| 1. |
- Akkerman, V., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of flame acceleration induced by wall friction in open tubes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics of Fluids. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666. ; 22:5, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spontaneous flame acceleration leading to explosion triggering in open tubes/channels due to wall friction was analytically and computationally studied. It was first demonstrated that the acceleration is affected when the thermal expansion across the flame exceeds a critical value depending on the combustion configuration. For the axisymmetric flame propagation in cylindrical tubes with both ends open, a theory of the initial (exponential) stage of flame acceleration in the quasi-isobaric limit was developed and substantiated by extensive numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and combustion with an Arrhenius reaction. The dynamics of the flame shape, velocity, and acceleration rate, as well as the velocity profile ahead and behind the flame, have been determined. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3425646]
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Akkerman, V., et al.
(författare)
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Flow-flame interaction in a closed chamber
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physics of Fluids. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666. ; 20:5, s. 21-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies of flame interaction with a single vortex and recent simulations of burning in vortex arrays in open tubes demonstrated the same tendency for the turbulent burning rate proportional to U-rms lambda(2/3), where U-rms is the root-mean-square velocity and lambda is the vortex size. Here, it is demonstrated that this tendency is not universal for turbulent burning. Flame interaction with vortex arrays is investigated for the geometry of a closed burning chamber by using direct numerical simulations of the complete set of gas-dynamic combustion equations. Various initial conditions in the chamber are considered, including gas at rest and several systems of vortices of different intensities and sizes. It is found that the burning rate in a closed chamber (inverse burning time) depends strongly on the vortex intensity; at sufficiently high intensities it increases with U-rms approximately linearly in agreement with the above tendency. On the contrary, dependence of the burning rate on the vortex size is nonmonotonic and qualitatively different from the law lambda(2/3). It is shown that there is an optimal vortex size in a closed chamber, which provides the fastest total burning rate. In the present work, the optimal size is six times smaller than the chamber height.
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| 4. |
- Akkerman, Vyacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of the Lewis and Markstein numbers effects on the flame acceleration in channels
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The effects of flame stretch and thermal/molecular diffusion on the flame acceleration in channels are quantified by means of the analytical and computational endeavours. The internal transport flame properties are accounted in the theory by means of the Markstein number, Mk. Being a positive or negative function of the thermal-chemical combustion parameters, such as the thermal expansion ratio and the Lewis and Zeldovich numbers, the Markstein number either moderates or promotes the flame acceleration. While Mk may provide a substantial impact on the flame acceleration rate in narrow channels, this effects diminishes with the increase of the channel width. The analysis is accompanied by extensive computational simulations of the Navier-Stokes combustion equations, which clarify the impact of the Lewis number on the flame acceleration. It is obtained that, for Le below a certain critical value, at the initial stage of flame acceleration, a globally-convex flame front is splits into two or more "fingers", accompanied by a drastic increase in the flame surface area and associated enhancement of the flame acceleration. Overall, the thermal-diffusive effects substantially facilitate the flame acceleration scenario, thereby advancing a potential deflagration-to-detonation transition.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Akkerman, Vyacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Self-similar accelerative propagation of expanding wrinkled flames and explosion triggering
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Review E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1539-3755 .- 1550-2376. ; 83, s. 026305-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formulation of Taylor on the self-similar propagation of an expanding spherical piston with constant velocity was extended to an instability-wrinkled deflagration front undergoing acceleration with RF∝tα, where RF is the instantaneous flame radius, t the time, and α a constant exponent. The formulation describes radial compression waves pushed by the front, trajectories of gas particles, and the explosion condition in the gas upstream of the front. The instant and position of explosion are determined for a given reaction mechanism. For a step-function induction time, analytic formulas for the explosion time and position are derived, showing their dependence on the reaction and flow parameters including thermal expansion, specific heat ratio, and acceleration of the front.
