evaluated the metaphors based on experts’ feedback and then empirically evaluated them in online interviews with 30 participants. Our results showed that the metaphorical explanations can successfully convey that perturbation protects privacy and that there is a privacy-accuracy trade-off. Nonetheless, conveying information at a high level leads to incorrect expectations that negatively affect users’ understanding and limits the ability to apply the concept to different contexts. In this paper, we presented the plausible suitability of metaphors and discussed the challenges of using them to facilitate informed decisions on sharing data with DP-enabled systems.
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| 20. |
- Kitkowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Lockdown locomotion : the fast-forwarding effects of technology use on digital well-being due to COVID-19 restrictions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Behavior and Information Technology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0144-929X .- 1362-3001. ; 43:6, s. 1178-1205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing dependency on digital technologies introduces queries related to well-being–when and how digital technology poses a threat, or when it is the most appreciated by users? People have some expectations before using technology, which sometimes may be met, but there might be a mismatch at other times. Nevertheless, the digitalization of services advances and companies modify existing or produce new technologies that do not satisfy users' demands, putting their well-being at risk. Through an empirical inquiry, the present research explores experiences with technologies to shed more light on the main factors that enrich or diminish technology value and influence well-being. Exploiting the circumstances created by the COVID-19 pandemic that fast-forwarded technology use and development, an online inquiry was conducted to assess positive and negative experiences of technologies, focusing on the contexts of work, learning, entertainment, information-seeking, and health. The findings from 578 participants indicate that depending on the role of technologybeing a substitute for certain activities or an opportunity to perform them differently–consequences on well-being can more or less follow expectations. The results are discussed in the context of past research and practical implications for, e.g. technology design or managerial changes that could help overcome users' current challenges.
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| 21. |
- Reuben, Jenni, et al.
(författare)
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Private Training Approaches - A Primer
- 2024
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Ingår i: Privacy and Identity Management. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031579776 - 9783031579783 ; , s. 311-324
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid proliferation of Machine Learning (ML) systems in today online services and applications have given rise to privacy preserving machine learning research field. In the tutorial we present a primer understanding of privacy preserving ML system design approaches, by drawing in the knowledge from the state-of-the art private learning methods. We present the primer understanding in the tutorial session that is part of the IFIP summer school, which included an interactive feedback discussion session. The tutorial participants range from students to experts in various different research fields and indicated their interest in the topic. The tutorial format consists of i) presentation of the tutorial topic and ii) interactive discussion session to encourage the participants to actively discuss/reinforce their understanding and operational concerns of the tutorial topics.
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