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| 4. |
- Adami, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Smoking and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (Sweden)
- 1998
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Ingår i: Cancer Causes and Control. - 0957-5243 .- 1573-7225. ; 9:1, s. 49-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While several epidemiologic studies have indicated a link between smoking and the risk of developing hematolymphoproliferative cancers (chiefly leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myelomas), in particular myeloid leukemia, the role of tobacco in the etiology of these neoplasms remains unclear. To evaluate the potential impact of tobacco use on development of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, we conducted a cohort study of 334,957 Swedish construction workers using prospectively collected exposure-information with complete long-term follow-up. A total of 1,322 incident neoplasms occurred during the study period, 1971-91. We found no significant association between smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked, or duration of smoking and the risk of developing leukemias, lymphomas, or multiple myeloma. There was a suggestion of a positive association between smoking and the risk of developing Hodgkin's disease, although the rate ratios were not significantly elevated, except for young current smokers. No positive dose-risk trends emerged. Our study provides no evidence that smoking bears any major relationship to the occurrence of leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, or multiple myeloma.
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| 5. |
- Akre [Fall], Katja, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Risk for gastric cancer after antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip replacement
- 2000
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - Birmingham, USA : American Asoociation for Cancer Research. - 0008-5472 .- 1538-7445. ; 60, s. 6376-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite strong evidence of an association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer, the benefit of eradicating H. pylori infection is unknown. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that exposure to high doses of antibiotics reduces risk for gastric cancer via possible eradication of H. pylori We conducted a nationwide case-control study nested in a cohort of 39,154 patients who underwent hip replacement surgery between 1965 and 1983. Such patients frequently receive prophylactic antibiotic treatment. During follow-up through 1989, we identified 189 incident cases of gastric cancer. For each case, three controls were selected from the cohort. Exposure data were abstracted from hospital records. Blood samples from a separate cohort undergoing hip replacement surgery were analyzed for anti-H. pylori IgG before and after surgery. Both long-term antibiotic treatment before surgery [odds ratio (OR), 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-0.7] and prophylactic antibiotic treatment (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-1.1) conferred a reduction in gastric cancer risk. The reduction appeared stronger after 5 years (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2) than during shorter follow-up after hip replacement (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.4-1.7). There was an apparent decrease in risk with increasing body weight-adjusted doses of antibiotics (P = 0.13). However, the rate of H. pylori antibody disappearance was not strikingly higher in the cohort of patients undergoing hip replacement than in a control cohort. Our findings provide indirect support for the hypothesis that treatment with antibiotics at a relatively advanced age reduces the risk of gastric cancer.
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| 7. |
- Berg, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Consumer confidence and consumption in Sweden
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The role of confidence indices in explaining consumption growth in Sweden during the period 1975-94 is analysed in this paper. We first analysed which variables influence the levels of the confidence indices. Two important such factors are found to be changes in real interest rates and changes in the inflation rate. Of the two forward-looking indices considered, the one regarding the personal financial situation is found to be more closely related to changes in consumption than the index regarding the general economic situation. The latter has no additional information content in the presence of the former. In a crude analysis the personal financial situation index explains about 37 % of the variance in the growth rate of consumption. The index has an important significant effect even in the presence of other vari-ables in the two types of consumption models that are considered, an Euler equation and a solved-out consumption model. In the latter model, the confidence index increases the ex-plained part of the variance in consumption growth from about 0.69 to 0.76. The real after-tax interest rate and the change in the inflation rate are important determinants of consumption. Financial wealth is more important than housing wealth and changes in debt also influence consumption. The solved-out consumption model is able to reflect the Swedish boom-to-bust cycle in consumption remarkably well.
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| 8. |
- Berg, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Consumer confidence and consumption in Sweden
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The role of confidence indices in explaining consumption growth in Sweden during the period 1975-94 is analysed in this paper. We first analysed which variables influence the levels of the confidence indices. Two important such factors are found to be cha
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| 9. |
- Bergström, I, et al.
(författare)
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High-precision Mass Measurements of Hydrogen-Like 24Mg11+ and 26Mg11+ ions in a Pening Trap
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal D. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6060 .- 1434-6079. ; 22:1, s. 41-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the determination of the bound-electron g factor in hydrogen-like heavy ions the mass of the ion is needed at a relative uncertainty of at least 1 ppb. With the SMILETRAP Penning trap mass spectrometer at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory in Stockholm several mass measurements of ions with even-even nuclei at this level of precision have been performed so far, exploiting the fact that the mass precision increases linearly with the ion charge. Measurements of masses of the hydrogen-like ions of the two Mg-isotopes 24Mg and 26Mg are reported. The masses of the hydrogen-like ions are 23.979011054(14) u and 25.976562354(34) u, corresponding to the atomic masses 23.985041690(14) u and 25.982592986(34) u, respectively. The possibility to use these two isotopes for the first observation of an isotope effect in the bound-electron g factor in hydrogen-like heavy ions is discussed.