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| 7. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Accelerating flames in cylindrical tubes with nonslip at the walls
- 2006
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-2180 .- 1556-2921. ; 145:1-2, s. 206-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An analytical theory of flame acceleration in cylindrical tubes with one end closed is developed. It is shown that all realistic flames with a large density drop at the front accelerate exponentially because of the nonslip at the tube walls. Such acceleration mechanism is not limited in time and, eventually, it may lead to detonation triggering. It is found that the acceleration rate decreases with the Reynolds number of the flow. On the contrary, the acceleration rate grows with the thermal expansion of the burning matter. It is shown that the flame shape and the velocity profile remain self-similar during the flame acceleration. The theory is validated by extensive direct numerical simulations. The simulations are performed for the complete set of combustion and hydrodynamic equations including thermal conduction, diffusion, viscosity, and chemical kinetics. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the analytical theory.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Fast flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition in smooth and obstructed tubes, channels and slits
- 2013
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Ingår i: 8th US National Combustion Meeting 2013. - : Western States Section/Combustion Institute. - 9781627488426 ; , s. 970-978
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work is devoted to the comprehensive analytical, computational and experimental investigation of various stages of flame acceleration in narrow chambers. We consider mesoscale two-dimensional channels and cylindrical tubes, smooth and obstructed, and sub-millimeter gaps between two parallel plates. The evolution of the flame shape, propagation speed, acceleration rate, and velocity profiles nearby the flamefront are determined for each configuration, with the theories substantiated by the numerical simulations of the hydrodynamics and combustion equations with an Arrhenius reaction, and by the experiments on premixed hydrogen-oxygen and ethylene-oxygen flames. The detailed analyses demonstrate three different mechanisms of flame acceleration: 1) At the early stages of burning at the closed tube end, the flamefront acquires a finger-shape and demonstrates strong acceleration during a short time interval. While this precursor acceleration mechanism is terminated as soon as the flamefornt touches the side wall of the tube, having a little relation to the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) for relatively slow, hydrocarbon flames; for fast (e.g. hydrogen-oxygen) flames, even a short finger-flame acceleration may amplify the flame propagation speed up to sonic values, with an important effect on the subsequent DDT process. 2) On the other hand, the classical mechanism of flame acceleration due to wall friction in smooth tubes is basically unlimited in time, but it depends noticeably on the tube width such that the acceleration rate decreases strongly with the Reynolds number. The entire DDT scenario includes four distinctive stages: (i) initial exponential acceleration at the quasi-incompressible state; (ii) moderation of the process because of gas compression; (iii) eventual saturation to a quasisteady, high-speed flames correlated with the Chapman-Jouguet deflagration; (iv) finally, the heating of the fuel mixture leads to the explosion ahead of the flame front, which develops into a self-supporting detonation. 3) In addition, we have revealed a physical mechanism of extremely fast flame acceleration in channels/tubes with obstacles. Combining the "benefits" of 1) and 2), this new mechanism is based on delayed burning between the obstacles, creating a powerful jet-flow and thereby driving the acceleration, which is extremely strong and independent of the Reynolds number, so the effect can be fruitfully utilized at industrial scales. Understanding of this mechanism provides the guide for optimization of the obstacle shape, while this task required tantalizing cut-and-try methods previously. On the other hand, our formulation opens new technological possibilities of DDT in micro-combustion.
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| 10. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Flame oscillations in tubes with nonslip at the walls
- 2006
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-2180 .- 1556-2921. ; 145:4, s. 675-687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A laminar premixed flame front propagating in a two-dimensional tube is considered with nonslip at the walls and with both ends open. The problem of flame propagation is solved using direct numerical simulations of the complete set of hydrodynamic equations including thermal conduction, diffusion, viscosity, and chemical kinetics. As a result, it is shown that flame interaction with the walls leads to the oscillating regime of burning. The oscillations involve variations of the curved flame shape and the velocity of flame propagation. The oscillation parameters depend on the characteristic tube width, which controls the Reynolds number of the flow. In narrow tubes the oscillations are rather weak, while in wider tubes they become stronger with well-pronounced nonlinear effects. The period of oscillations increases for wider tubes, while the average flame length scaled by the tube diameter decreases only slightly with increasing tube width. The average flame length calculated in the present work is in agreement with that obtained in the experiments. Numerical results reduce the gap between the theory of turbulent flames and the experiments on turbulent combustion in tubes.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Theory of flame acceleration in open/vented obstructed pipes
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 Spring Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, ESSCI 2016. - : Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A shockless, conceptually-laminar formulation on extremely fast flame acceleration in semi-open obstructed pipes [Physical Review Letters 101 (2008) 164501; Combust. Flame 157 (2010) 1012], Refs. [8-9] is extended to pipes with both ends open/vented. The acceleration is devoted to a powerful jet-flow produced by delayed combustion in the pockets between the obstacles, and it leads to a prompt deflagration-to-detonation transition event. Starting with inviscid approximation, the analysis subsequently incorporates the viscous forces (hydraulic resistance). The theory is validated by the recent experiments [http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.6453], Ref. [11]. It is shown that hydraulic resistance is not required to drive the flame acceleration. In contrast, this is a supplementary effect, which actually moderates the acceleration rate. On the other hand, hydraulic resistance plays an important role: it is responsible for the initial delay, before the flame acceleration onset, observed in the experiments. It is demonstrated that flames accelerate strongly in open/vented obstructed pipes, and the acceleration mechanism is qualitatively the same as that in the semi-open ones. However, because of the flame-generated flow distributed upward and downward of the flame front, the acceleration rate in open pipes is noticeably less than that in the semi-open ones.
