| 1. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Benzoni, G., et al.
(författare)
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First Measurement of Beta Decay Half-lives in Neutron-rich Tl and Bi Isotopes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 715:4-5, s. 293-297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron-rich isotopes around lead, beyond N = 126, have been studied exploiting the fragmentation of an uranium primary beam at the FRS-RISING setup at GSI. For the first time beta-decay half-lives of Bi-219 and Tl-211,Tl-212,Tl-213 isotopes have been derived. The half-lives have been extracted using a numerical simulation developed for experiments in high-background conditions. Comparison with state of the art models used in r-process calculations is given, showing a systematic underestimation of the experimental values, at variance from close-lying nuclei. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Bruce, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Beta Decay of 102Y Produced in Projectile Fission of 238U
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6596 .- 1742-6588. ; 381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The population of 102Zr following the β decay of 102Y produced in the projectile fission of 238U at the GSI facility in Darmstadt, Germany has been studied. 102Y is known to ß decay into 102Zr via two states, one of high spin and the other low spin. These states preferentially populate different levels in the 102Zr daughter. In this paper the intensities of transitions in 102Zr observed are compared with those from the decay of the low-spin level studied at the TRISTAN facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory and of the high-spin level studied at the JOSEF separator at the Kernforschungsanlage Jülich.
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| 5. |
- Al-Dahan, N., et al.
(författare)
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Isomeric States In 208Hg And 209Tl Populated In Fragmentation Of 238U
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Physica Polonica. Series B: Elementary Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics, Statistical Physics, Theory of Relativity, Field Theory. - 0587-4254. ; 40:3, s. 871-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nuclear structure of neutron-rich N > 126 nuclei has been investigated following their production via relativistic projectile fragmentation of a E/A = 1 GeV U-238 beam on a Be target. The preliminary analysis indicates the presence of previously unreported isomeric states in the N = 128 isotones Hg-208 and Tl-209.
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| 6. |
- Al-Dahan, N., et al.
(författare)
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Multiple beta(-) decaying states in Re-194: Shape evolution in neutron-rich osmium isotopes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 85:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- beta decays from heavy, neutron-rich nuclei with A similar to 190 have been investigated following their production via the relativistic projectile fragmentation of an E/A = 1 GeV Pb-208 primary beam on a similar to 2.5 g/cm(2) Be-9 target. The reaction products were separated and identified using the GSI FRagment Separator (FRS) and stopped in the RISING active stopper. gamma decays were observed and correlated with these secondary ions on an event-by-event basis such that gamma-ray transitions following from both internal (isomeric) and beta decays were recorded. A number of discrete, beta-delayed gamma-ray transitions associated with beta decays from Re-194 to excited states in Os-194 have been observed, including previously reported decays from the yrast I-pi = (6(+)) state. Three previously unreported gamma-ray transitions with energies 194, 349, and 554 keV are also identified; these transitions are associated with decays from higher spin states in Os-194. The results of these investigations are compared with theoretical predictions from Nilsson multi-quasiparticle (MQP) calculations. Based on lifetime measurements and the observed feeding pattern to states in Os-194, it is concluded that there are three beta(-)-decaying states in Re-194.
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| 7. |
- Al-Dahan, N., et al.
(författare)
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Nuclear Structure "Southeast" of 208Pb: Isomeric states in 208Hg and 209Tl
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 80:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nuclear structure of neutron-rich N>126 nuclei has been investigated following their production via relativistic projectile fragmentation of a E/A=1 GeV U-238 beam. Metastable states in the N=128 isotones Hg-208 and Tl-209 have been identified. Delayed gamma-ray transitions are interpreted as arising from the decay of I-pi=(8(+)) and (17/2(+)) isomers, respectively. The data allow for the so far most comprehensive verification of the shell-model approach in the region determined by magic numbers Z < 82 and N>126.
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| 8. |
- Alkhomashi, N., et al.
(författare)
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Beta(-)-Delayed And Isomer Spectroscopy Of Neutron-Rich Ta And W Isotopes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Physica Polonica B. - 0587-4254. ; 40:3, s. 875-878
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decays of neutron-rich A similar to 190 nuclei have been studied following projectile fragmentation of a Pb-208 beam on a Be-9 target at the GSI Fragment Separator. Gamma-ray decays from previously reported isomeric states in Ta-188, W-190 and (192,193) Re were used as internal calibrations for the particle identification analysis, together with the identification of previously unreported isomeric decays in Ta-189 and W-191. The current work also identifies beta-delayed gamma rays following the decay of Ta-188 to W-188 for the first time.
