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- Andersson Grönlund, Marita, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years
- 2006
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Ingår i: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. - : Munksgaard Forlag. - 1395-3907 .- 1600-0420. ; 84:2, s. 169-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To characterize ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years.METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional comprehensive ophthalmological investigation was performed on a sample of 143 children (67 girls, 76 boys) aged 4-15 years.RESULTS: Visual acuity (VA) in the better eye >or=1.0 (0.3 logMAR). Amblyopia was found in 0.7% of subjects. A total of 68% of the children had no refractive errors. Hyperopia (>or=2.0 dioptres [D] in spherical equivalent [SE]) was found in 9% and myopia (>or=0.5 D SE) in 6% of children. Astigmatism (>or=0.75 D) was recorded in 22% and anisometropia (>or=1.0 D SE) in 3%. A total of 8% were optically corrected. Strabismus was recorded in 3.5%. Signs of visuoperceptual problems were reported in 3% of the children.CONCLUSION: This sample of Swedish children may serve as a comparison group regarding ophthalmological findings in children aged 4-15 years.
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| 4. |
- Aring, Eva, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Strabismus and binocular functions in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years
- 2005
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Ingår i: Strabismus. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0927-3972 .- 1744-5132. ; 13:2, s. 55-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To investigate strabismus, head posture, nystagmus, stereoacuity, ocular motility, near point of convergence (NPC) and accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A) in a sample of Swedish children. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on 143 children, 4-15 years of age. RESULTS: Heterotropia was found in five children (3.5%), four with esotropia and one with exotropia. One child with esotropia had a slight overaction of both inferior oblique muscles. Heterophoria was found in 37 children (26%) at near and/or distance fixation and it was four times more common at near than at distance. In 29 children, heterophoria was found at one distance only and orthophoria at the other. Orthophoria at both near and distance fixation was noted in 101 children (70.5%). The near point of convergence was < or =6 cm in 97% of the children and 97% had stereoacuity of 60" or better. In the whole group, the median AC/A ratio calculated with the heterophoria method was 5.6/1 prism diopters/diopters (PD/D) and with the gradient method, 1.3/1 PD/D. No anomalous head postures or nystagmus were observed and all children had normal versions. CONCLUSION: In this study, 143 well-defined children were investigated with a battery of accurately described tests, commonly used in clinical practice. These results are in agreement with those of other studies examining one or few variables in larger populations and the authors therefore conclude that their results may be used for comparisons with different patient groups.
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| 6. |
- Raffa, Lina H., et al.
(författare)
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Ocular dimensions in relation to auxological data in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Ophthalmologica. - : Wiley. - 1755-375X .- 1755-3768. ; 92:7, s. 682-688
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose was to characterize normal growth patterns of ocular and optical components and to relate them to auxological data in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15years. MethodsA prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 143 Swedish children with a mean age of 9.8years. Variables including gestational age (GA), weight, length and head circumference (HCF) at birth and at the time of assessment were registered. Visual acuity (VA), cycloplegic refraction and biometric measures were obtained. Palpebral fissure length and inner canthal distance were measured. Optic disc morphology as seen on fundus photographs was analysed. ResultsChildren born more mature, with male predilection, were found to have deeper anterior and vitreous chamber depths, longer axial lengths and thinner crystalline lens thickness. No correlations were found between ocular biometric measurements and VA or refraction after adjustment for confounding variables. Inner canthal distance was significantly correlated with birth length (p=0.03), height, weight, BMI and HCF (p=0.0008, p=0.0007, p=0.037, and p=0.04, respectively) at time of assessment. Total axial length was found to be significantly correlated with GA (p=0.0226) and length at assessment in girls (p=0.0084). Right optic disc and rim areas decreased with increasing age (p=0.0078 and p=0.0107, respectively); however, optic disc parameters were not dependent on any other variable. ConclusionThese normative values may serve as a basis for the ocular findings and their relationship to auxological data in Caucasian children aged 4-15years, as well as for future comparison in patients with paediatric ocular pathologies.
