1. |
- Bergamaschi, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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European Obspack compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data from ICOS and non-ICOS European stations for the period 1972-2023; : obspack_co2_466_GLOBALVIEWplus_v8.0_2023-04-26
- 2023
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This data package contains high accuracy CO2 dry air mole fractions from 58 ICOS and non-ICOS European observatories at in total 132 observation levels, collected by the ICOS Atmosphere Thematic Centre (ATC) and provided by the station contributors. The package is part of the Globalviewplus v8.0 data product, released in 2022 and is intended for use in carbon cycle inverse modeling, model evaluation, and satellite validation studies. Please report errors and send comments regarding this product to the ObsPack originators. Please read carefully the ObsPack Fair Use statement and cite appropriately. This is the sixth release of the GLOBALVIEWplus (GV+) cooperative data product. Please review the release notes for this product at www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/obspack/release_notes.html. Metadata for this product are available at https://commons.datacite.org/doi.org/10.18160/CEC4-CAGK. Please visit http://www.gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/obspack/ for more information.
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2. |
- Miehe, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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The Kobresia pygmaea ecosystem of the Tibetan highlands – Origin, functioning and degradation of the world's largest pastoral alpine ecosystem: Kobresia pastures of Tibet
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 648, s. 754-771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With 450,000 km2 Kobresia (syn. Carex) pygmaea dominated pastures in the eastern Tibetan highlands are the world's largest pastoral alpine ecosystem forming a durable turf cover at 3000–6000 m a.s.l. Kobresia's resilience and competitiveness is based on dwarf habit, predominantly below-ground allocation of photo assimilates, mixture of seed production and clonal growth, and high genetic diversity. Kobresia growth is co-limited by livestock-mediated nutrient withdrawal and, in the drier parts of the plateau, low rainfall during the short and cold growing season. Overstocking has caused pasture degradation and soil deterioration over most parts of the Tibetan highlands and is the basis for this man-made ecosystem. Natural autocyclic processes of turf destruction and soil erosion are initiated through polygonal turf cover cracking, and accelerated by soil-dwelling endemic small mammals in the absence of predators. The major consequences of vegetation cover deterioration include the release of large amounts of C, earlier diurnal formation of clouds, and decreased surface temperatures. These effects decrease the recovery potential of Kobresia pastures and make them more vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Traditional migratory rangeland management was sustainable over millennia, and possibly still offers the best strategy to conserve and possibly increase C stocks in the Kobresia turf.
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3. |
- Bergamaschi, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4emissions using the novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 22:20, s. 13243-13268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system ("FLEXVAR") based on FLEXPARTCOSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km×7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions ("baselines") consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories, and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter ("FLExKF") system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1° × 1° resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km × 7 km resolution allow the observations to be better reproduced than the TM5-4DVAR simulations at 1° × 1°. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France, and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the UK and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories.
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4. |
- Coners, Heinz, et al.
(författare)
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Evapotranspiration and water balance of high-elevation grassland on the Tibetan Plateau
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694. ; 533, s. 557-566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-elevation grasslands of the Cyperaceae Kobresia pygmaea cover nearly half a million km2 on the Tibetan Plateau. As a consequence of climate change, precipitation patterns in this monsooninfluenced region may change with possible consequences for grassland productivity. Yet, not much is known about the water cycle in this second largest alpine ecosystem of the world. We measured the evapotranspiration of a high-elevation Kobresia pasture system at 4400 m a.s.l. in the south-eastern part of the plateau in two summers using three different approaches, weighable micro-lysimeters, eddy covariance measurements, and water balance modeling with the soil–plant–atmosphere transfer model SEWAB. In good agreement among the three approaches, we found ET rates of 4–6 mm d-1 in moist summer periods (June–August) and 2mmd-1 in dry periods, despite the high elevation and a leaf area index of only 1. Measured ET rates were comparable to rates reported from alpine grasslands at 1500–2500 m a.s.l. in temperate mountains, and also matched ET rates of managed lowland grasslands in the temperate zone. At the study site with 430 mm annual precipitation, low summer rainfall reduced ET significantly and infiltration into the subsoil occurred only in moist periods. Our results show that the evapotranspiration of high-elevation grasslands at 4400 m can be as high as in lowland grasslands despite large elevational changes in abiotic and biotic drivers of ET, and periodic water shortage is likely to influence large parts of the Tibetan Kobresia pastures.
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5. |
- Erkkilä, Kukka Maaria, et al.