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| 9. |
- Alkhomashi, N., et al.
(författare)
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beta(-)-delayed spectroscopy of neutron-rich tantalum nuclei: Shape evolution in neutron-rich tungsten isotopes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 80:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The low-lying structure of W-188,W-190,W-192 has been studied following beta decays of the neutron-rich mother nuclei Ta-188,Ta-190,Ta-192 produced following the projectile fragmentation of a 1-GeV-per-nucleon Pb-208 primary beam on a natural beryllium target at the GSI Fragment Separator. The beta-decay half-lives of Ta-188, Ta-190, and Ta-192 have been measured, with gamma-ray decays of low-lying states in their respective W daughter nuclei, using heavy-ion beta-gamma correlations and a position-sensitive silicon detector setup. The data provide information on the low-lying excited states in W-188, W-190, and W-192, which highlight a change in nuclear shape at W-190 compared with that of lighter W isotopes. This evolution of ground-state structure along the W isotopic chain is discussed as evidence for a possible proton subshell effect for the A similar to 190 region and is consistent with maximization of the gamma-softness of the nuclear potential around N similar to 116.
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| 10. |
- Bacelar, A. M. Denis, et al.
(författare)
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Angular Momentum Population In Fragmentation Reactions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Physica Polonica. Series B: Elementary Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics, Statistical Physics, Theory of Relativity, Field Theory. - 0587-4254. ; 40:3, s. 889-892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron-deficient nuclei with N = 126 have been populated following projectile fragmentation of a U-238 beam with energy 1 GeV/A. The decay of several previously reported isomers has been measured. This will allow us to calculate high-spin isomeric ratios and compare them with model calculations to allow a better understanding of the reaction mechanism.
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| 11. |
- Denis Bacelar, A.M., et al.
(författare)
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The population of metastable states as a probe of relativistic-energy fragmentation reactions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 723:4–5, s. 302-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isomeric ratios have been measured for high-spin states in Po-198,200,206,208(84), At-208,209,210,211(85), Rn-210,211,212,213,214(86), Fr-208,211,212,213,214(87), Ra-210,211,212,214,215(88), and Ac-215(89) following the projectile fragmentation of a 1 AGeV U-238 beam by a Be-9 target at GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung. The fragments were separated in the fragment separator (FRS) and identified by means of energy loss and time-of-flight techniques. They were brought to rest at the centre of the RISING gamma-ray detector array and intensities of gamma rays emitted in the decay of isomeric states with half-lives between 100 ns and 40 mu s and spin values up to 55/2 (h) over bar were used to obtain the corresponding isomeric ratios. The data are compared to theoretical isomeric ratios calculated in the framework of the abrasion-ablation model. Large experimental enhancements are obtained for high-spin isomers in comparison to expected values. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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Isomeric Decay Spectroscopy of the 217Bi Isotope
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 90:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of the neutron-rich bismuth isotope 217Bi has been studied for the first time. The fragmentation of a primary 238U beam at the FRS-RISING setup at GSI was exploited to perform γ-decay spectroscopy, since μs isomeric states were expected in this nucleus. Gamma rays following the decay of a t1/2=3 μs isomer were observed, allowing one to establish the low-lying structure of 217Bi. The level energies and the reduced electric quadrupole transition probability B(E2) from the isomeric state are compared to large-scale shell-model calculations.
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| 13. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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Isomers in Neutron-rich Lead Isotopes Populated via the Fragmentation of 238U at 1 GeV A
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6596 .- 1742-6588. ; 312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron-rich nuclei beyond N = 126 in the lead region were populated by fragmenting a 238U beam at 1 GeV A on a Be target and then separated by the Fragment Separator (FRS) at GSI. Their isomeric decays were observed, enabling study of the shell structure of neutron-rich nuclei around the Z=82 shell closure. Some preliminary results are reported in this paper.
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| 14. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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New Isomers in the Full Seniority Scheme of Neutron-rich Lead Isotopes: The Role of Effective Three-body Forces
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 109:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neutron-rich lead isotopes, up to Pb-216, have been studied for the first time, exploiting the fragmentation of a primary uranium beam at the FRS-RISING setup at GSI. The observed isomeric states exhibit electromagnetic transition strengths which deviate from state-of-the-art shell-model calculations. It is shown that their complete description demands the introduction of effective three-body interactions and two-body transition operators in the conventional neutron valence space beyond Pb-208.
