| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Prejudice : Common and Specific Components
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 22:1, s. 57-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examined the personality-prejudice relationship and whether personality and social psychological factors predict different aspects of prejudice. We proposed a distinction between a common component of prejudice that is mainly explained by personality and a specific component mainly explained by situational and group-specific variables. Whereas the former consists of the shared variance of prejudice toward different targets, the latter taps the variance that is unique to a certain type of prejudice. Statistically separating the two components of prejudice toward four target groups, we found that personality variables (Agreeableness and Openness to Experience) explained a substantial portion of the variance of the common but a small share of the specific component. We also found group membership (gender) to be more closely associated with the specific than the common component of sexism. The results support our proposed distinction and suggest that personality and social psychological variables explain distinct aspects of prejudice.
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| 3. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Prejudice : the person in the situation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 43:5, s. 890-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two experimental studies, we created situational conditions (social norm and social threat) that altered the level of expressed prejudice in two different directions (decrease or increase). Then, we examined the stability of the relation between personality and prejudice across conditions and found that personality variables were related to prejudice in a similar way regardless of variations in prejudice level and situations. Thus, whereas situational factors affect the level of people's prejudice, personality factors stand for the rank-order stability of prejudice. The outcome is discussed in relation to the current debate on whether prejudice is best explained by personality or situational factors.
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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A Re-Assessment of some Cross-Cultural Associations with Psychological Gender Differences
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 2001, several cross-country examinations have found larger gender differences in Western countries. More lately, countries’ gender equality has been correlated with such gender differences, and it is sometimes argued that gender equality may paradoxically cause men and women to diverge. However, this gender-equality paradox, has primarily been examined with this cross-country methodology, so it possible that other cultural differences, or differences in data quality, are more directly influential. Here, we reanalyze the results from multiple studies on the gender-equality paradox with country-level data available. We find that gender differences more strongly co-vary with cultural regions and data quality, and that controlling for cultural regions causes the association with gender equality to drop to non-significance. Similarly, controlling for our data quality indicators strongly attenuates the paradox. Further, when controlling for language within Protestant Western countries, which are more culturally comparable, higher gender equality was associated with smaller gender differences in personality, with non-significant differences otherwise. These results challenge the claim that gender equality causes gender differences, suggests it to be an example of a Simpson’s paradox, and indicates that the cross-cultural association may be confounded with other cultural differences, and with data quality.
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Mathias
(författare)
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Challenges when Generalizing Psychological Measurements across Populations : Applications in Machine Learning and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to ascertain the validity and applicability of psychological theories, models, and measurements, it is important to examine their generalizability across different assessment situations. In this thesis, I examine how the application of measures outside of their initial domain may cause complications. This is applied to two fields where such considerations of generalizations may be especially beneficial: machine learning models and cross-cultural comparisons. Paper I explored whether text-based machine learning models of personality with a broad set of predictors, or models based on a set of more constrained but more psychologically meaningful predictors, better predicted personality in one of two text domains. The former models provided equal or superior prediction in the same domain in which it was trained compared to the latter models, but equally poor or poorer prediction in the other domain. Paper II reexamined the results of an article that, like the cross-cultural studies re-examined in Paper III, found that over time and across states in the U.S., higher gender equality was associated with larger gender differentiation, here in names given to children. Re-analyses showed that there was no such systematic association across time, and that the differentiation across states was confounded with a more strongly associated cultural/language predictor. Paper III re-examined multiple studies that have assessed that association across countries. Here, it was shown that cultural differences, as indicated by cultural regions, other measures such as individualism, and data quality indicators, better explained the variation in differences across countries. When controlling for cultural/language regions, the association with gender equality disappeared or, sometimes, reversed. These results indicate the degree to which different cultural factors are interrelated, and suggests the need for complementary methods. In conclusion, this thesis exemplifies the importance of considering how models and measures may interact with and generalize across situations. This is true whether it supports greater generality or situational specificity of different psychological measures.