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| 9. |
- Aring, Eva, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Visual fixation development in children.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0721-832X .- 1435-702X. ; 245:11, s. 1659-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The ability to keep steady fixation on a target is one of several aspects of good visual function. However, there are few reports on visual fixation during childhood in healthy children. METHODS: An infrared eye-tracking device (Orbit) was used to analyse binocular fixation behaviour in 135 non-clinical participants aged 4-15 years. The children wore goggles and their heads were restrained using a chin and forehead rest, while binocularly fixating a stationary target for 20 s. RESULTS: The density of fixations around the centre of gravity increased with increasing age (p < 0.01), and the time of fixation without intruding movements increased with increasing age (p = 0.02), while intruding saccades decreased with increasing age (p < 0.01). The number of blinks and drifts did not differ between 4 and 15 years, and there were no significant differences with regard to gender or laterality in any of the investigated variables. No nystagmus was observed. CONCLUSION: This study establishes values for visual fixation behaviour in a non-clinical population aged 4-15 years, which can be used for identifying children with fixation abnormalities.
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| 14. |
- Grönlund, Marita Andersson, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Ophthalmological findings in children and adolescents with Silver-Russell syndrome.
- 2011
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Ingår i: The British journal of ophthalmology. - : BMJ. - 1468-2079 .- 0007-1161. ; 95:5, s. 637-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim To evaluate ophthalmological findings in children with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). Methods An ophthalmological evaluation including visual acuity (VA), refraction, strabismus, near point of convergence (NPC), slit-lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy, axial length measurements and full-field electroretinogram was performed on 18 children with SRS (8 girls, 10 boys; mean age 11.6 years). Fundus photographs were taken for digital image analysis. Data were compared with data on an age- and gender-matched reference group (ref) of school children (n=99). Results Seventeen out of 18 children with SRS had ophthalmological abnormalities. Best corrected VA of the best eye was <0.1 log of the minimal angle of resolution in 11 children (ref n=98) (p<0.0001), and 11 children had refractive errors (ref n=33) (p=0.05). Anisometropia (>/=1 dioptre) was noted in three of the children (ref n=3) (p=0.046). Subnormal stereo acuity and NPC were found in 2/16 (ref=0) (p=0.02). The total axial length in both eyes was shorter compared with that in controls (p<0.006 and p<0.001). Small optic discs were found in 3/16, large cup in 3/16 and increased tortuosity of retinal vessels in 4/13 children with SRS. Conclusion Children with SRS, who are severely intrauterine growth retarded, show significant ophthalmological abnormalities. Based on the present findings, ophthalmological examination is recommended in children with SRS.
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| 16. |
- Grönlund, Marita Andersson, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between ophthalmological and neuropaediatric findings in children adopted from Eastern Europe.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta ophthalmologica. - : Wiley. - 1755-3768 .- 1755-375X .- 1395-3907 .- 1600-0420. ; 88:2, s. 227-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate and relate visual function, ocular dimensions and neuropaediatric findings in adoptees from Eastern Europe. METHODS: We studied 72 of 99 children, born during 1990-95 and adopted from Eastern Europe to western Sweden during 1993-97. The children (mean age 7.5 years, range 4.8-10.5 years; 41 boys, 31 girls) were examined after a mean period of 5 years post-adoption by a multidisciplinary team. Correlations between ophthalmological findings and neuropaediatric data were analysed. RESULTS: Bivariate and regression analyses indicate a significant positive correlation between visual acuity (VA) and perceptual organization (p < 0.001), as well as between strabismus and verbal comprehension (p < 0.02). Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was correlated with low VA (p < 0.02), subnormal stereovision (p < 0.009) and small optic discs (p < 0.02). Small head circumference was related to low VA (p < 0.015) and small optic discs (p < 0.03). Furthermore, small optic discs were related to low birthweight (p < 0.005) and preterm birth (p < 0.01). Large optic cups were correlated with poorer perceptual organization (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of adoptees from Eastern Europe, ophthalmological findings were correlated to neuropaediatric findings, especially those arising from prenatal adverse events resulting in growth deficiency and central nervous system damage. Therefore, it is important and valuable with an ophthalmological examination in children adopted from Eastern Europe.