(författare)
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Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes over a lake : Comparison between eddy covariance, floating chambers and boundary layer method
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 15:2, s. 429-445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Freshwaters bring a notable contribution to the global carbon budget by emitting both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Global estimates of freshwater emissions traditionally use a wind-speed-based gas transfer velocity, kCC (introduced by Cole and Caraco, 1998), for calculating diffusive flux with the boundary layer method (BLM). We compared CH4 and CO2 fluxes from BLM with kCC and two other gas transfer velocities (kTE and kHE), which include the effects of water-side cooling to the gas transfer besides shear-induced turbulence, with simultaneous eddy covariance (EC) and floating chamber (FC) fluxes during a 16-day measurement campaign in September 2014 at Lake Kuivajärvi in Finland. The measurements included both lake stratification and water column mixing periods. Results show that BLM fluxes were mainly lower than EC, with the more recent model kTE giving the best fit with EC fluxes, whereas FC measurements resulted in higher fluxes than simultaneous EC measurements. We highly recommend using up-to-date gas transfer models, instead of kCC, for better flux estimates. BLM CO2 flux measurements had clear differences between daytime and night-time fluxes with all gas transfer models during both stratified and mixing periods, whereas EC measurements did not show a diurnal behaviour in CO2 flux. CH4 flux had higher values in daytime than night-time during lake mixing period according to EC measurements, with highest fluxes detected just before sunset. In addition, we found clear differences in daytime and night-time concentration difference between the air and surface water for both CH4 and CO2. This might lead to biased flux estimates, if only daytime values are used in BLM upscaling and flux measurements in general. FC measurements did not detect spatial variation in either CH4 or CO2 flux over Lake Kuivajärvi. EC measurements, on the other hand, did not show any spatial variation in CH4 fluxes but did show a clear difference between CO2 fluxes from shallower and deeper areas. We highlight that while all flux measurement methods have their pros and cons, it is important to carefully think about the chosen method and measurement interval, as well as their effects on the resulting flux.
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6. |
- George, Jan Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Method comparison of indirect assessments of understory leaf area index (LAIu) : A case study across the extended network of ICOS forest ecosystem sites in Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecological indicator for describing the structure of canopies and for modelling energy exchange between atmosphere and biosphere. While LAI of the forest overstory can be accurately assessed over large spatial scales via remote sensing, LAI of the forest understory (LAIu) is still largely ignored in ecological studies and ecosystem modelling due to the fact that it is often too complex to be destructively sampled or approximated by other site parameters. Additionally, so far only few attempts have been made to retrieve understory LAI via remote sensing, because dense canopies with high LAI are often hindering retrieval algorithms to produce meaningful estimates for understory LAI. Consequently, the forest understory still constitutes a poorly investigated research realm impeding ecological studies to properly account for its contribution to the energy absorption capacity of forest stands. This study aims to compare three conceptually different indirect retrieval methodologies for LAIu over a diverse panel of forest understory types distributed across Europe. For this we carried out near-to-surface measurements of understory reflectance spectra as well as digital surface photography over the extended network of Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) forest ecosystem sites. LAIu was assessed by exploiting the empirical relationship between vegetation cover and light absorption (Beer-Lambert- Bouguer law) as well as by utilizing proposed relationships with two prominent vegetation indices: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR). Retrievals from the three methods were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.63–0.99, RMSE = 0.53–0.72), but exhibited also significant bias depending on the LAI scale. The NDVI based retrieval approach most likely overestimates LAI at productive sites when LAIu > 2, while the simple ratio algorithm overestimates LAIu at sites with sparse understory vegetation and presence of litter or bare soil. The purely empirical method based on the Beer-Lambert law of light absorption seems to offer a good compromise, since it provides reasonable LAIu values at both low and higher LAI ranges. Surprisingly, LAIu variation among sites seems to be largely decoupled from differences in climate and light permeability of the overstory, but significantly increased with vegetation diversity (expressed as species richness) and hence proposes new applications of LAIu in ecological modelling.