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| 13. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, 1981-
(författare)
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Turbulent burning, flame acceleration, explosion triggering
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis considers several important problems of combustion theory, which are closely related to each other: turbulent burning, flame interaction with walls in different geometries, flame acceleration and detonation triggering. The theory of turbulent burning is developed within the renormalization approach. The theory takes into account realistic thermal expansion of burning matter. Unlike previous renormalization models of turbulent burning, the theory includes flame interaction with vortices aligned both perpendicular and parallel to average direction of flame propagation. The perpendicular vortices distort a flame front due to kinematical drift; the parallel vortices modify the flame shape because of the centrifugal force. A corrugated flame front consumes more fuel mixture per unit of time and propagates much faster. The Darrieus-Landau instability is also included in the theory. The instability becomes especially important when the characteristic length scale of the flow is large. Flame interaction with non-slip walls is another large-scale effect, which influences the flame shape and the turbulent burning rate. This interaction is investigated in the thesis in different geometries of tubes with open / closed ends. When the tube ends are open, then flame interaction with non-slip walls leads to an oscillating regime of burning. Flame oscillations are investigated for different flame parameters and tube widths. The average increase in the burning rate in the oscillations is found. Then, propagating from a closed tube end, a flame accelerates according to the Shelkin mechanism. In the theses, an analytical theory of laminar flame acceleration is developed. The theory predicts the acceleration rate, the flame shape and the velocity profile in the flow pushed by the flame. The theory is validated by extensive numerical simulations. An alternative mechanism of flame acceleration is also considered, which is possible at the initial stages of burning in tubes. The mechanism is investigated using the analytical theory and direct numerical simulations. The analytical and numerical results are in very good agreement with previous experiments on “tulip” flames. The analytical theory of explosion triggering by an accelerating flame is developed. The theory describes heating of the fuel mixture by a compression wave pushed by an accelerating flame. As a result, the fuel mixture may explode ahead of the flame front. The explosion time is calculated. The theory shows good agreement with previous numerical simulations on deflagration-to-detonation transition in laminar flows. Flame interaction with sound waves is studied in the geometry of a flame propagating to a closed tube end. It is demonstrated numerically that intrinsic flame oscillations coming into resonance with acoustic waves may lead to violent folding of the flame front with a drastic increase in the burning rate. The flame folding is related to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability developing at the flame front in the oscillating acceleration field of the acoustic wave.
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| 14. |
- Akkerman, V’yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Turbulent flow produced by Piston Motion in a Spark-ignition engine
- 2009
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Ingår i: Flow Turbulence and Combustion. - : Springer. - 1386-6184 .- 1573-1987. ; 82:3, s. 317-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Turbulence produced by the piston motion in spark-ignition engines is studied by 2D axisymmetric numerical simulations in the cylindrical geometry as in the theoretical and experimental work by Breuer et al (Flow Turb. Combust. 74 (2005) 145, Ref. [1]). The simulations are based on the Navier-Stokes gas-dynamic equations including viscosity, thermal conduction and non-slip at the walls. Piston motion is taken into account as a boundary condition. The turbulent flow is investigated for a wide range of the engine speed, 1000-4000 rpm, assuming both zero and non-zero initial turbulence. The turbulent rms-velocity and the integral length scale are investigated in axial and radial directions. The rms-turbulent velocity is typically an order-of-magnitude smaller than the piston speed. In the case of zero initial turbulence, the flow at the top-dead-center may be described as a combination of two large-scale vortex rings of a size determined by the engine geometry. When initial turbulence is strong, then the integral turbulent length demonstrates self-similar properties in a large range of crank angles. The results obtained agree with the experimental observations of [1].