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| 18. |
- Grönlund, Marita Andersson, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Visual and ocular findings in children adopted from eastern Europe
- 2004
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Ingår i: Br J Ophthalmol. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. ; 88:11, s. 1362-1267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To evaluate ophthalmological findings in children adopted from eastern Europe. METHODS: A prospective study on 72/99 children, born 1990-5 and adopted from eastern Europe to western Sweden during 1993-7 was performed. The children (41 boys; mean age 7.5 years) were compared with an age and sex matched reference group ("ref") of Swedish children. RESULTS: 78% of the adopted children had abnormal ocular findings. 26% (ref 4%) had visual acuity (VA) of the better eye < or = 0.5 (> or = 0.3 logMAR) (p = 0.0001) and 8% (ref 0%) were visually impaired (p = 0.01). Amblyopia was found in 15% (ref 2%) (p = 0.005). 22% (ref 10%) were hyperopic (> or = 2.0 D SE) (NS) and 10% (ref 1%) were myopic (> or = 0.5 D SE) (p = 0.03). Astigmatism (> or = 0.75 D) was found in 51% (ref 23%) (p = 0.004). 32% (ref 2%) had strabismus (p<0.0001), mostly esotropia. Four cases had bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia, in three of whom a history of suspected prenatal alcohol exposure was documented. One child had congenital glaucoma. Signs of visuoperceptual problems were recorded in 37% (ref 1%) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this study, children adopted from eastern Europe had a high frequency of ophthalmological findings. Consequently, it is strongly recommended that an ophthalmological examination be performed in these children after arrival in their new home country.
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| 20. |
- Grönlund, Marita Andersson, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Visual function and ocular features in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with and without treatment with stimulants.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Eye (London, England). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0950-222X .- 1476-5454. ; 21:4, s. 494-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To investigate visual function and ocular features in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and establish whether treatment with stimulants is reflected in functioning of the visual system. METHODS: Detailed ophthalmologic evaluations without and with stimulants were performed in 42 children (37 boys) with AD/HD, mean age 12 years, and compared with a reference group (ref; n=50; mean age 11.9 years; 44 boys). For a comparison between two groups, Mann-Whitney's U-test was used for ordered and continuous variables; for dichotomous variables, Fisher's exact test was used. For paired comparison (with and without treatment), sign test was used. RESULTS: In all, 83% had visual acuity of >0.8 (<0.1 logMAR) without treatment, 90% with stimulants (ref 98%; P=0.032 and n.s., respectively). Heterophoria was found in 29% without, and in 27% with, stimulants (ref 10%; P=0.038 and n.s., respectively) and subnormal stereovision (>60 s of arc) in 26% (ref 6%; P=0.016) without stimulants, and in 27%, with (P=0.014). Abnormal convergence (>6 cm or absent) was noted in 24% (ref 6%; P=0.031) without treatment and in 17%, with (n.s.). Astigmatism (> or =1.0 D) was observed in 24% (ref 6%; P=0.03), and signs of visuoperceptual problems in 21% (ref 2%; P=0.007). We found smaller optic discs (n=8/38) and neuroretinal rim areas (n=7/38) (P<0.0001) and decreased tortuosity of retinal arteries (n=6/34) (P=0.0002) than that of controls. CONCLUSIONS: Children with AD/HD had a high frequency of ophthalmologic findings, which were not significantly improved with stimulants. They presented subtle morphological changes of the optic nerve and retinal vasculature, indicating an early disturbance of the development of these structures.
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| 24. |
- Holmberg, Kirsten, et al.
(författare)
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Health complaints in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- 2006
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 95:6, s. 664-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To assess recurrent subjective health complaints in Swedish schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Cohort study of 577 fourth-graders (10-y-olds) in one municipality in Stockholm County. All children were screened for attention and behaviour problems through interviews with their parents and teachers. Children with high scores underwent further clinical and cognitive assessments. Information about health complaints was collected from the children themselves in a classroom questionnaire. The 516 children for whom there was information from all three data sources were included in the final study population. Hypotheses were tested in multivariate analyses with adjustment for sex and parental education. Results: Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), sleeping problems and tiredness were associated with ADHD (stratified relative risks: 2.2 [1.4-3.4], 1.7 [1.1-2.7] and 2.7 [1.7-4.1], respectively), while there was no association with headache. Conclusion: This study indicates that treatment strategies for children with ADHD need to include an effective evaluation and treatment of RAP, tiredness and sleeping disturbances. Evaluation of ADHD should be considered in children with recurrent health complaints.
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