| 1. |
- Wang, Haidong, et al.
(författare)
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Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- 2016
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Ingår i: The lancet. HIV. - : Elsevier. - 2352-3018. ; 3:8, s. e361-e387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.INTERPRETATION: Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.
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| 2. |
- Adiels, Emil, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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The use of virtual work for the formfinding of fabric, shell and gridshell structures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Advances in Architectural Geometry conference 2018. - 9783903015135 ; , s. 286-315
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of the virtual work theorem enables one to derive the equations of static equilibrium of fabric, shell and gridshell structures from the compatibility equations linking the rate of deformation of a surface to variations in its velocity. If the structure is treated as a continuum there is no need to consider its micro-structure provided that the grid is fine compared to the overall geometry. Thus we can include fabrics, ribbed shells, corrugated shells and gridshells with a fine grid, such as the Mannheim Multihalle. The equilibrium equations are almost identical to those obtained by assuming that a shell is thin and of uniform thickness, but are more general in their application. Our formulation introduces the concept of geodesic bending moments which are relevant to gridshell structures with continuous laths. The virtual work theorem is more general than the energy theorems, which it in- cludes as a special case. Hence it can be applied to surfaces which admit some form of potential, including minimal surfaces and hanging fabrics. We can then use the calculus of variations for the minimization of a surface integral to define the form of a structure. Many existing formfinding techniques can be rewritten in this way, but we concen- trate on surfaces which minimize the surface integral of the mean curvature subject to a constraint on the enclosed volume, producing a surface of constant Gaussian curvature. This naturally leads to the more general study of conjugate stress and curvature directions, and hence to quadrilateral mesh gridshells with flat cladding panels and no bending moments in the structural members under own weight.
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| 3. |
- Ander, Mats, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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A building of unlimited height
- 2019
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Ingår i: IASS Symposium 2019 - 60th Anniversary Symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures; Structural Membranes 2019 - 9th International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, FORM and FORCE. - 9788412110104 ; , s. 1465-1472
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider the overall buckling under own weight of a thin-walled column of circular cross-section and a radius that is a hyperbolic sine function of distance from the top of the column. The maximum stress is limited to a given value, but there is no limit to the height of the column. The wall thickness is determined by consideration of local buckling. It can be made to represent a building by adjusting the own weight of the column to include the weight of the floors, finishes, cladding and imposed load.
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| 4. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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ASPECTS ON BLEACHING AND TEMPO-MEDIATED OXIDATION OF WHEAT STRAW PULP FRACTIONS
- 2012
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Ingår i: Bioresources. - 1930-2126. ; 7, s. 3051-3063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study outlines research concerning wheat straw fines, including their impact on pulp bleachability, their modification by chemical means, and their use as a dry strength enhancer in a paper application. Results show that primary fines constituting about 23% of the whole wheat straw pulp had a large negative impact on pulp bleachability. The differences in response to bleaching were due to the different properties of the fines, i.e. higher kappa number, higher metal ion content, lower brightness, and lower viscosity compared to that of fibers. It was also shown that the fines fraction is more difficult to oxidize and does not reach as high fiber charge levels as that of the other fractions. However, at a dosage of >= 3 mmol hypochlorite/g it was possible to prepare nanofibers from wheat straw fines that showed a good strength-enhancing effect in a paper product. The fact that removal of fines from wheat straw pulps by fractionation improves bleachability and also drainage properties at the same time, while simultaneously the fines can be modified and used as a strength enhancer, is very interesting when evaluating the potential of this type of annual plant as a source for production of different paper products.