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| 15. |
- Akkerman, V'yacheslav, et al.
(författare)
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Velocity of weakly turbulent flames of finite thickness
- 2005
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Ingår i: Combustion theory and modelling. - Bristol : Institute of Physics Publ.. - 1364-7830 .- 1741-3559. ; 9:2, s. 323-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The velocity increase of a weakly turbulent flame of finite thickness is investigated using analytical theory developed in previous papers. The obtained velocity increase depends on the flow parameters: on the turbulent intensity, on the turbulent spectrum and on the characteristic length scale. It also depends on the thermal and chemical properties of the burning matter: thermal expansion, the Markstein number and the temperature dependence of transport coefficients. It is shown that the influence of the finite flame thickness is especially strong close to the resonance point, when the wavelength of the turbulent harmonic is equal to the cut off wavelength of the Darrieus-Landau instability. The velocity increase is almost independent of the Prandtl number. On the contrary, the Markstein number is one of the most important parameters controlling the velocity increase. The relative role of the external turbulence and the Darrieus-Landau instability for the velocity increase is studied for different parameters of the flow and the burning matter. The velocity increase for turbulent flames in methane and propane fuel mixtures is calculated for different values of the equivalence ratio. The present theoretical results are compared with previous experiments on turbulent flames. In order to perform the comparison, the theoretical results of the present paper are extrapolated to the case of a strongly corrugated flame front using the ideas of self-similar flame dynamics. The obtained theoretical results are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data, taking into account the uncertainties of both the theory and the experiments. It is shown that in many experiments on turbulent flames the Darrieus-Landau instability is more important for the flame velocity than the external turbulence.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Bilgili, Serdar, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of the Lewis and Markstein numbers on premixed flame acceleration in channels due to wall friction
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physics of fluids. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666. ; 34:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of flame stretch as well as that of thermal and molecular diffusion on the scenario of flame acceleration in channels are quantified by means of computational and analytical endeavors. The analytical formulation incorporates the internal transport flame properties into the theory of flame acceleration due to wall friction by means of the Markstein number, which characterizes the flame response to curvature and stretch. Being a positive or negative quantity and a function of the thermal-chemical combustion parameters, such as the thermal expansion ratio as well as the Lewis and Zeldovich numbers, the Markstein number either moderates or promotes flame acceleration. While the Markstein number may provide a substantial impact on the flame acceleration rate in narrow channels, this effect diminishes with increase in the channel width. The analytical formulation is accompanied by extensive computational simulations of the reacting flow equations, which clarify the impact of the Lewis number on flame acceleration. It is noted that for Lewis numbers below a certain critical value, at the initial stage of flame acceleration, a globally convex flame front splits into two or more finger-like segments, accompanied by a drastic increase in the flame front surface area and associated enhancement of flame acceleration. Later, however, these segments of the flame front meet, promptly consuming cavities and pockets, which substantially decreases the flame surface area and moderates acceleration. Eventually, this dynamics results in a single, globally convex flame, which keeps accelerating. Overall, the thermal-diffusive effects substantially facilitate flame acceleration, thereby advancing a potential deflagration-to-detonation transition.
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| 18. |
- Bychkov, Vitaly, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of flame acceleration in open or vented obstructed pipes
- 2017
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Ingår i: PHYSICAL REVIEW E. - 2470-0045 .- 2470-0053. ; 95:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While flame propagation through obstacles is often associated with turbulence and/or shocks, Bychkov et al. [V. Bychkov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 164501 (2008)] have revealed a shockless, conceptually laminar mechanism of extremely fast flame acceleration in semiopen obstructed pipes (one end of a pipe is closed; a flame is ignited at the closed end and propagates towards the open one). The acceleration is devoted to a powerful jet flow produced by delayed combustion in the spaces between the obstacles, with turbulence playing only a supplementary role in this process. In the present work, this formulation is extended to pipes with both ends open in order to describe the recent experiments and modeling by Yanez et al. [J. Yanez et al., arXiv: 1208.6453] as well as the simulations by Middha and Hansen [P. Middha and O. R. Hansen, Process Safety Prog. 27, 192 (2008)]. It is demonstrated that flames accelerate strongly in open or vented obstructed pipes and the acceleration mechanism is similar to that in semiopen ones (shockless and laminar), although acceleration is weaker in open pipes. Starting with an inviscid approximation, we subsequently incorporate hydraulic resistance (viscous forces) into the analysis for the sake of comparing its role to that of a jet flow driving acceleration. It is shown that hydraulic resistance is actually not required to drive flame acceleration. In contrast, this is a supplementary effect, which moderates acceleration. On the other hand, viscous forces are nevertheless an important effect because they are responsible for the initial delay occurring before the flame acceleration onset, which is observed in the experiments and simulations. Accounting for this effect provides good agreement between the experiments, modeling, and the present theory.