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| 15. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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New Isomers in the Neutron-Rich Region Beyond 208Pb
- 2014
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Ingår i: EPJ Web of Conferences. - : EDP Sciences. - 2100-014X. - 9782759811755 - 9782759811762 ; 66, s. 02043-02043
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The region of neutron-rich nuclei beyond 208Pb has been very difficult to explore due to its high mass and exoticity. However, recent experimental improvements allowed one to perform a quite extended isomer decay spectroscopy of these nuclei.
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| 16. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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New spectroscopic information on 211,213Tl : A changing structure beyond the N=126 shell closure
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. - 2469-9985. ; 99:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neutron-rich isotopes 211,213Tl, beyond the N=126 shell closure, have been studied for the first time in isomer γ-ray decay, exploiting the fragmentation of a primary uranium beam at the Fragment Separator-Rare Isotopes Investigation at GSI setup. The observed isomeric states in 211,213Tl show a deviation from the seniority-like scheme of 209Tl. The possible interpretation of the data is discussed on the basis of energy-level systematics and shell-model calculations.
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| 17. |
- Gottardo, A., et al.
(författare)
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New μs Isomers in the Neutron-rich 210Hg Nucleus
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 725:4-5, s. 292-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron-rich nuclei in the lead region, beyond N = 126, have been studied at the FRS-RISING setup at GSI, exploiting the fragmentation of a primary uranium beam. Two isomeric states have been identified in Hg-210: the 8(+) isomer expected from the seniority scheme in the vg(9/2) shell and a second one at low spin and low excitation energy. The decay strength of the 8(+) isomer confirms the need of effective three-body forces in the case of neutron-rich lead isotopes. The other unexpected low-lying isomer has been tentatively assigned as a 3(-) state, although this is in contrast with theoretical expectations. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 18. |
- Lalkovski, S., et al.
(författare)
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Core-coupled states and split proton-neutron quasiparticle multiplets in Ag122-126
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 87:3, s. 034308-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron-rich silver isotopes were populated in the fragmentation of a Xe-136 beam and the relativistic fission of U-238. The fragments were mass analyzed with the GSI Fragment Separator and subsequently implanted into a passive stopper. Isomeric transitions were detected by 105 high-purity germanium detectors. Eight isomeric states were observed in Ag122-126 nuclei. The level schemes of Ag-122,Ag-123,Ag-125 were revised and extended with isomeric transitions being observed for the first time. The excited states in the odd-mass silver isotopes are interpreted as core-coupled states. The isomeric states in the even-mass silver isotopes are discussed in the framework of the proton-neutron split multiplets. The results of shell-model calculations, performed for the most neutron-rich silver nuclei are compared to the experimental data.
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| 19. |
- Morales, A. I., et al.
(författare)
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beta-delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy of Au-203,Au-204 and Pt200-202
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 88:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The beta decay of five heavy, neutron-rich nuclei, Pt-203,Pt-204 and Ir200-202, has been investigated following relativistic cold fragmentation reactions of lead projectiles using the FRS + RISING setup at GSI. This paper reports on the study of the low-lying states in the decay daughter nuclei Au-203,Au-204 and Pt200-202. The characteristic gamma rays for each nucleus have been determined using beta-delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy. Tentative level schemes, relative intensities, and apparent beta feedings are provided. These data are compared with shell-model calculations, which indicate a substantial contribution to the total beta strength from high-energy first-forbidden beta-decay transitions in this mass region.
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| 20. |
- Morales, A. I., et al.
(författare)
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beta -Delayed gamma -Ray Spectroscopy of Heavy Neutron Rich Nuclei "South" of Lead
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Physica Polonica B. - 0587-4254. ; 40:3, s. 867-870
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relativistic projectile fragmentation of a Pb-208 primary beam has been used to produce neutron-rich nuclei with proton-holes relative to the Z = 82 shell closure, i.e., "south" of Pb. beta-delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy allows to investigate the structural properties of such nuclei with A similar to 195 -> 205. The current work presents transitions de-exciting excited states in Au-204, which are the first spectroscopic information on this N = 125 isotone.