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- Bergström, Reinhold, et al.
(författare)
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Organizational foundations and closures in a regulated environment : Swedish commercial banks 1831-1990
- 1991
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analyzes the foundations and closures of the total population of Swedish commercial banks in 1831-1990 using both semi-parametric and parametric event-history methods. With reference to the comparatively rigid control of entries and exits in banking, five hypotheses are formulated: (1) acquisitions constitute the principal reason for closure in banking; (2) the early years are less hazardous for banks than for members of other industries; (3) the survival patterns of banks are related to the freedom of banking operations; (4) the survival rates of banks are positively related to the general economic activity at the time of foundation; and (5) the survival rates of banks are negatively related to the degree to which customer relationships already exist. The findings support the first, second, third and fifth hypotheses; some evidence also favours the fourth hypothesis
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| 17. |
- Bornefalk, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in breast cancer mortality among Swedish women 1953-92: analyses by age, period and birth cohort
- 1995
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - 0007-0920. ; 72:2, s. 493-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trends in breast cancer mortality among Swedish women were explored on the basis of all 51 048 deaths in women 30-89 years of age in Sweden during the period 1953-92. The age-standardised mortality rates were virtually unchanged during the observation period (with a mean of 32 deaths per 100 000 females and year), as were age-specific rates. In age-period-cohort analyses, age alone explained almost all of the variation in the rates. The effects of period and cohort were statistically significant, but very modest. Cohort effects seemed to explain more than period effects, and a weak downward trend starting with women born in 1883-92 was noted. A change in 1981 in the policy to classify the causes of death from the death certificates seemed to entail an artificial lowering of the mortality rates in women older than 75 years. It is concluded that breast cancer mortality in Sweden during the last 40 years has been remarkably stable, in spite of a substantial and constant increase in the incidence. This divergence between mortality and incidence reflects improved survival, which could in part be explained by earlier detection and more efficient treatment, or by an increasing occurrence of less aggressive tumours.
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| 19. |
- Fritioff, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Precise measurements of ionic masses for QED tests
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1387-3806 .- 1873-2798. ; 251:2-3, s. 281-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Penning trap mass spectrometer SMILETRAP is designed for precision mass measurements using the merits of highly charged ions. In this paper we describe the feature of SMILETRAP and give examples of mass measurements involving , , and ions. These emphasize the importance of accurate masses of hydrogen-like and lithium-like ions that are required in the evaluation of g-factor measurements of electrons bound to even–even nuclei and test of QED effects. Highly precise mass measurements can also be used for testing atomic structure calculations and determining atomic binding energies. Relevance of such measurements throughout the periodic system is discussed.
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| 20. |
- Galanti, M. Rosaria, et al.
(författare)
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Diet and the risk of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma : A population-based case-control study in Sweden and Norway
- 1997
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Ingår i: Cancer Causes and Control. - 0957-5243 .- 1573-7225. ; 8:2, s. 205-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A population-based case-control study was conducted in two regions of Sweden and Norway to investigate the association between dietary habits and the risk of thyroid cancer. The consumption of selected foods was reported in a self-completed food-frequency questionnaire by 246 cases with histologically confirmed papillary (n = 209) and follicular (n = 37) thyroid carcinoma, and 440 age- and gender-matched controls. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95 percent confidence interval (CI) were calculated as estimates of the relative risk using conditional logistic regression. High consumption of butter (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.1-2.5) and cheese (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0-2.4) was associated with increased risks. Residence in areas of endemic goiter in Sweden was associated with an elevated risk, especially among women (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.3-4.9). High consumption of cruciferous vegetables was associated with increased risk only in persons who ever lived in such areas. A decreased risk was associated with consumption of iodized salt in northern Norway, and with use of iodized salt during adolescence among women (OR = 0.6, CI = 0.6-1.0). The results of this study suggest a role of diet and environment in the risk of thyroid cancer.
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| 22. |
- Gustafsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer before cytological screening
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 71:2, s. 159-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Huge differences in incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer occur among populations. These differences reflect the influences of both etiological environmental factors and removal of precursor lesions detected upon screening. The purposes of this article are (i) to describe similarities and differences in the shapes and magnitudes of age-specific incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer before screening had an effect, (ii) to provide baseline data for further global study of screening effects, and (iii) to provide baseline incidence data for the design of optimal screening programs. To eliminate the impact of screening effects, we have selected age-specific incidence rates from times when and from populations in which screening was insignificant. The selected rates were suitably scaled and compared regarding age at onset of increase in incidence, age at peak incidence, and rate of subsequent decline. Despite a 16-fold difference in incidence rates, all curves had the same basic structure, with an increase to a peak followed by a decline or a plateau. Although all populations but one had an onset around age 25, 7 European countries showed an earlier peak age (mean = 46 vs. 59) and a more rapid decline after the peak than most other populations. The common basic shape of the age-specific incidence curve, overall, suggests a relatively similar development of invasive cervical cancer in different populations. These results illustrate the underlying similarities in the markedly different age-specific incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer. They also provide a basis for studying screening effects and for optimizing screening programs in specific geographic areas.
