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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bergkvist, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Pools and fluxes of carbon in three Norway spruce ecosystems along a climatic gradient in Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 89:1, s. 7-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an integrated analysis of organic carbon (C) pools in soils and vegetation, within-ecosystem fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in three 40-year old Norway spruce stands along a north-south climatic gradient in Sweden, measured 2001-2004. A process-orientated ecosystem model (CoupModel), previously parameterised on a regional dataset, was used for the analysis. Pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) and tree growth rates were highest at the southernmost site (1.6 and 2.0-fold, respectively). Tree litter production (litterfall and root litter) was also highest in the south, with about half coming from fine roots (< 1 mm) at all sites. However, when the litter input from the forest floor vegetation was included, the difference in total litter input rate between the sites almost disappeared (190-233 g C m(-2) year(-1)). We propose that a higher N deposition and N availability in the south result in a slower turnover of soil organic matter than in the north. This effect seems to overshadow the effect of temperature. At the southern site, 19% of the total litter input to the O horizon was leached to the mineral soil as dissolved organic carbon, while at the two northern sites the corresponding figure was approx. 9%. The CoupModel accurately described general C cycling behaviour in these ecosystems, reproducing the differences between north and south. The simulated changes in SOC pools during the measurement period were small, ranging from -8 g C m(-2) year(-1) in the north to +9 g C m(-2) year(-1) in the south. In contrast, NEE and tree growth measurements at the northernmost site suggest that the soil lost about 90 g C m(-2) year(-1).
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| 5. |
- Amato, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Grazer-induced transcriptomic and metabolomic response of the chain-forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi
- 2018
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Ingår i: ISME Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-7362 .- 1751-7370. ; 12, s. 1594-1604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diatoms and copepods are main actors in marine food webs. The prey-predator interactions between them affect bloom dynamics, shape marine ecosystems and impact the energy transfer to higher trophic levels. Recently it has been demonstrated that the presence of grazers may affect the diatom prey beyond the direct effect of grazing. Here, we investigated the response of the chain-forming centric diatom Skeletonema marinoi to grazer cues, including changes in morphology, gene expression and metabolic profile. S. marinoi cells were incubated with Calanus finmarchicus or with Centropages typicus and in both cases responded by reducing the chain length, whereas changes in gene expression indicated an activation of stress response, changes in the lipid and nitrogen metabolism, in cell cycle regulation and in frustule formation. Transcripts linked to G protein-coupled receptors and to nitric oxide synthesis were differentially expressed suggesting involvement of these signalling transduction pathways in the response. Downregulation of a lipoxygenase in the transcriptomic data and of its products in the metabolomic data also indicate an involvement of oxylipins. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the gene function in diatoms, providing information on the nature of genes implicated in the interaction with grazers, a crucial process in marine ecosystems.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 9. |
- Bergkvist, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional status and outcome of surgery : A prospective observational cohort study of children at a tertiary surgical hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3468. ; 56:2, s. 368-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Undernutrition contributes to nearly 50% of all child deaths in the world, yet there is conflicting evidence regarding the association between nutritional status and postoperative complications. The aim was to describe the preoperative nutritional status among pediatric surgery patients in Zimbabwe, and to assess if nutritional status was a risk factor for adverse postoperative outcome of mortality, surgical site infection, reoperation, readmission, and longer length of stay. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study included 136 children undergoing surgery at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Zimbabwe. Nutritional status was standardized using Z-scores for BMI, length, weight, and middle upper arm circumference. Primary outcomes after 30 days included mortality, surgical site infection, reoperation, and readmission. Secondary outcome was length of stay. Univariate and multivariable analyses with logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the 136 patients, 31% were undernourished. Postoperative adverse outcome occurred in 20%; the mortality rate was 6%, the surgical site infection rate was 17%, the reoperation rate was 3.5%, and readmission rate was 2.5%. Nutritional status, higher ASA classification, major surgical procedures, and lower preoperative hemoglobin levels were associated with adverse outcome. Univariate logistic regression identified a seven-fold increased risk of postoperative complications among undernourished children (OR 7.3 [2.3–22.8], p = 0.001), and there was a four- to six-fold increased adjusted risk after adjustment for ASA, major surgery, and preoperative hemoglobin. Conclusion: A third of all pediatric surgery patients were undernourished, and undernourished children had a considerably higher risk of adverse outcome. With a positive correlation identified between undernourishment and increased postoperative complications, future aims would include assessing if preoperative nutritional treatment could be especially beneficial for undernourished children. Levels of Evidence: Level II treatment study.