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7. |
- Holtermann, Raphael, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling and simulation of Internal Traverse Grinding: bridging meso- and macro-scale simulations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Production Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-6524 .- 1863-7353. ; 9:4, s. 451-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we focus on the computational bridging between the meso- and macro-scale in the context of the hybrid modelling of Internal Traverse Grinding with electro-plated cBN wheels. This grinding process satisfies the manufacturing industry demands for a high rate of material removal along with a high surface quality while minimising the number of manufacturing processes invoked. To overcome the major problem of the present machining process, namely a highly concentrated thermal load which can result in micro-structural damage and dimension errors of the workpiece, a hybrid simulation framework is currently under development. The latter consists of three components. First, a kinematic simulation that models the grinding wheel surface based on experimentally determined measurements is used to calculate the transient penetration history of every grain intersecting with the workpiece. Secondly, an h-adaptive, plane-strain finite element model incorporating elasto-plastic work hardening, thermal softening and ductile damage is used to simulate the proximity of one cBN grain during grinding and to capture the complex thermo-mechanical material response on a meso-scale. For the third component of the framework, the results from the preceding two simulation steps are combined into a macro-scale process model that shall in the future be used to improve manufacturing accuracy and to develop error compensation strategies accordingly. To achieve this objective, a regression analysis scheme is incorporated to approximate the influence of the several cutting mechanisms on the meso-scale and to transfer the homogenisation-based thermo-mechanical results to the macro-scale.
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8. |
- Ingrisch, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon pools and fluxes in a Tibetan alpine Kobresia pygmaea pasture partitioned by coupled eddy-covariance measurements and 13CO2 pulse labeling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1026 .- 0048-9697. ; 505, s. 1213-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tibetan highlands host the largest alpine grassland ecosystems worldwide, bearing soils that store substantial stocks of carbon (C) that are very sensitive to land use changes. This study focuses on the cycling of photoassimilated C within a Kobresia pygmaea pasture, the dominating ecosystems on the Tibetan highlands. We investigated short-term effects of grazing cessation and the role of the characteristic Kobresia root turf on C fluxes and belowground C turnover. By combining eddy-covariance measurements with 13CO2 pulse labeling we applied a powerful new approach to measure absolute fluxes of assimilates within and between various pools of the plant-soil-atmosphere system. The roots and soil each store roughly 50% of the overall C in the system (76 Mg C ha−1), with only a minor contribution from shoots, which is also expressed in the root:shoot ratio of 90. During June and July the pasture acted as a weak C sink with a strong uptake of approximately 2 g C m−2 d−1 in the first half of July. The root turf was the main compartment for the turnover of photoassimilates, with a subset of highly dynamic roots (mean residence time 20 days), and plays a key role for the C cycling and C storage in this ecosystem. The short-termgrazing cessation only affected aboveground biomass but not ecosystem scale C exchange or assimilate allocation into roots and soil.
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9. |
- Lindroth, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of drought and meteorological forcing on carbon and water fluxes in Nordic forests during the dry summer of 2018
- 2020
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 375:1810
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nordic region was subjected to severe drought in 2018 with a particularly long-lasting and large soil water deficit in Denmark, Southern Sweden and Estonia. Here, we analyse the impact of the drought on carbon and water fluxes in 11 forest ecosystems of different composition: spruce, pine, mixed and deciduous. We assess the impact of drought on fluxes by estimating the difference (anomaly) between year 2018 and a reference year without drought. Unexpectedly, the evaporation was only slightly reduced during 2018 compared to the reference year at two sites while it increased or was nearly unchanged at all other sites. This occurred under a 40 to 60% reduction in mean surface conductance and the concurrent increase in evaporative demand due to the warm and dry weather. The anomaly in the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was 93% explained by a multilinear regression with the anomaly in heterotrophic respiration and the relative precipitation deficit as independent variables. Most of the variation (77%) was explained by the heterotrophic component. Six out of 11 forests reduced their annual NEP with more than 50 g C m(-2)yr(-1)during 2018 as compared to the reference year. The NEP anomaly ranged between -389 and +74 g C m(-2)yr(-1)with a median value of -59 g C m(-2)yr(-1). This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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10. |
- Lindroth, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of low thinning on carbon dioxide fluxes in a mixed hemiboreal forest
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1923. ; 262, s. 59-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used eddy-covariance (EC) measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) above canopy to assess the effects of thinning on CO2 fluxes at the ICOS Sweden site Norunda in central Sweden. This forest site consists of mixed pine and spruce stands approx. 100 years old. The thinning during late autumn 2008, performed in a semi-circle from the mast extending 200 m outwards harvested about 25% of the volume. Measurements were conducted from 2007 to 2016 and thus, above canopy fluxes were recorded two years before and eight years after the thinning. We also measured the net flux from the forest floor with automatic chambers in three locations and with below-canopy EC during shorter periods before and after thinning. The chamber measurements during the first part of the growing season after thinning showed strongly enhanced effluxes in the order of 150–250% of the pre-thinning values. These chamber measurements were made on drier places within the thinned area because waterlogging made it impossible to use chambers at all available locations. The below-canopy EC measurements, which had a larger footprint as compared to the chambers, showed less enhanced fluxes (in the order of 35%). This footprint included also wetter areas. The above canopy EC measurements showed a reduction of daytime net flux by approx. 30% during the first summer after thinning. The median growing season fluxes then slowly increased but were not restored to the pre-thinning levels eight years after thinning. There was also a small decrease in growing season ecosystem respiration during the first summer after thinning and with a continued decreasing trend over time. It was concluded that this decrease in respiration was caused by successively decreasing decomposition of coarse organic substrates resulting from the thinning. This respiration decrease over time persisted even under gradual biomass increase, which otherwise would indicate increasing autotrophic respiration. The light-response and respiration models fitted to all data did not show any trends in daytime or nighttime fluxes so the conclusion was that the trends were caused by the thinning and not because of trends in meteorological drivers. The annual values contrasted with the summertime results since only a minor effect was observed on the annual NEE. Both ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity were reduced as an effect of thinning. We explained the different summertime versus annual effects to be caused by the decrease in ecosystem respiration since respiration is dominating the NEE during non-growing season periods when photosynthesis is very low or even zero. Our results are a strong indication that the NEE of a forest could be maintained over time with harvesting practices that avoids clear-cutting and thereby enhance the total carbon uptake of forests.