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| 23. |
- Gustafsson, L., et al.
(författare)
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Low efficiency of cytologic screening for cancer in situ of the cervix in older women
- 1995
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 63:6, s. 804-809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytologic screening for cervical cancer has proven to be beneficial in many countries, although the value of this intervention in women older than 50 years remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of detecting cancer in situ by means of a cytologic smear at different ages, with special emphasis on the benefit of screening in women above the age of 50. We analyzed 466,275 smears taken in an open cohort of 118,890 women in Sweden between 1969 and 1988. The number of cancers in situ detected per 1,000 smears, the detection ratio, was used as an outcome measure in univariate analyses and in multivariate regression models. Cancer in situ was detected in 1,076 women in the study cohort. The detection ratio peaked at ages 30 to 34 and decreased heavily during the next 15 years of age. The efficiency of taking smears at ages above 50 was only 20 per cent (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26) of that at ages 30 to 34. These results were not changed when adjusting for time period and time interval since the previous smear. In spite of a high incidence of invasive cervical cancer in older women, the benefit of cytologic screening to detect cancer in situ above the age of 50 is uncertain.
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| 25. |
- Helgesen, Fred, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in prostate cancer survival in Sweden, 1960 through 1988 : Evidence of increasing diagnosis of nonlethal tumors
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 88:17, s. 1216-1221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The incidence of prostate cancer has increased during the past 30 years but has been paralleled by increases in survival rates from this disease, despite the absence of documented major improvement in curative treatment. Since a high prevalence of microscopic prostate cancer has been observed in autopsied men and because many prostate cancers may never surface clinically, increased diagnostic activities might have led to increased detection of less aggressive tumors. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to elucidate whether the trends in prostate cancer incidence and patient survival may be due to increasing diagnoses of nonlethal tumors. METHODS: We analyzed a population-based cohort comprising all cases of prostate cancer (n = 80,901) detected in Sweden during the period of 1960 through 1988. Five hundred eighteen patients (0.64% of the total number) who could not be followed because of emigration or an incomplete national registration number were excluded. Observed and relative survival rates were calculated for the entire cohort of 80,383 assessable patients per 5-year age group in 5-year periods of diagnosis and according to diagnostic method and were compared between geographic areas with differences in incidence rates. To estimate the independent effects of these determinants, multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: For the 80,383 patients with complete follow-up, the 10- and 20-year observed survival rates were 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.2%-17.9%) and 3.5% (95% CI = 3.2%-3.7%), and the relative survival rates were 41.1% (95% CI = 40.3%-41.9%) and 28.6% (95% CI = 26.5%-30.1%), respectively. Relative survival rates improved markedly over time; 10-year relative survival rates increased from 29% (95% CI = 27%-31%) among case patients diagnosed in 1960 through 1964 to 45% (95% CI = 43%-46%) among those diagnosed in 1975 through 1979. Relative survival rates leveled off after about 18 years at 18% (95% CI = 15%-20%) among patients diagnosed in 1960 through 1964 and at 31% (95% CI = 28%-34%) among those diagnosed in 1970 through 1974. An even more favorable outlook was observed in those case patients diagnosed later. In areas with a high or low incidence of prostate cancer, the 10-year relative survival rates were 45% (95% CI = 44%-47%) and 36% (95% CI = 34%-38%), respectively. In the early 1960s, the calculated loss of life expectancy after diagnosis varied from about 68% (95% CI = 61%-75%) of the expected length of life in the youngest age group to about 48% (95% CI = 46%-50%) in the oldest age group. From 1960 through 1964 to 1985 through 1988, the loss of life expectancy decreased by more than 50% in all age groups. The differences in relative survival rates between age groups were small, with a gradual decrease in age groups more than 60-64 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the great temporal improvement and geographic variation in survival rates are quantitatively consistent, with likely increases in the rate of detection of nonlethal tumors. IMPLICATIONS: The increase in relative survival rates must be taken into consideration when evaluating the outcome of treatment of prostate cancer, since nonrandomized comparisons may be confounded by time trends. Diagnosis of nonlethal tumors raises concerns because the individual would suffer from the psychologic burden of a cancer diagnosis without any therapeutic benefit.
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