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| 6. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Motivated Social Cognition and Authoritarianism Is It All About Closed-Mindedness?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 40:4, s. 204-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domain of motivated social cognition includes a variety of concepts dealing with a need to seek structure and avoid ambiguity, and several of these concepts are also powerful predictors of social attitudes, such as authoritarianism. It is possible though that these relations are due to certain facets reoccurring in the different scales. In this paper, we tested the notion that authoritarianism is predicted specifically by rigidity in beliefs (closed-mindedness), rather than broader cognitive styles. Thus, we initially identified items in the motivated social cognition scales that are specifically measuring closed-mindedness. These items included the closed-mindedness facet of the need for closure scale and items from intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognition. We used these items to predict right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and their common factor authoritarianism (generalized). In line with our prediction, two studies showed that the motivated social cognition scales did not provide a significant prediction of authoritarianism beyond the closed-mindedness items. We conclude that the relation between motivated social cognition and authoritarianism is captured entirely by the former's closed-mindedness component.
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| 7. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? : Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 153-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has documented associations between prejudice and agreeableness, as well as openness to experience, from the five-factor model (FFM). Still, empathy/altruism and narcissism/honesty-humility are related traits and also potent predictors of prejudice. Thus, we examined whether there is an association between prejudice and agreeableness, as a global trait, or if the correlations depend on facets that are part of the broader FM factor, but belong to other dimensions in the HEXACO model. We further analyzed how well the documented relations of agreeableness on prejudice hold up when entered alongside empathy/altruism and honesty-humility within the HEXACO framework. Results from Sweden and the United States showed that only FFM agreeableness, and not the HEXACO counterpart, correlates with an index of prejudice (racism and sexism). Furthermore, the negative relations of FFM agreeableness were absent or reversed in regression analyses with the other HEXACO predictors. Instead, we found negative effects of honesty-humility and empathy/altruism on prejudice. Thus, the effect of agreeableness on prejudice is directly contingent on its definition in relation to honesty-humility and empathy/altruism. In conclusion, we found little evidence of an association between a global agreeableness trait and prejudice.
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| 8. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensions of Social Dominance : Their Personality and Socio-political Correlates within a New Zealand Probability Sample
- 2015
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Ingår i: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. - 1179-7924. ; 44:2, s. 25-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) was introduced as a unidimensional construct predicting numerous socio-political attitudes. However, recent findings suggest that SDO is composed of two sub-dimensions: dominance (SDO-D) and anti-egalitarianism (SDO-E). Despite converging evidence concerning their empirical differentiability, there is little consensus on how to best define them. Thus, we examined the correlates of SDO-D and SDO-E using a broad array of personality, political, ethnic and gender issue variables within a New Zealand national probability sample (N = 5,741) with European and Maori participants. SDO-D primarily related to the personality trait of honesty-humility, hostile and benevolent sexism. SDO-E primarily related to political conservatism and pro-Maori policies. In many cases, the predictive power differed between SDO-D and SDO-E, and across ethnic groups.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Domineering Dispositions and Hierarchy Preferences : Differentiating the Impact of Traits and Social Values in Economic Games
- 2021
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 47:8, s. 1264-1278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we examined the relation between valuing hierarchies (dominant value orientations) and personally wanting to get ahead, without regard for others' welfare (domineering dispositions). Survey data from five studies (total N > 1,500) indicated differences between being domineering and endorsing dominant value orientations. This distinction was also evident in different strategies in economic games. Domineering individuals typically gave less to a powerless player (dictator game) but changed behaviors when the other party possessed bargaining power (ultimatum game). Individuals endorsing dominant value orientations did not show such "exploitative opportunism." In a third-party punishment task, in contrast, individuals with dominant value orientations were more likely to intervene against fair decisions (i.e., upholding inequalities between others). Correcting behaviors of others were not predicted by domineering dispositions. We discuss implications for distinguishing between traits and social values more broadly.