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| 19. |
- Bychkov, Vitaly, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion Phenomena in Modern Physics : I. Inertial Confinement Fusion
- 2015
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Ingår i: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1285 .- 1873-216X. ; 47, s. 32-59
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overarching objective of the present endeavor is to demonstrate the universal character of combustion phenomena for various areas of modern physics, focusing on inertial confinement fusion (ICF) in this review. We present the key features of laser deflagration, and consider the similarities and differences between the laser plasma flow and the slow combustion front. We discuss the linear stage of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in laser ablation, short-wavelength stabilization of the instability due to the mass flow, and demonstrate the importance of the concepts and methods of combustion science for an understanding of the corresponding ICF processes. We show the possibility of the Darrieus-Landau instability in the laser ablation flow and discuss the specific features of the instability at the linear and nonlinear stages as compared to the combustion counterpart of this phenomenon. We consider the nonlinear stage of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the ICF and generation of ultra-high magnetic field by the instability, and show that proper understanding of vorticity production in the laser plasma and, hence, of the magnetic field generation requires concepts from combustion science.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bychkov, Vitaly, et al.
(författare)
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Explosion triggering by an accelerating flame
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1063-651X .- 1095-3787. ; 73:6, s. 066305-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analytical theory of explosion triggering by an accelerating flame is developed. The theory describes the structure of a one-dimensional isentropic compression wave pushed by the flame front. The condition of explosion in the gas mixture ahead of the flame front is derived; the instant of the explosion is determined provided that a mechanism of chemical kinetics is known. As an example, it is demonstrated how the problem is solved in the case of a single reaction of Arrhenius type, controlling combustion both inside the flame front and ahead of the flame. The model of an Arrhenius reaction with a cutoff temperature is also considered. The limitations of the theory due to the shock formation in the compression wave are found. Comparison of the theoretical results to the previous numerical simulations shows good agreement.
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| 22. |
- Bychkov, Vitaly, et al.
(författare)
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Flame acceleration in the early stages of burning in tubes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - : Elsevier BV. - 1556-2921 .- 0010-2180. ; 150:4, s. 263-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acceleration of premixed laminar flames in the early stages of burning in long tubes is considered. The acceleration mechanism was suggested earlier by Clanet and Searby [Combust. Flame 105 (1996) 225]. Acceleration happens due to the initial ignition geometry at the tube axis when a flame develops to a finger-shaped front, with surface area growing exponentially in time. Flame surface area grows quite fast but only for a short time. The analytical theory of flame acceleration is developed, which determines the growth rate, the total acceleration time, and the maximal increase of the flame surface area. Direct numerical simulations of the process are performed for the complete set of combustion equations. The simulations results and the theory are in good agreement with the previous experiments. The numerical simulations also demonstrate flame deceleration, which follows acceleration, and the so-called '' tulip flames.'' (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute.
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| 23. |
- Bychkov, Vitaly, et al.
(författare)
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Gas compression moderates flame acceleration in deflagration-to-detonation transition
- 2012
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Ingår i: Combustion Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0010-2202 .- 1563-521X. ; 184:7-8, s. 1066-1079
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of gas compression at the developed stages of flame acceleration in smooth-wall and obstructed channels is studied. We demonstrate analytically that gas compression moderates the acceleration rate, and we perform numerical simulations within the problem of flame transition to detonation. It is shown that flame acceleration undergoes three distinctive stages: (1) initial exponential acceleration in the incompressible regime, (2) moderation of the acceleration process due to gas compression, so that the exponential acceleration state goes over to a much slower one, (3) eventual saturation to a steady (or statistically steady) high-speed deflagration velocity, which may be correlated with the Chapman-Jouguet deflagration speed. The possibility of deflagration-to-detonation transition is demonstrated.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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