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| 5. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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CRUW Mechanical Pulping sub-project 1: Effect of different refining pressures and energy using spruce TMP pulps from Braviken
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The mechanical pulping industry faces continued rising energy costs and increasing competition for raw material. In order to produce improved products based on mechanical pulp at lower energy consumption it is necessary to have a better understanding of the development of fundamental fibre properties during the processes. In particular, changes in fibre collapsibility, fibre fibrillation and fibre and surface development are of great interest. The overall goal of the CRUW Mechanical Pulping project is “Support development of more energy efficient mechanical pulping processes by increasing the knowledge on ultrastructural phenomena in mechanical pulping”. This project is working closely together with the Industrial Research College for Mechanical Pulping Technology bringing in the ultrastructural competence to more clearly understand and explain phenomena observed in these projects thus making it easier to develop new and improved processes to reduce energy consumption. This report presents results from CRUW Mechanical Pulping sub-project 1: ”Effect of different refining pressures and energy using spruce TMP pulps from Braviken”. The influence of temperature on the softening of lignin and hence improved (easier) fibre separation and treatment was noted earlier (Becker et al. 1977; Salmén 1984). Based on this knowledge, different process alternatives have been suggested to reduce energy demand for the refining process. One of the earliest publications on a technical system utilizing higher temperature and pressure was by Höglund et al. 1997 (Thermopulp). These results have been reproduced in many studies and are today considered general knowledge. There are however many practical problems with such a system. For example, the resulting very small refining gaps are difficult to control and it has therefore taken time to establish this technology in the industry. In the new TMP line at Braviken, the refiners are equipped to run at higher temperature/pressure than normal and it has therefore been interesting to study these pulps in order to explain the effects on pulp/fibres at an ultrastructural level. It should be noted that in a fibre-water-steam system, temperature and pressure are not independent variables and higher pressure means higher temperature and vice versa
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| 6. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Differences between Scots pine and Norway spruce TMP pulps as revealed bt the HCL method
- 2009
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Ingår i: SPCI meddelande / The Swedish Association of Pulp and Paper Engineers. - 0280-6800. ; , s. 322-324
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The HCl method was used to compare pine and spruce TMP pulps. Delignification gave much stronger fibre cleavage by HCl (3.5-5x for Stage 3) indicating that lignin and hemicelluloses protect the fibres from acid attack. Cleavage per fibre for TMP was similar as kraft pulps, while spruce TMP was more sensitive to HCl than pine TMP. A more robust secondary wall and a lower number of dislocations and weak points may be related to the higher refining energy needed for pine TMP pulps
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ander, Paul
(författare)
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Standard pulp and paper tests
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fine Structure of Papermaking Fibres : The Final Report of COST Action E54. - 9789157690074 ; , s. 211-232
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ander, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Sub-project 10: CRUW Mechanical Pulping Enzyme treatment of chips for energy reduction in TMP
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to evaluate the possibilities of using enzymes for pre-treating softwood chips as a means of lowering the energy demand in mechanical pulping, impregnation and refining trials were performed using a set of different enzymes. The enzymes tested pectinase, xylanase and mannanase gave increased sugar release in the impregnation trials indicating that most of the sugar released occurred in the first 60 minutes and that activities thereafter seemed to level off. Refining trials using a small Wing refiner showed that for chips treated for 60 minutes with pectinase, xylanase and mannanase no energy savings to a given freeness level was observed. The property development was similar to that of reference pulps in the case of pectinase and xylanase while for chips treated with mannanase a less favourable development of the tensile index was noted. For chips treated for two hours, using xylanase or pectinase, energy savings could be observed for pectinase treated chips down to a freeness level of 200 CSF. However when refined further, the properties approached those of the reference pulp. Considering the much higher enzymatic activity reached when the initial fibre material was further disintegrated it is assumed that the possibilities for enzymes to attack desired structures of the intact fibre wall may have been too few even in the case of Impressafiner treated material.
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| 11. |
- Ander, Paul
(författare)
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Surface modified cellulose obtained by acetylation without solvents of bleached and unbleached kraft pulps
- 2011
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Ingår i: Polimery -- Tworzywa Wielkocza¿¿¿¿steczkowe. - 0032-2725. ; 56, s. 834-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heterogeneous acetylation to a low extent of bleached and unbleached commercial kraft pulps was performed with acetic anhydride without solvents and in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. The process was conducted in an effort to change the polarity of studied kraft pulps and to improve their compatibility with synthetic polymers without changing their fibrous structure. It was observed that the fiber morphology does not change up to a reaction time of 3 h for both investigated materials. The hydrophilic character of the bleached pulp was decreased by acetylation to a low extent, while the unbleached material showed an initial increase of water retention capacity. At higher degrees of modification, both pulps exhibited similar hydrophilic properties. For both materials, an initial slightly increased susceptibility to enzymatic attack with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was observed, however the acetylated bleached cellulose fibers were more susceptible to enzymatic attack than those of the unbleached material.
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| 12. |
- Block, Keith I., et al.
(författare)
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Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Seminars in Cancer Biology. - : Academic Press. - 1044-579X .- 1096-3650. ; 35, s. S276-S304
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broadspectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Daniel, Geoffrey, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Pulping. The influence of xylan on the sensitivity towards fiber damage: Xylan added in the oxygen stage
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate if extra xylan added during oxygen delignification of kraft spruce fibers could contribute to reduce the effect of fiber damage introduced during the cook. Two pulps were produced, one with and one without mechanical treatment at the end of the cook. The pulp produced without mechanical treatment was oxygen delignified with xylan added in the oxygen stage. The pulp produced with mechanical treatment was oxygen delignified both with and without xylan added. Results did not indicate that xylan added in the oxygen stage could repair the already introduced fiber damage. Added xylan had a fiber straightening effect as seen earlier when xylan was added in the cook. Xylan added in the oxygen stage resulted in improved tensile strength development. However, the negative effect from introduced mechanical treatment still influenced the strength properties more than could be compensated by the added xylan. SEM-images could not identify any differences between the investigated pulps. It seems likely that the birch xylan added forms a uniform but nonhomogeneous coating on the fiber surfaces. Possibly the xylan has penetrated into the fiber wall to a greater extent compared to previous studies when xylan was added in the cook
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| 15. |
- Daniel, Geoffrey, et al.