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| 11. |
- de Boniface, J., et al.
(författare)
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Omitting axillary dissection in breast cancer with sentinel-node metastases
- 2024
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 390:13, s. 1163-1175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Trials evaluating the omission of completion axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer and sentinel-lymph-node metastases have been compromised by limited statistical power, uncertain nodal radiotherapy target volumes, and a scarcity of data on relevant clinical subgroups.METHODS We conducted a noninferiority trial in which patients with clinically node-negative primary T1 to T3 breast cancer (tumor size, T1, ≤20 mm; T2, 21 to 50 mm; and T3, >50 mm in the largest dimension) with one or two sentinel-node macrometastases (metastasis size, >2 mm in the largest dimension) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to completion axillary-lymph-node dissection or its omission (sentinel-node biopsy only). Adjuvant treatment and radiation therapy were used in accordance with national guidelines. The primary end point was overall survival. We report here the per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat analyses of the prespecified secondary end point of recurrence-free survival. To show noninferiority of sentinel-node biopsy only, the upper boundary of the confidence interval for the hazard ratio for recurrence or death had to be below 1.44.RESULTS Between January 2015 and December 2021, a total of 2766 patients were enrolled across five countries. The per-protocol population included 2540 patients, of whom 1335 were assigned to undergo sentinel-node biopsy only and 1205 to undergo completion axillary-lymph-node dissection (dissection group). Radiation therapy including nodal target volumes was administered to 1192 of 1326 patients (89.9%) in the sentinel-node biopsy–only group and to 1058 of 1197 (88.4%) in the dissection group. The median follow-up was 46.8 months (range, 1.5 to 94.5). Overall, 191 patients had recurrence or died. The estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival was 89.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.5 to 91.9) in the sentinel-node biopsy–only group and 88.7% (95% CI, 86.3 to 91.1) in the dissection group, with a country-adjusted hazard ratio for recurrence or death of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.19), which was significantly (P<0.001) below the prespecified noninferiority margin.CONCLUSIONS The omission of completion axillary-lymph-node dissection was noninferior to the more extensive surgery in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer who had sentinel-node macrometastases, most of whom received nodal radiation therapy. (Funded by the Swedish Research Council and others; SENOMAC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02240472.).
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| 12. |
- Enlund, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of general anaesthesia on breast cancer survival: a 5-year follow up of a pragmatic, randomised, controlled trial, the CAN-study, comparing propofol and sevoflurane
- 2023
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Ingår i: EClinicalMedicine. - : Elsevier. - 2589-5370. ; 60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Anaesthesia may impact long-term cancer survival. In the Cancer and Anaesthesia study, we hypothesised that the hypnotic drug propofol will have an advantage of at least five percentage points in five-year survival over the inhalational anaesthetic sevoflurane for breast cancer surgery. Methods From 2118 eligible breast cancer patients scheduled for primary curable, invasive breast cancer surgery, 1764 were recruited after ethical approval and individual informed consent to this open label, single-blind, randomised trial at four county- and three university hospitals in Sweden and one Chinese university hospital. Of surveyed patients, 354 were excluded, mainly due to refusal to participate. Patients were randomised by computer at the monitoring organisation to general anaesthesia maintenance with either intravenous propofol or inhaled sevoflurane in a 1:1 ratio in permuted blocks. Data related to anaesthesia, surgery, oncology, and demographics were registered. The primary endpoint was five-year overall survival. Data are presented as Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Hazard Ratios based on Cox univariable regression analyses by both intention-to-treat and perprotocol. EudraCT, 2013-002380-25 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01975064. Findings Of 1764 patients, included from December 3, 2013, to September 29, 2017, 1670 remained for analysis. The numbers who survived at least five years were 773/841 (91.9% (95% CI 90.1-93.8)) in the propofol group and 764/829 (92.2% (90.3-94.0)) in the sevoflurane group, (HR 1.03 (0.73-1.44); P = 0.875); the corresponding results in the per-protocol-analysis were: 733/798 (91.9% (90.0-93.8)) and 653/710 (92.0% (90.0-94.0)) (HR = 1.01 (0.71-1.44); P = 0.955). Survival after a median follow-up of 76.7 months did not indicate any difference between the groups (HR 0.97, 0.72-1.29; P = 0.829, log rank test). Interpretation No difference in overall survival was found between general anaesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane for breast cancer surgery. Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 13. |
- Hellsten, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Fast wave current drive in JET ITB-plasma
- 2005
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Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : AIP. - 0094-243X. ; , s. 273-278
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fast wave current drive has been performed in JET plasmas with internal transport barriers, ITBs, and strongly reversed magnetic shear. Although the current drive efficiency of the power absorbed on the electrons is fairly high, only small effects are seen in the central current density. The main reasons are the parasitic absorption of RF power, the strongly inductive nature of the plasma and the interplay between the fast wave driven current and bootstrap current. The direct electron heating in the FWCD experiments is found to be strongly degraded compared to that with the dipole phasing.