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| 11. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Empathic and Numerate Giving : The Joint Effects of Victim Images and Charity Evaluations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:3, s. 407-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helping behaviors are often driven by emotional reactions to the suffering of particular individuals, but these behaviors do not seem to be upregulated when many people need help. In this article, we consider if these reactions are also "innumerate" to information about how charities spend their money. Across six experiments, we examined how images of identified victims interact with information about charity efficiency (money toward program) and effectiveness (program outcome). We further examined if the images primarily get people to donate (yes/no), while efficiency/effectiveness might provide a tuning mechanism for how much to give. Results showed that images influenced the propensity to donate and induced participants donate their full bonuses, indicating heuristic effects. Efficiency and effectiveness information had no effects on donations.
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| 12. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnocentric Personality : A 60-Year Old Myth?
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- After World War II, researchers began searching for a prejudiced personality. This inquiry relied, and still relies, on interrelations between prejudice toward different targets (generalized prejudice) and correlations with ideology and personality variables. The conventional wisdom here became that some people are systematically more biased toward all outgroups (ethnocentrism). However, it is not conclusive that generalized prejudice reflect outgroup biases. For example, Gays and overweight people could be targeted by prejudice alike because they are minorities, not because they are outgroups. Based on three experiments employing the minimal group paradigm, this paper provides the first direct test of the ethnocentric personality assumption. We found that personality (Agreeableness & Openness to Experience) only accounted for a small share of the variance in ethnocentrism but, in line with previous research, a large share in generalized prejudice. We propose a re-evaluating the ethnocentric personality notion and a distinction between ethnocentrism and generalized prejudice.
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| 13. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Prejudice : Lessons about social power, ideological conflict, and levels of abstraction
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Review of Social Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1046-3283 .- 1479-277X. ; 34:1, s. 92-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prejudices tend to come as a package deal; people who are more racist tend to also be more sexist, and so on. Documentations of such attitudinal patterns - generalised prejudice - have a rich history, but the theoretical understanding thereof has been lagging. In recent years, we have seen clear theoretical advancement in the understanding of this phenomenon. We discuss classic premises in this research along with newer research that challenges some of the most ingrained ideas about generalised prejudice. For instance, we discuss research challenging the notions that generalised prejudice is an "us" versus "them" phenomenon, as well as a product of conservative ideology. We further argue that prejudice generalisations need to be studied at different levels of abstraction. Finally, we propose integrative perspectives on generalised and target-specific prejudice, with greater emphasis on processes of generalisation, rather than static generalised prejudice factors.
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| 14. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Is Group Membership Necessary for Understanding Generalized Prejudice? : A Re-Evaluation of Why Prejudices Are Interrelated
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 111:3, s. 367-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many scholars have proposed that people who reject one outgroup tend to reject other outgroups. Studies examining a latent factor behind different prejudices (e.g., toward ethnic and sexual minorities) have referred to this as generalized prejudice. Such research has also documented robust relations between latent prejudice factors and basic personality traits. However, targets of generalized prejudice tend to be lower in power and status and thus it remains an open question as to whether generalized prejudice, as traditionally studied, is about devaluing outgroups or devaluing marginalized groups. We present 7 studies, including experiments and national probability samples (N = 9,907 and 4,037) assessing the importance of outgroup devaluation, versus status- or power based devaluations, for understanding the nature of generalized prejudice, and its links to personality. Results show that (a) personality variables do not predict ingroup/outgroup biases in settings where power and status differences are absent, (b) women and overweight people who score high on generalized prejudice devalue their own groups, and (c) personality variables are far more predictive of prejudice toward low-compared with high-status targets. Together, these findings suggest that the personality explanation of prejudice including the generalized prejudice concept is not about ingroups versus outgroups per se, but rather about devaluing marginalized groups.
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| 15. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping principal dimensions of prejudice in the United States
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 123:1, s. 154-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research is often guided by maps of elementary dimensions, such as core traits, foundations of morality, and principal stereotype dimensions. Yet, there is no comprehensive map of prejudice dimensions. A major limiter of developing a prejudice map is the ad hoc sampling of target groups. We used a broad and largely theory-agnostic selection of groups to derive a map of principal dimensions of expressed prejudice in contemporary American society. Across a series of exploratory and confirmatory studies, we found three principal factors: Prejudice against marginalized groups, prejudice against privileged/conservative groups, and prejudice against unconventional groups (with some inverse loadings for conservative groups). We documented distinct correlates for each factor, in terms of social identifications, perceived threats, personality, and behavioral manifestations. We discuss how the current map integrates several lines of research, and point to novel and underexplored insights about prejudice.