(författare)
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CRUW Chemical Pulping sub-project 1; The influence of xylan on the sensitivity towards fiber damage
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine if the presence and position of xylan in the fiber wall are of importance for the degree of damage introduced into fibers during mechanical action in the cook. Kraft pulps from spruce with different amounts of xylan have been produced in the laboratory, either by adding birch xylan in different positions in the cook or by redistribution of spruce xylan. At the end of the cook, fiber damages were introduced by subjecting the fibers to shear and compression forces. The extra birch xylan had adsorbed on the fiber surfaces, the outer fiber walls (presumably S1/primary wall) as well as on the fiber cell lumen wall. Xylan penetration into the fiber wall was very low. A large variation in coverage of surface xylan within the fibers and between fibers was noted. No significant difference between pulps produced in the different ways or between the pulps produced with or without mechanical treatment could however be observed. The extra xylan added resulted as expected in an improved tensile strength development for these pulps. No direct indications were seen that the extra xylan added during the cook resulted in a lower amount of introduced damaged areas. But some positive tendencies could be noted for the pulps produced with extra xylan added including: a lower kink/mm and lower amount of cleavage/fiber measured by the HCL method; and the zero-span level and tear-tensile relationship were not inferior compared to the reference despite the higher xylan content. The removal and subsequent re-introduction of xylan into the cook seemed to negatively influence the strength properties, i.e. the tear-tensile relationship was inferior compared to the reference pulp. The redistribution procedure may have drained the fiber wall of xylan negatively influencing the strength properties
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| 16. |
- Daniel, Geoffrey, et al.
(författare)
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Energy consumption in refining of Scots pine and Norway spruce TMP is governed by fibre morphology and ultrastructure
- 2009
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Ingår i: SPCI meddelande / The Swedish Association of Pulp and Paper Engineers. - 0280-6800. ; , s. 82-86
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies on the different behaviour of Scots pine and Norway spruce during thermomechanical pulping were conducted to find reasons for explaining the greater energy consumption of pine. Well characterized wood samples from clear-cut trees and thinnings were used in pilot scale trials to produce highly characterized pulps. Structural and topochemical differences found between pine and spruce likely to have a strong negative impact on energy included: i) presence of a greater proportion of latewood fibres in pine annual rings with thick secondary cell walls and concomitant reduced fibre collapsibility; ii) ultrastructural differences in the location of fractures at the fibre secondary wall level during primary refining with pine showing greater resistance to refining although it defibrated easier than spruce; iii) that fibre separation and fibre development were sequential processes in pine and not concurrent as in spruce; and iv) the greater amounts of extractives in pine and their redistribution onto the surfaces of fibres and fines during processing
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Ivert, Torbjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Platelet function one and three months after coronary bypass surgery in relation to once or twice daily dosing of acetylsalicylic acid
- 2017
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Ingår i: Thrombosis Research. - : Elsevier. - 0049-3848 .- 1879-2472. ; 149, s. 64-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Current guidelines recommend acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to reduce thrombotic vein graft occlusion. The optimal dosage of ASA is not known. Materials and methods: Forty-two patients undergoing elective CABG were randomized to receive either ASA 75 mg or 160 mg once daily (OD) or 75 mg twice daily (BID) after the operation. Platelet function testing was performed before, and one and three months after the operation. Results: White blood cell counts increased during the initial postoperative days whereas platelet countswere initially slightly reduced after the operation but increased after one month without any major changes of mean platelet volumes. Serum thromboxane B-2 was more effectively suppressed at one and three months after the operation with ASA 75 mg BID or 160 mg OD than with 75 mg OD (p < 0.001). ASA 75 mg BID and 160 mg OD were equally effective. Adenosine diphosphate stimulated platelet aggregation in whole blood (Multiplate (R)) was increased one and three months after the operation, and this was counteracted by ASA 75 mg BID but not by 75 or 160 mg OD. Arachidonic acid-induced aggregation was more effectively inhibited by 75 mg BID or 160 mg OD compared to 75 mg OD at three months. Conclusions: Less effective inhibition of platelet activation was obtained with ASA 75 mg OD than with ASA 160mg OD or 75mg BID up to three months after CABG. Especially the latter dose is of interest for further studies of efficacy and clinical outcomes after CABG.
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| 21. |
- Sehlström, Alexander, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Prestressed gridshell structures
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a method for the form finding of shell structures composed of both compression and tension members which may lie in one layer or two layers. The length of some of the members can be constrained to a fixed length yielding some control of the resulting form found shape. The form finding is accomplished by adjusting the nodal positions until an equilibrium state is reached using dynamic relaxation. If part of a structure is unstable due to compression forces, then a negative mass must be used in the dynamic relaxation. The length constraint is met by adjusting the force density during form finding, again using dynamic relaxation. Finally, case studies are presented where the applied load and the prestress is used to govern the form found shape.
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