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11. |
- Mayer, Ludovic, et al.
(författare)
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Widespread Pesticide Distribution in the European Atmosphere Questions their Degradability in Air
- 2024
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X. ; 58:7, s. 3342-3352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk assessment of pesticide impacts on remote ecosystems makes use of model-estimated degradation in air. Recent studies suggest these degradation rates to be overestimated, questioning current pesticide regulation. Here, we investigated the concentrations of 76 pesticides in Europe at 29 rural, coastal, mountain, and polar sites during the agricultural application season. Overall, 58 pesticides were observed in the European atmosphere. Low spatial variation of 7 pesticides suggests continental-scale atmospheric dispersal. Based on concentrations in free tropospheric air and at Arctic sites, 22 pesticides were identified to be prone to long-range atmospheric transport, which included 15 substances approved for agricultural use in Europe and 7 banned ones. Comparison between concentrations at remote sites and those found at pesticide source areas suggests long atmospheric lifetimes of atrazine, cyprodinil, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, terbuthylazine, and thiacloprid. In general, our findings suggest that atmospheric transport and persistence of pesticides have been underestimated and that their risk assessment needs to be improved.
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12. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical-Looping Combustion of Kerosene and Gaseous Fuels with a Natural and a Manufactured Mn–Fe-Based Oxygen Carrier
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5029 .- 0887-0624. ; 32:8, s. 8803-8816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two different oxygen-carrier materials with similar molar ratios of Mn:Fe:Al were tested in continuous chemical-looping combustion operation with different fuels, i.e., syngas (H2/CO), methane, and kerosene. One oxygen carrier was manufactured by spray drying, and the other one was a naturally occurring ore that was crushed. Experiments were conducted in a bench-scale, chemical-looping combustion reactor with continuous fuel addition and continuous circulation of oxygen-carrier particles. In fresh state, i.e., before fuel operation, both materials showed clear CLOU properties. In used state, i.e., after fuel operation, the CLOU properties of the manufactured oxygen carrier were slightly higher than before, whereas those of the natural material decreased significantly. Operation with fuel was conducted for a total of about 47 h between 850 and 950 °C, and clear differences in fuel conversion were observed. At similar oxygen-carrier-to-fuel ratios and temperatures, the manganese ore achieved a clearly higher methane conversion, whereas the manufactured material achieved a higher conversion of H2 and CO. Near-complete conversion of syngas, i.e., >99%, was reached with both materials tested. Particle circulation was indirectly measured and used to estimate solids conversion during continuous operation. The materials were characterized with ICP-SFMS, XRD, and SEM/EDX, and rate indices were calculated based on data obtained in TGA tests with different reactants. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were made and used to interpret results from oxygen release and TGA tests. Attrition indices and material porosity were determined for fresh and used samples of the materials used. The manganese ore exhibited a clearly lower structural integrity during redox operation compared to the manufactured material. However, the cost of producing an oxygen carrier from an ore is significantly lower than manufacturing an oxygen carrier by spray drying.