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| 16. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-
(författare)
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Prejudiced Personalities Revisited : On the Nature of (Generalized) Prejudice
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the media, one type of prejudice is often discussed as isolated from other types of prejudice. For example, after Breivik’s massacre, intolerance toward Muslims was intensely debated (for good reasons). However, his manifesto also disclosed extreme attitudes towards women and gays, a fact which passed without much notice. Still, in understanding why some individuals are so extremely intolerant compared to others, the psychological unity underlying different kinds of prejudice (e.g., racism, sexism) needs to be considered. This psychological unity, referred to as generalized prejudice, provided the starting point for personality theories on prejudice because it suggests that some people are simply more biased than other people in principle. Today it is well known that two basic personality characteristics, agreeableness and openness to new experiences, are powerful predictors of prejudice. However, more precisely what these variables can, versus cannot, explain has received little attention. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to provide a more fine-grained analysis of generalized prejudice and its personality roots. Paper I demonstrated that personality mainly accounts for variance shared by several prejudice targets (generalized prejudice) whereas group membership mainly predicts unique variance in prejudice towards a particular target group. Thus, personality and group membership factors explain prejudice for different reason, and do not contradict each other. Paper II demonstrated, across three studies, that agreeableness and openness to experience are related to self-reported (explicit) prejudice, but not automatically expressed (implicit) biases. Personality seems informative about who chooses to express devaluing sentiments, but not who harbors spontaneous biases. Finally, Paper III examined the assumption that personality explains (explicit) generalized prejudice because some people simply favor their own group over all other groups (ethnocentrism). Providing the first direct test of this assumption, the results from three studies suggest that while agreeableness and openness to experience explain generalized prejudice, they do not account for purely ethnocentric attitudes. This indicates a fundamental difference between ethnocentrism and generalized prejudice. All in all, self-reported personality seems to have little to do with spontaneous group negativity or simple ingroup favoritism. However, personality strongly predicts deliberate and verbalized devaluation of disadvantaged groups.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Social identity and prejudiced personality
- 2010
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 48:3, s. 317-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that the relation between personality and prejudice varies as a function of identity salience but previous empirical results are not conclusive. Extending previous research, we conducted an experimental study (N = 122) with pre- and post-manipulation measures of personality, and a post-manipulation measurement of prejudice, under conditions of control (no identity manipulation), personal or national identity. The results revealed no differences in the magnitude of the personality-prejudice correlations across conditions, neither for the pre- nor post-manipulation scores. Correlations based on pre- and post-manipulation variables, within each condition, did not differ significantly either. This indicates that neither prejudice nor personality variables were affected by identity salience. Thus, the study provides no support for the contention that the personality-prejudice relation varies as a function of social identity.
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| 19. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The compatibility of personality and social identity processes : the effect of gender identity on neuroticism
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : SAGE Publications. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 26:3, s. 175-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an experimental study (N?=?186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants' self-rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self-rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self-categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self-rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre-manipulation and post-manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants' self-rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self-rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self-rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self-rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self-categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The group-motivated sampler
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 148:5, s. 845-862
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does ingroup favoritism reflect experience or some preset motivation? The latter possibility is well examined in social psychology, but models from cognitive psychology suggest that unrepresentative samples of experience can generate biases even in the absence of motivational concerns. It remains unclear, however, how motivation and initially sampled experiences interact when both influences are possible, and people encounter new groups. Extending classic arguments about motivated information gathering, we propose that people can be described as “group-motivated samplers”—marked by a tendency to primarily seek out information about one’s own group, and to attend more to information that portrays the ingroup in a positive light. Four experiments showed that information seeking almost always starts with the ingroup, and that people chose to gather more information from the ingroup compared to an outgroup. In subsequent group evaluations, people were excessively positive about ingroups giving a good initial impression. Participants were also fairly accurate, on average, about the direction and magnitude of group differences when the ingroup was de facto better, but downplayed those differences in the opposite situation. Further analyses indicated that first experiences led to biased evaluations because people failed to discount for nonrepresentative (positive) ingroup experiences, whereas interpretive biases seem responsible for evaluations based on belonging to a better/worse performing group. Taken together, while social psychologists know that people tend to portray ingroups in a flattering light, we show how people selectively incorporate early experiences to build those impressions.
