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| 2. |
- Hesselmar, Bill, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development?
- 1999
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Ingår i: Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0954-7894. ; 29:5, s. 611-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is unknown which factors in modern western society that have caused the current increase in prevalence of allergic diseases. Improved hygiene, smaller families, altered exposure to allergens have been suggested.To assess the relationship between exposure to pets in early life, family size, allergic manifestations and allergic sensitization at 7-9 and 12-13 years of age.The prevalence of allergic diseases and various background factors were assessed in 1991 and 1996 by questionnaire studies. In 1991, the study comprised representative samples of children from the Göteborg area on the Swedish west coast (7 years old, n = 1649) and the inland town Kiruna in northern Sweden (7-9 years old, n = 832). In 1992, a validation interview and skin prick test (SPT) were performed in a stratified sub-sample of 412 children. In 1996, this subgroup was followed up with identical questions about clinical symptoms as in 1991, detailed questions about early pet exposure were added and SPT performed.Children exposed to pets during the first year of life had a lower frequency of allergic rhinitis at 7-9 years of age and of asthma at 12-13 years. Children exposed to cat during the first year of life were less often SPT positive to cat at 12-13 years. The results were similar when those children were excluded, whose parents had actively decided against pet keeping during infancy because of allergy in the family. There was a negative correlation between the number of siblings and development of asthma and allergic rhinitis.Pet exposure during the first year of life and increasing number of siblings were both associated with a lower prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma in school children.
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| 5. |
- Björkstén, B, et al.
(författare)
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Collecting and banking human milk : to heat or not to heat?
- 1980
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Ingår i: British medical journal. - 0007-1447. ; 281:6243, s. 765-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data on human breast milk and its handling when fed to babies who cannot be breast-fed were reviewed to determine whether the method of processing and storage affected the properties of the milk. Breast milk is normally contaminated by potential pathogens, which seem to produce no ill effects, but it also contains antimicrobial properties which protect against infection. The evidence suggests that pasteurisation not only eliminates pathogenic bacteria but also damages bacteriostatic mechanisms, so making the milk more susceptible to later contamination. Pasteurisation also affects the nutritional properties of milk. Freezing has little effect on milk proteins, while a study on the effect of refrigeration showed that there was little bacterial growth at temperatures below 8 degrees C. Several years' experience of feeding donated raw milk to newborn infants has confirmed that it produces no ill effects. These findings suggest that pasteurisation of donated breastmilk is unnecessary, and it is not recommended, while the decision whether or not to freeze the milk may be made on practical grounds. Raw breast milk can be safely stored at 4-6 degrees C for 72 hours.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hesselmar, Bill, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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High-dose exposure to cat is associated with clinical tolerance--a modified Th2 immune response?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0954-7894. ; 33:12, s. 1681-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Allergen-specific IgG4 antibodies, it is suggested, may be protecting against allergy development by blocking responses. Levels are proposed as a marker of modified Th2 response.To assess the levels of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies to cat in relation to cat exposure, asthma and allergic diseases.We studied a population-based sample of 412 schoolchildren of 12-13 years of age. Parents of 402 children completed a questionnaire covering their child's medical history, the keeping of cats and other background data. Skin prick tests (SPTs) to common aeroallergens were performed in 371 of the children. Blood samples for the analyses of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies were obtained from 309 of them.All children had an immune response to cat, predominantly of the IgG1 subclass. The levels of cat-specific IgG1 and IgG4, but not IgE, were high in children currently keeping a cat. Children with asthma had increased levels of cat-specific IgE and IgG1, and children with a positive SPT to cat also had increased IgG4. The presence of IgG4 was not associated with asthma or sensitization, unless there was a simultaneous production of IgE. Twenty-five percent of the children had an immune response with only IgG4, and no IgE antibodies to cat. This group of children had the highest frequency of cat-keeping, but a similar prevalence of asthma and allergy as those with neither IgE nor IgG4 antibodies to cat.Cat-keeping was associated with a modified Th2 response, producing IgG4 but not IgE antibodies. This immune response was not associated with an increased risk of asthma or allergy. However, the IgG4 antibodies did not directly mediate any protective effect.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Ahlstedt, S, et al.
(författare)
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Immune stimulated regional inflammatory responses mediating lung reactivity in rats.