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| 15. |
- Karakatsanis, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of preoperative injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles on rates of sentinel lymph node dissection in women undergoing surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (SentiNot study)
- 2019
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Ingår i: British Journal of Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-1323 .- 1365-2168. ; 106:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One-fifth of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have invasive breast cancer (IBC) on definitive histology. Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is performed in almost half of women having surgery for DCIS in Sweden. The aim of the present study was to try to minimize unnecessary SLND by injecting superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles at the time of primary breast surgery, enabling SLND to be performed later, if IBC is found in the primary specimen. Methods: Women with DCIS at high risk for the presence of invasion undergoing breast conservation, and patients with DCIS undergoing mastectomy were included. The primary outcome was whether this technique could reduce SLND. Secondary outcomes were number of SLNDs avoided, detection rate and procedure-related costs. Results: This was a preplanned interim analysis of 189 procedures. IBC was found in 47 and a secondary SLND was performed in 41 women. Thus, 78.3 per cent of patients avoided SLND (P<0.001). At reoperation, SPIO plus blue dye outperformed isotope and blue dye in detection of the sentinel node (40 of 40 versus 26 of 40 women; P<0.001). Costs were reduced by a mean of 24.5 per cent in women without IBC (3990 versus 5286; P<0.001). Conclusion: Marking the sentinel node with SPIO in women having surgery for DCIS was effective at avoiding unnecessary SLND in this study. Registration number: ISRCTN18430240 (http://www.isrctn.com).
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| 16. |
- Karakatsanis, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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SentiNot : A way to avoid sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal cancer in situ (DCIS)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - Univ Uppsala Hosp, Sect Endocrine & Breast Surg, Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Uppsala Hosp, Uppsala, Sweden. Vastmanland Cty Hosp, Vasteras, Vasteras, Sweden. Uppsala Clin Res Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sect Breast Surg, Kalmar, Sweden. Univ Uppsala Hosp, Inst Radiol Oncol & Radiotherapy, Uppsala, Sweden. Norrlands Univ Hosp, Umea, Sweden. : AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. - 0008-5472 .- 1538-7445. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Michaëlsson, Karl, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of prefracture versus postfracture dietary assessment on hip fracture risk estimates
- 1996
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 25:2, s. 403-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND. Dietary factors are presumed to have influence on bone mass and hence fracture susceptibility. Most information in this respect is based on retrospective assessment of previous dietary habits. In a population-based case-control study nested within a cohort, we collected dietary information both before and after a first hip fracture. Thus it was possible to study reported changes in dietary habits, intentional as well as unintentional, among hip fracture patients after a first hip fracture and to compare postfracture with prefracture dietary information. METHODS. More than 65 000 women born 1914-1948 in two counties in central Sweden completed a food frequency questionnaire regarding their usual current dietary habits, before attending a mammographic screening between the years 1987 and 1990. Subsequently 123 of them sustained a first hip fracture and were defined as cases in the present study. For every case, one control, individually matched by age and county of residence, was selected from the cohort. A second identical food frequency questionnaire was mailed to both cases and controls on average 2 years after the hip fracture event. In total 98 case/control pairs could be included in the analysis. The association between diet and hip fracture was evaluated and the results from the two dietary assessments were contrasted. Women who themselves claimed that they had not changed their diet in recent years were analysed separately. RESULTS. The hip fracture cases, compared with the controls, had reduced their reported dietary intake of dairy products after the fracture. Apparently this was not intentional since this effect was more pronounced among those cases who claimed that their diet was unchanged. The changes were most apparent among the younger cases with a more recent hip fracture and with a body mass index above the median. Half of the cases, more than twice the frequency in controls, who were initially classified as having high intake of dairy products were classified as having low intake (<800 mg calcium/day) after the hip fracture. This also lowered, in fact reversed, the relative risk estimates of hip fracture both for intake of dairy products and calcium. Crude odds ratios of highest quartile of intake versus lowest, changed from 3.0 to 0.6 for dairy products and from 2.6 to 0.9 for calcium. No other foods or nutrients displayed such notable differences between the two surveys. CONCLUSION. We conclude that the use of current and retrospective dietary information after a hip fracture can lead to a differential misclassification in dietary studies and to biased estimates of hip fracture risk as compared with prospectively collected dietary information.