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| 22. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The Personality Underpinnings of Explicit and Implicit Generalized Prejudice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychological and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 3:5, s. 614-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of prejudice as a tendency that can be generalized from one target to another and the personality–prejudice relationship have been widely examined using explicit measures. However, less is known about this tendency and its relation to personality for implicit prejudice measures, like the implicit association test (IAT). Three studies including explicit and corresponding implicit prejudice measures toward various target groups confirmed a generalized factor for both types of measures with a stronger common component for the explicit factor. Personality was significantly related to the explicit measures only. Also, the personality and prejudice measures were unrelated to explicit and implicit attitudes toward an irrelevant target which rules out potential method confound. These results indicate that explicit and implicit prejudice measures tap different psychological constructs relating differently to the individual’s self-reported personality. The findings have implications for the debate on whether IAT scores reflect personally endorsed attitudes.
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| 23. |
- Grina, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Political orientation and dominance : Are people on the political right more dominant?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 94, s. 113-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social dominance orientation and political orientations are strongly correlated, leading to the notion that right-wing individuals possess a dominant personality disposition. Expressing some caveats toward such an assumption, in four studies we tested the link between political orientation and dominant personality. We assessed dominant personality partly by the use of a newly developed measure of domineering, without reference to intergroup relations or political ideals, and partly by the use of an existing clinical measure of domineering (CAT-PD). The results revealed that all measures of dominance including social dominance were significantly intercorrelated and, in line with previous research, related to both personality (agreeableness) and prejudice. Also, the correlation of political orientation with domineering was significantly lower than that with social dominance. More importantly, in all studies, social dominance fully mediated (or confounded) the relations between domineering and political orientation. Together these findings suggest that a dominant personality is reflected in political orientation only if social dominance (support for group based hierarchies) is also adopted by the individual.
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| 24. |
- Kteily, Nour, et al.
(författare)
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"Not One of Us" : Predictors and Consequences of Denying Ingroup Characteristics to Ambiguous Targets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 40:10, s. 1231-1247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated individual difference predictors of ascribing ingroup characteristics to negative and positive ambiguous targets. Studies 1 and 2 investigated events involving negative targets whose status as racial (Tsarnaev brothers) or national (Woolwich attackers) ingroup members remained ambiguous. Immediately following the attacks, we presented White Americans and British individuals with the suspects' images. Those higher in social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)-concerned with enforcing status boundaries and adherence to ingroup norms, respectively-perceived these low status and low conformity suspects as looking less White and less British, thus denying them ingroup characteristics. Perceiving suspects in more exclusionary terms increased support for treating them harshly, and for militaristic counter-terrorism policies prioritizing ingroup safety over outgroup harm. Studies 3 and 4 experimentally manipulated a racially ambiguous target's status and conformity. Results suggested that target status and conformity critically influence SDO's (status) and RWA's (conformity) effects on inclusionary versus exclusionary perceptions.
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| 25. |
- Lindström, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Low modesty linked to feeling deprived within advantaged (but not disadvantaged) groups
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing recognition that members of structurally advantaged groups experience group-based relative deprivation. We consider the idea that personality may explain these “entitlement-based” feelings of deprivation. Specifically, we predicted that modesty would be negatively associated with group-based relative deprivation among members of advantaged groups, but not amongst disadvantaged groups. Two studies focusing on White and Black Americans (N = 334), and Men and Women (N = 309) showed that modesty interacted with group membership. Modesty was negatively related to group-based relative deprivation amongst White Americans and men, but not amongst Black Americans and women. The findings help explain why some individuals espouse rhetoric that their group is being disfavored, even when group statistics and history suggest otherwise.
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