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| 5. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 6. |
- Romagnoni, A, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1, s. 10351-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crohn Disease (CD) is a complex genetic disorder for which more than 140 genes have been identified using genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, the genetic architecture of the trait remains largely unknown. The recent development of machine learning (ML) approaches incited us to apply them to classify healthy and diseased people according to their genomic information. The Immunochip dataset containing 18,227 CD patients and 34,050 healthy controls enrolled and genotyped by the international Inflammatory Bowel Disease genetic consortium (IIBDGC) has been re-analyzed using a set of ML methods: penalized logistic regression (LR), gradient boosted trees (GBT) and artificial neural networks (NN). The main score used to compare the methods was the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) statistics. The impact of quality control (QC), imputing and coding methods on LR results showed that QC methods and imputation of missing genotypes may artificially increase the scores. At the opposite, neither the patient/control ratio nor marker preselection or coding strategies significantly affected the results. LR methods, including Lasso, Ridge and ElasticNet provided similar results with a maximum AUC of 0.80. GBT methods like XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost, together with dense NN with one or more hidden layers, provided similar AUC values, suggesting limited epistatic effects in the genetic architecture of the trait. ML methods detected near all the genetic variants previously identified by GWAS among the best predictors plus additional predictors with lower effects. The robustness and complementarity of the different methods are also studied. Compared to LR, non-linear models such as GBT or NN may provide robust complementary approaches to identify and classify genetic markers.
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| 8. |
- Wightman, D. P., et al.
(författare)
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A genome-wide association study with 1,126,563 individuals identifies new risk loci for Alzheimer’s disease
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53:9, s. 1276-1282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent age-related polygenic disease that accounts for 50–70% of dementia cases. Currently, only a fraction of the genetic variants underlying Alzheimer’s disease have been identified. Here we show that increased sample sizes allowed identification of seven previously unidentified genetic loci contributing to Alzheimer’s disease. This study highlights microglia, immune cells and protein catabolism as relevant to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, while identifying and prioritizing previously unidentified genes of potential interest. We anticipate that these results can be included in larger meta-analyses of Alzheimer’s disease to identify further genetic variants that contribute to Alzheimer’s pathology.
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| 9. |
- Eijsbouts, C., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide analysis of 53,400 people with irritable bowel syndrome highlights shared genetic pathways with mood and anxiety disorders
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53:11, s. 1543-1552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) results from disordered brain–gut interactions. Identifying susceptibility genes could highlight the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We designed a digestive health questionnaire for UK Biobank and combined identified cases with IBS with independent cohorts. We conducted a genome-wide association study with 53,400 cases and 433,201 controls and replicated significant associations in a 23andMe panel (205,252 cases and 1,384,055 controls). Our study identified and confirmed six genetic susceptibility loci for IBS. Implicated genes included NCAM1, CADM2, PHF2/FAM120A, DOCK9, CKAP2/TPTE2P3 and BAG6. The first four are associated with mood and anxiety disorders, expressed in the nervous system, or both. Mirroring this, we also found strong genome-wide correlation between the risk of IBS and anxiety, neuroticism and depression (rg > 0.5). Additional analyses suggested this arises due to shared pathogenic pathways rather than, for example, anxiety causing abdominal symptoms. Implicated mechanisms require further exploration to help understand the altered brain–gut interactions underlying IBS. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 10. |
- Momozawa, Y, et al.
(författare)
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IBD risk loci are enriched in multigenic regulatory modules encompassing putative causative genes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1, s. 2427-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- GWAS have identified >200 risk loci for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The majority of disease associations are known to be driven by regulatory variants. To identify the putative causative genes that are perturbed by these variants, we generate a large transcriptome data set (nine disease-relevant cell types) and identify 23,650 cis-eQTL. We show that these are determined by ∼9720 regulatory modules, of which ∼3000 operate in multiple tissues and ∼970 on multiple genes. We identify regulatory modules that drive the disease association for 63 of the 200 risk loci, and show that these are enriched in multigenic modules. Based on these analyses, we resequence 45 of the corresponding 100 candidate genes in 6600 Crohn disease (CD) cases and 5500 controls, and show with burden tests that they include likely causative genes. Our analyses indicate that ≥10-fold larger sample sizes will be required to demonstrate the causality of individual genes using this approach.
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| 15. |
- Tapia-Ruiz, Nuria, et al.