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| 19. |
- Mozaffari, F, et al.
(författare)
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NK-cell and T-cell functions in patients with breast cancer : effects of surgery and adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 97:1, s. 105-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breast cancer is globally the most common malignancy in women. Her2-targeted monoclonal antibodies are established treatment modalities, and vaccines are in late-stage clinical testing in patients with breast cancer and known to promote tumour-killing through mechanisms like antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. It is therefore increasingly important to study immunological consequences of conventional treatment strategies. In this study, functional tests and four-colour flow cytometry were used to detect natural killer (NK)-cell functions and receptors as well as T-cell signal transduction molecules and intracellular cytokines in preoperative breast cancer patients, and patients who had received adjuvant radiotherapy or adjuvant combined chemo-radiotherapy as well as in age-matched healthy controls. The absolute number of NK cells, the density of NK receptors as well as in vitro quantitation of functional NK cytotoxicity were significantly higher in preoperative patients than the post-treatments group and controls. A similar pattern was seen with regard to T-cell signalling molecules, and preoperative patients produced significantly higher amounts of cytokines in NK and T cells compared to other groups. The results indicate that functions of NK and T cells are well preserved before surgery but decrease following adjuvant therapy, which may speak in favour of early rather than late use of immunotherapeutic agents such as trastuzumab that may depend on intact immune effector functions.
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| 20. |
- Sjöberg, G, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term N addition effects on the C mineralization and DOC production in mor humus under spruce
- 2003
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Ingår i: Soil Biology & Biochemistry. - 0038-0717. ; 35:10, s. 1305-1315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was based on laboratory incubations of mor humus from two N fertilized stands of Norway spruce in Sweden (Skogaby and Strasan), which had received repeated N additions (100 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) as (NH4)(2)SO4 at Skogaby and 35, 73 and 108 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), as NH4NO3 at Strasan) during 8 and 24-29 years, respectively. The aim was to investigate long-term N effects on the mineralization of C and production of DOC. Mor humus (Oe and Oa) was incubated in columns at 20 degreesC for 49 days. Columns were leached once a week with artificial throughfall solution, which was analyzed for DOC, total N, NH4+-N and NO3--N. Prior to each leaching event, CO2 evolution from the columns was determined. C-to-N ratios in the N-treated Oe layers at Strasan (21-24) and Skogaby (24) were significantly lower than those of the controls (Strasan, 32; Skogaby, 28). The cumulative amount Of CO2-C showed a significant treatment effect in the Oe layer at Skogaby, i.e. 18 and 29 mg C g(-1) C in the N treatment and control, respectively. At Strasan, the cumulative CO2-C was significantly lower in the N3 treatment compared to the control in both layers (33 compared to 74 mg C g(-1) C in the Oe layer and 16 compared to 35 mg C g(-1) C in the Oa layer). Neither the DOC nor the DON production showed any significant treatment effects at the two sites. However, DOC was lower in the fertilized Oe layer at Skogaby throughout the incubation. The leaching of DON was highest in the Oe layers at both sites, and DON increased with time at Skogaby while there was a decreasing trend at Strasan. The DOC-to-DON ratio tended to be lower in the fertilized Oe layers at both sites. The NH4+ leaching at Skogaby decreased in the N-treated Oe and Oa layers. At Strasan, NH4+ from the Oe layer increased in N2 and control. The NO3- leaching was low and constant in both Skogaby layers. At Strasan, NO3- increased in the Oe layer of N1. Cumulative CO2 was positively correlated to C-to-N ratio (r(2) = 0.71, p < 0.01) and to cumulative DOC (r(2) = 0.63, p < 0.05) in the Oe layer at Strasan. Our conclusion was that long-term N additions caused decreased C-to-N ratios and decreased CO2 evolution rates. The correlation between CO2 and C-to-N ratio in the Oe layers at Strasan may be due to a changed quality of the fertilized forest floor material and presence of more N efficient microorganisms.