- 1985
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Ingår i: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 40:4, s. 282-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Daily sensitization of SPF BNxWi/Fu rats with ovalbumin (OA) in aerosol during 2-week periods with a 4-week interval resulted after 7 weeks in IgE, IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and bronchial fluid. After cultivation of the regional, axillary, brachial and mediastinal (ABM) lymph node cells, IgE antibodies were found in the culture supernatant. Such antibodies were not found in culture supernatants of spleen and inguinal lymph nodes. Regional formation of IgE antibodies was also noted in the ABM lymph node cell culture supernatants after subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 100 ng OA in the neck region. When the injections were given in the tail-root region, the inguinal but not the ABM lymph nodes produced the IgE antibodies. The s.c. sensitization induced inconsistent and rather low IgG and no IgA antibody responses. The aerosol but not the s.c. sensitization induced accumulations of mononuclear cells and mucous cells in the lungs. Clinically, the rats sensitized s.c. in the neck region reacted to aerosol and intravenous (i.v.) challenge as early as 1 week after sensitization had started, whereas the animals sensitized in the tail-root regions reacted 7 and 8 weeks after repeated sensitization. The animals sensitized by aerosol showed only weak clinical reactivity after i.v. challenge.
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| 13. |
- Bergendal, A, et al.
(författare)
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Concomitant use of two or more antipsychotic drugs is common in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology. - : SAGE Publications. - 2045-1253 .- 2045-1261. ; 5:4, s. 224-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the prevalence of concomitant use of two or more antipsychotic drugs and other psychotropic drugs in the Swedish population. Methods: Data for this observational cohort study were collected from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register including all dispensed drugs to the entire Swedish population (9.4 million inhabitants). We identified all individuals with at least one dispensed prescription of antipsychotic drug during January to June 2008. After 12 months, a second exposure period was chosen. Individuals who were dispensed two or more antipsychotic drugs in both periods were considered long-time users of antipsychotic polypharmacy. Results: In 2008, 1.5% of the Swedish population was dispensed antipsychotic drugs, the majority (75%) using only one antipsychotic drug. Out of individuals who were dispensed 2 or more antipsychotic drugs during the first period, 62% also was also dispensed at least 2 antipsychotic drugs during the second period. A total of 665 different unique combinations were used in 2008. Individuals prescribed two or more antipsychotic drugs during both periods were more often dispensed anxiolytics and sedatives than those who were dispensed only one antipsychotic drug. Elderly were dispensed antipsychotic drugs much more often than younger persons. Conclusions: In Sweden, 25% of patients dispensed antipsychotic drugs receive a combination of two or more antipsychotic drugs. Individuals who are dispensed antipsychotic polypharmacy are more often dispensed anxiolytics and sedatives than those prescribed only one antipsychotic drug. Long-term observational studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of such combinations.
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| 14. |
- Björkstén, B
(författare)
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Allergy priming early in life.
- 1999
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 353, s. 167-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Björkstén, B
(författare)
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Environment and infant immunity.
- 1999
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. - 0029-6651 .- 1475-2719. ; 58, s. 729-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Björkstén, B
(författare)
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Food and asthma
- 2000
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Ingår i: Practical Issues in Asthma Management. - 1388-7319. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 19. |
- Björkstén, B
(författare)
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Immunological outcome measures
- 1996
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal. Supplement. - 0904-1850. ; 21, s. 22s-27s
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 20. |
- Björkstén, B
(författare)
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Impact of gastrointestinal flora on systemic diseases
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1536-4801 .- 0277-2116. ; 46 Suppl 1, s. E12-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
- Björkstén, B, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of E. coli strains with human serum : lack of relationship to K1 antigen.
- 1976
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatrics. - 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 89:6, s. 892-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-eight strains of E. coli isolated from infants were compared with respect to opsonic requirements, sensitivity to serum, and ability to activate serum chemotactic factors. Six of the strains were isolated from stools of healthy newborn infants; 22 were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid or blood of infants with meningitis and/or septicemia. Eighteen of the strains had K1 polysaccharide antigen. Fourteen of the strains (seven with K1 antigen) activated complement via the alternative pathway and all of these strains were well opsonized in 4% pooled human serum. A higher concentration of serum was necessary to opsonize 12 of the 14 strains that did not activate the alternative pathway. A wide variation was also found in opsonic requirements of E. coli strains isolated from healthy and sick infants. There was no relationship of the K1 antigen to opsonic requirements, to capacity to activate complement via the alternative pathway, to generation of chemotactic factors, or to sensitivity to serum cidal activity. Therefore, the association of E. coli with K1 antigen and neonatal meningitis did not appear to be related to these bacteria-serum interactions.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Björkstén, B, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of human colostrum on neutrophil function.
- 1979
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Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 13:6, s. 737-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized in human colostrum via heat stable opsonins and the classic complement pathway, but colostrum lacked capacity to opsonize E. coli via the alternative pathway. There was no bacteriostatic activity against serum sensitive E. coli strains, although specific antibodies against the strains were present. Neutrophils suspended in colostrum had normal chemotaxis and this was not altered by treating the colostrum with HCl.
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