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13. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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CO2 Capture from Combustion of Biomass Volatiles with a Chemical-Looping Combustion Process
- 2017
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Ingår i: EUBCE 2017 - 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden, June 12-15, 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a low-cost CO2 capture technology that uses oxygen carriers – metal oxides – for oxygen transfer from air to fuel. This enables fuel oxidation without mixing fuel and combustion air. After condensation of steam, a stream of pure CO2 is obtained without the need for an active gas separation. The capture and storage of CO2 from biomass-based fuels sources make it possible to obtain so-called negative emissions – the atmosphere is cleansed from carbon dioxide. This concept of storing biomass-based CO2 could prove to be highly instrumental for a country such as Sweden, which has substantial point emissions of biomass-based CO2.
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14. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen carrier development of calcium manganite-based materials with perovskite structure for chemical looping combustion of methane
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 42nd International Technical Conference on Clean Energy, Clearwater, FL, USA, June 11-15, 2017. ; , s. 12-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) of gaseous fuels could be of interest in industrial processes for heat, power or hydrogen production with carbon capture. For instance, production of steam or hydrogen from refinery gas are possible applications. A series of collaborate European projects has been carried out since 2002, which focused on oxygen-carrier development and upscaling of both theCLC process and oxygen-carrier production with methane or natural gas as fuel. Most recently, in the FP7 SUCCESS project (2013-2017), Ca-Mn-based materials with perovskite structure, CaMnO3, were produced at a larger scale and with cheap and commercial raw materials. The main advantage with this type of oxygen carrier is the ability to release oxygen to the gas phase, hence promoting reactivity in the fuel reactor. In the project, a significant number of such materials were produced and tested. It was found that a perovskite structure can be obtained relatively easy with widely different raw materials for Ca, Mn, Ti and Mg. The produced materials generally had high reactivities and high attrition resistances, but were prone to sulfur poisoning.In this paper, selected results are presented from the different stages of material development and upscaling, i.e., from bench-scale reactors with batch and continuous operation, respectively, as well as from a laboratory-scale unit with continuous operation and a nominal fuel input of 10 kWth. In the 10 kW unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and, therefore, this unit is used to assess particle lifetime. Results from the 10 kW unit show that very high degrees of fuel conversion can be reached while achieving very high lifetimes.
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15. |
- Moldenhauer, Patrick, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen-Carrier Development of Calcium Manganite–Based Materials with Perovskite Structure for Chemical-Looping Combustion of Methane
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4296 .- 2194-4288. ; 8:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work is related to the upscaling of calcium manganite–based oxygen-carrier materials, which have a perovskite structure, both with respect to the use of inexpensive raw materials, i.e., instead of pure chemicals, and the upscaling of production to multitonne batches. Results are presented from the two different stages of material development, i.e., raw material selection and upscaling. The evaluation involves both operation in chemical-looping combustor units of 300 W and 10 kW, and material characterization. In the latter unit, the gas velocities in the riser and in the grid-jet zone of the gas distributor come close to gas velocities of industrial-scale units and, therefore, this unit is also used to assess particle lifetime. Results from the various chemical-looping combustion units and oxygen-carrier materials produced from various raw materials of both high and low purity show that very high degrees of fuel conversion can be reached while achieving very high oxygen-carrier lifetimes. The composition of the oxygen-carrier materials seems robust and flexible with respect to the precursors used in its manufacturing.
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16. |
- Pisek, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Retrieval and validation of forest background reflectivity from daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data across European forests
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 18:2, s. 621-635
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information about forest background reflectance is needed for accurate biophysical parameter retrieval from forest canopies (overstory) with remote sensing. Separating under- and overstory signals would enable more accurate modeling of forest carbon and energy fluxes. We retrieved values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the forest understory with the multi-angular Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)/albedo data (gridded 500 m daily Collection 6 product), using a method originally developed for boreal forests. The forest floor background reflectance estimates from the MODIS data were compared with in situ understory reflectance measurements carried out at an extensive set of forest ecosystem experimental sites across Europe. The reflectance estimates from MODIS data were, hence, tested across diverse forest conditions and phenological phases during the growing season to examine their applicability for ecosystems other than boreal forests. Here we report that the method can deliver good retrievals, especially over different forest types with open canopies (low foliage cover). The performance of the method was found to be limited over forests with closed canopies (high foliage cover), where the signal from understory becomes too attenuated. The spatial heterogeneity of individual field sites and the limitations and documented quality of the MODIS BRDF product are shown to be important for the correct assessment and validation of the retrievals obtained with remote sensing.
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17. |
- Yver-kwok, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process
- 2021
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-8548 .- 1867-1381. ; 14:1, s. 89-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations.
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