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| 21. |
- Strand, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Nurse or surgeon-led follow-up after rectal cancer : a randomised trial
- 2011
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Ingår i: Colorectal Disease. - : Wiley. - 1462-8910 .- 1463-1318. ; 13:9, s. 999-1003
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Follow up programmes consume a large amount of resources with less time for the surgeon to take on new patients. The aim of this randomised study was to compare patient satisfaction, resource utilisation, and medical safety in patients curatively operated for rectal cancer who were followed up by a surgeon or a nurse. Method: The nurse was trained by the colorectal surgeon before the start of the study. Curatively operated patients were asked to give their assent to participation. Randomisation was done by the stomatherapist. After each consultation the patient completed a questionnaire. Results: 110 patients (58 men), age 68 (range 41-87) years, were included between 2002-2005. Only three patients refused participation. Patient satisfaction was high according to VAS: 9.4 for the surgeon and 9.5 for the nurse (n.s.). Consultation time was longer for the nurse: 24 versus 15 minutes (p = 0.001), with more blood samples being taken (29% versus 7%, p = 0.002). Radiological investigations exceeding the routine were made in 11% versus 4% (n.s) of cases. Surgical assistance was needed in 13 out of 182 consultations with the nurse (mean 6 (1-15) min, totally 75 min).. Distant metastases were detected in seven patients in the surgeon and eight in the nurse group, (p = 0.953). Total costs for the follow-up did not differ. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction was equally high for the specialist nurse as for the colorectal surgeon. On only a few occasions was surgical assistance necessary, and total costs for the follow-up showed no difference. Medical security appeared uncompromised. Nurse-led follow-up is encouraged.
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| 22. |
- Tidåker, P., et al.
(författare)
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Rotational grass/clover for biogas integrated with grain production - A life cycle perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0308-521X .- 1873-2267. ; 129, s. 133-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rotational perennial grass/clover has multiple effects in cropping systems dominated by cereals. This study evaluated the environmental impact of rotational grass/clover ley for anaerobic digestion in a cereal-dominated grain production system in Sweden. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to compare two scenarios: (i) a cropping system including only spring barley and winter wheat; and (ii) a cropping system including 2-year grass/clover ley in combination with spring barley and winter wheat. The functional unit was one tonne of grain. The two main functions of the grass/clover crop were to provide feedstock for biogas production and to act as an organic fertiliser for allocation among the cereal crops in the rotation. Special consideration was given to nitrogen (N) management and the rotational effects of the grass/clover ley. In total, 73% of the N requirement of cereals in the ley scenario was met through symbiotic N fixation. Replacing diesel with biogas and mineral fertiliser with digested grass/clover biomass (digestate) reduced the use of fossil fuels substantially, from 1480. MJ per tonne in the reference scenario to -2900. MJ per tonne in the ley scenario. Potential eutrophication per tonne grain increased in the ley scenario, mainly owing to significantly higher ammonia emissions from spreading digestate and the larger area required for producing the same amount of grain. Potential acidification also increased when N mineral fertiliser was replaced by digestate. Crops relying on symbiotic N fixation are a promising feedstock for reducing the use of non-renewable energy in the production chain of farm-based bioenergy, but careful handling of the N-rich digestate is required. Replacing cereals intended for feed or food with bioenergy crops leads to indirect land use changes (iLUC) when the displaced crops must be produced elsewhere and the benefits obtained when biofuels replace fossil fuels may thereby be outweighed. In this study, the iLUC factor assumed had a critical effect on global warming potential in the ley scenario. However, carbon sequestration and the higher yield potential of subsequent cereal crops can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from iLUC to a varying extent. We recommend that crop sequences rather than single crops be considered when evaluating the environmental impact of production systems that include perennial legumes for food, feed and bioenergy.
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