(författare)
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2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2515-7655. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness of the importance of developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain the ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on the availability of the transition metals used in the manufacturing of cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium, as well as its very suitable redox potential (close to that of lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous potential to be a counterpart to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in different application scenarios, such as stationary energy storage and low-cost vehicles. This potential is reflected by the major investments that are being made by industry in a wide variety of markets and in diverse material combinations. Despite the associated advantages of being a drop-in replacement for LIBs, there are remarkable differences in the physicochemical properties between sodium and lithium that give rise to different behaviours, for example, different coordination preferences in compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility of the solid-electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. This demands a more detailed study of the underlying physical and chemical processes occurring in sodium-ion batteries and allows great scope for groundbreaking advances in the field, from lab-scale to scale-up. This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in academia and industry of the current state of the art in 2021 and the different research directions and strategies currently underway to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges and opportunities, from the fundamental properties to the practical applications of this technology.
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| 16. |
- Sohler, D, et al.
(författare)
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Spectroscopy of neutron deficient Ge-65
- 1997
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0939-7922 .- 1431-5831. ; 357:3, s. 239-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excited states of 65Ge were populated via the 12C + 58Ni (261 MeV) reaction using the NORDBALL detector array equipped with charged-particle and neutron detector systems for reaction channel separation. On the basis of γγ-coincidence relations and angular distribution ratios a significantly extended level scheme was constructed up to E x = 9 MeV and J π = (33/2−). The low-energy states of the nucleus are discussed in the framework of the interacting boson-fermion model.
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| 18. |
- McGovern, Dermot P B, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 42:4, s. 332-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with a complex genetic and environmental etiology. In an effort to identify genetic variation underlying ulcerative colitis risk, we present two distinct genome-wide association studies of ulcerative colitis and their joint analysis with a previously published scan, comprising, in aggregate, 2,693 individuals with ulcerative colitis and 6,791 control subjects. Fifty-nine SNPs from 14 independent loci attained an association significance of P < 10(-5). Seven of these loci exceeded genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10(-8)). After testing an independent cohort of 2,009 cases of ulcerative colitis and 1,580 controls, we identified 13 loci that were significantly associated with ulcerative colitis (P < 5 x 10(-8)), including the immunoglobulin receptor gene FCGR2A, 5p15, 2p16 and ORMDL3 (orosomucoid1-like 3). We confirmed association with 14 previously identified ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci, and an analysis of acknowledged Crohn's disease loci showed that roughly half of the known Crohn's disease associations are shared with ulcerative colitis. These data implicate approximately 30 loci in ulcerative colitis, thereby providing insight into disease pathogenesis.
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| 20. |
- Bein, K, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic determinants of ammonia-induced acute lung injury in mice
- 2021
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Ingår i: American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 1522-1504 .- 1040-0605. ; 320:1, s. L41-L62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a genetically diverse panel of 43 mouse strains was exposed to ammonia, and genome-wide association mapping was performed employing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assembly. Transcriptomic analysis was used to help resolve the genetic determinants of ammonia-induced acute lung injury. The encoded proteins were prioritized based on molecular function, nonsynonymous SNP within a functional domain or SNP within the promoter region that altered expression. This integrative functional approach revealed 14 candidate genes that included Aatf, Avil, Cep162, Hrh4, Lama3, Plcb4, and Ube2cbp, which had significant SNP associations, and Aff1, Bcar3, Cntn4, Kcnq5, Prdm10, Ptcd3, and Snx19, which had suggestive SNP associations. Of these genes, Bcar3, Cep162, Hrh4, Kcnq5, and Lama3 are particularly noteworthy and had pathophysiological roles that could be associated with acute lung injury in several ways.
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| 21. |
- Chien, Yu-Chuan, et al.
(författare)
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Development of operando XRD coin cells for lithium-sulfur batteries
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries has been regarded as one of the promising technology for the next generation of rechargeable batteries due to its high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh/kg [1]). Several works [2–7] on operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the Li-S system have been published; however, their experimental setups showed one or more of the following drawbacks. First, the amount of electrolyte was often not reported or would be considered too high for a common Li-S cell, which has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the behavior of the system [8]. Another issue is the non-uniform stack pressure and electron conductivity of the operando cell setup, whose effects were found by both experiments and simulations [9].This work aims to tackle with the above-mentioned issues by modifying commercial coin cells and using X-ray transparent metal, beryllium, as the spacers. By doing so, the electron conductivity and stack pressure can be expected to be uniform throughout the electrodes. The amount of electrolyte can also be precisely controlled since no vacuum-sealing is required for coin cells. A preliminary diffraction pattern obtained with the cell setup can be seen in Fig. 1. With electrochemical properties similar to common Li-S cells, ‘online’ electrochemical characterization techniques, e.g. Intermittent Current Interruption (ICI) method for following cell resistance [10], will be applicable with operando XRD, revealing more information about this complex system.Figure 1 XRD patterns of alpha-S and electrode material in the modified coin cell.References[1] J. Tan, et al., Nanoscale (2017) 19001–19016.[2] J. Nelson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 6337–6343.[3] N.A. Cañas, et al., J. Power Sources 226 (2013) 313–319.[4] S. Waluś, et al., Chem. Commun. 49 (2013) 7899.[5] M. a. Lowe, et al., RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 18347.[6] J. Kulisch, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014) 18765–18771.[7] J. Conder, et al., Nat. Energy 2 (2017) 1–7.[8] M.J. Lacey, ChemElectroChem (2017) 1–9.[9] O.J. Borkiewicz, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (2015) 2081–2085.[10] M.J. Lacey, et al., Chem. Commun. 51 (2015) 16502–16505.