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| 21. |
- Morales, A I, et al.
(författare)
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Half-Life Systematics across the N=126 Shell Closure: Role of First-Forbidden Transitions in the β Decay of Heavy Neutron-Rich Nuclei.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 113:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Letter reports on a systematic study of β-decay half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei around doubly magic ^{208}Pb. The lifetimes of the 126-neutron shell isotone ^{204}Pt and the neighboring ^{200-202}Ir, ^{203}Pt, ^{204}Au are presented together with other 19 half-lives measured during the "stopped beam" campaign of the rare isotope investigations at GSI collaboration. The results constrain the main nuclear theories used in calculations of r-process nucleosynthesis. Predictions based on a statistical macroscopic description of the first-forbidden β strength reveal significant deviations for most of the nuclei with N<126. In contrast, theories including a fully microscopic treatment of allowed and first-forbidden transitions reproduce more satisfactorily the trend in the measured half-lives for the nuclei in this region, where the r-process pathway passes through during β decay back to stability.
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| 22. |
- Morales, A.I., et al.
(författare)
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β-decay Studies of Neutron-rich Tl, Pb, and Bi Isotopes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 89:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fragmentation of relativistic uranium projectiles has been exploited at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung laboratory to investigate the β decay of neutron-rich nuclei just beyond 208Pb. This paper reports on β-delayed γ decays of 211–213Tl, 215Pb, and 215–219Bi de-exciting states in the daughters 211–213Pb, 215Bi, and 215–219Po. The resulting partial level schemes, proposed with the help of systematics and shell-model calculations, are presented. The role of allowed Gamow-Teller and first-forbidden β transitions in this mass region is discussed.
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| 23. |
- Podolyak, Zs., et al.
(författare)
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Proton-hole excitation in the closed shell nucleus Au-205
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 672:2, s. 116-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neutron-rich N = 126 nucleus Au-205 has been populated following the relativistic energy projectile fragmentation of E/A = 1 GeV Pb-208, and studied via charged-particle decay spectroscopy. An internal decay with a transition energy of 907(5) keV and a half-life of T-1/2 = 6(2) s has been identified through the observation of the corresponding K and L internal conversion electron lines. The 907 keV energy level corresponds to the pi h(11/2)(-1) proton-hole state and decays both internally into the pi d(3/2)(-1) ground-state and via beta decay into Hg-205. The obtained data provides information on the evolution of single-proton hole energies which are vital inputs of shell model descriptions for nuclei around the Pb-208(82)126 doubly magic core. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Asselbergs, Folkert W., et al.
(författare)
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Large-Scale Gene-Centric Meta-analysis across 32 Studies Identifies Multiple Lipid Loci
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Human Genetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9297. ; 91:5, s. 823-838
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many SNPs underlying variations in plasma-lipid levels. We explore whether additional loci associated with plasma-lipid phenotypes, such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs), can be identified by a dense gene-centric approach. Our meta-analysis of 32 studies in 66,240 individuals of European ancestry was based on the custom similar to 50,000 SNP genotyping array (the ITMAT-Broad-CARe array) covering similar to 2,000 candidate genes. SNP-lipid associations were replicated either in a cohort comprising an additional 24,736 samples or within the Global Lipid Genetic Consortium. We identified four, six, ten, and four unreported SNPs in established lipid genes for HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, and TGs, respectively. We also identified several lipid-related SNPs in previously unreported genes: DGAT2, HCAR2, GPIHBP1, PPARG, and FTO for HDL-C; SOCS3, APOH, SPTY2D1, BRCA2, and VLDLR for LDL-C; SOCS3, UGT1A1, BRCA2, UBE3B, FCGR2A, CHUK, and INSIG2 for TC; and SERPINF2, C4B, GCK, GATA4, INSR, and LPAL2 for TGs. The proportion of explained phenotypic variance in the subset of studies providing individual-level data was 9.9% for HDL-C, 9.5% for LDL-C, 10.3% for TC, and 8.0% for TGs. This large meta-analysis of lipid phenotypes with the use of a dense gene-centric approach identified multiple SNPs not previously described in established lipid genes and several previously unknown loci. The explained phenotypic variance from this approach was comparable to that from a meta-analysis of GWAS data, suggesting that a focused genotyping approach can further increase the understanding of heritability of plasma lipids.
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| 25. |
- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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