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| 22. |
- Chien, Yu-Chuan, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid determination of solid-state diffusion coefficients in Li-based batteries via intermittent current interruption method
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is considered the go-to method for determining the Li+ diffusion coefficients in insertion electrode materials. However, GITT-based methods are either time-consuming, prone to analysis pitfalls or require sophisticated interpretation models. Here, we propose the intermittent current interruption (ICI) method as a reliable, accurate and faster alternative to GITT-based methods. Using Fick’s laws, we prove that the ICI method renders the same information as the GITT within a certain duration of time since the current interruption. Via experimental measurements, we also demonstrate that the results from ICI and GITT methods match where the assumption of semi-infinite diffusion applies. Moreover, the benefit of the non-disruptive ICI method to operando materials characterization is exhibited by correlating the continuously monitored diffusion coefficient of Li+ in a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2-based electrode to its structural changes captured by operando X-ray diffraction measurements.
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| 23. |
- Chien, Yu-Chuan, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous Monitoring of Crystalline Active Materials and Resistance Evolution in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 142:3, s. 1449-1456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a valuable tool for studying secondary battery materials as it allows for the direct correlation of electrochemical behavior with structural changes of crystalline active materials. This is especially true for the lithium-sulfur chemistry, in which energy storage capability depends on the complex growth and dissolution kinetics of lithium sulfide (Li2S) and sulfur (S-8) during discharge and charge, respectively. In this work, we present a novel development of this method through combining operando XRD with simultaneous and continuous resistance measurement using an intermittent current interruption (ICI) method. We show that a coefficient of diffusion resistance, which reflects the transport properties in the sulfur/carbon composite electrode, can be determined from analysis of each current interruption. Its relationship to the established Warburg impedance model is validated theoretically and experimentally. We also demonstrate for an optimized electrode formulation and cell construction that the diffusion resistance increases sharply at the discharge end point, which is consistent with the blocking of pores in the carbon host matrix. The combination of XRD with ICI allows for a direct correlation of structural changes with not only electrochemical properties but also energy loss processes at a nonequilibrium state and, therefore, is a valuable technique for the study of a wide range of energy storage chemistries.
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| 24. |
- Chien, Yu-Chuan, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the Impact of Precipitation Kinetics on the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Operando X-ray Diffraction
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 126:6, s. 2971-2979
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The complex reaction mechanism of the lithium–sulfur battery system consists of re-petitive dissolution and precipitation of the sulfur-containing species in the positiveelectrode. In particular, the precipitation of lithium sulfide (Li2S) during discharge hasbeen considered a crucial factor for achieving a high degree of active material utiliza-tion. Here, the influence of electrolyte amount, electrode thickness, applied current andelectrolyte salt on the formation of Li2S is systematically investigated in a series ofoperando X-ray diffraction experiments. Through a combination of simultaneous dif-fraction and resistance measurements, the evolution of the intensity from Li2S is di-rectly correlated to the variation in internal resistance and transport properties insidethe positive electrode. The correlation indicates that at different stages, the Li2S precip-itation both facilitates and impedes the discharge process. The kinetic information ofLi2S formation offers mechanistic explanations for the strong impact of different elec-trochemical cell parameters on the performance and thus, directions for holistic optimi-zations to achieve high sulfur utilization.
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| 25. |
- Cladek, Bernadette R., et al.
(författare)
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In situ inelastic neutron scattering of mixed CH4–CO2 hydrates
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An abundant source of CH4 can be found in natural hydrate deposits. Recent demonstration of CH4 recovery from hydrates via CO2 exchange has revealed the potential as a fuel source that also provides a medium for carbon sequestration. It is vital to understand the structural and dynamic impacts of guest variation in CH4, CO2, and mixed hydrates and link the results to the stability of various deposits in nature, harvesting methane, and sequestering CO2. Molecular vibrations are examined in CH4, CO2, and mixed CH4-CO2 hydrates at 5 and 190 K and Xe hydrates for comparison. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is an ideal spectroscopy technique to observe the dynamic modes in the hydrate structure and enclathrated CH4, as it is extremely sensitive to 1H. The presence of CO2 in hydrates tightens the lattice. It introduces more active librational modes to the host lattice, while hindering the motion of CH4 in mixed CH4-CO2 hydrate at 5 K. At 190 K, a large broadening of the CH4 librational modes indicates disorder in the structure leading to dissociation.
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