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| 2. |
- Plainaki, C., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Global Unified Model of Europa’s Tenuous Atmosphere
- 2018
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 214:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the numerous modeling efforts of the past, our knowledge on the radiation-induced physical and chemical processes in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and on the exchange of material between the moon’s surface and Jupiter’s magnetosphere remains limited. In lack of an adequate number of in situ observations, the existence of a wide variety of models based on different scenarios and considerations has resulted in a fragmentary understanding of the interactions of the magnetospheric ion population with both the moon’s icy surface and neutral gas envelope. Models show large discrepancy in the source and loss rates of the different constituents as well as in the determination of the spatial distribution of the atmosphere and its variation with time. The existence of several models based on very different approaches highlights the need of a detailed comparison among them with the final goal of developing a unified model of Europa’s tenuous atmosphere. The availability to the science community of such a model could be of particular interest in view of the planning of the future mission observations (e.g., ESA’s JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, and NASA’s Europa Clipper mission). We review the existing models of Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and discuss each of their derived characteristics of the neutral environment. We also discuss discrepancies among different models and the assumptions of the plasma environment in the vicinity of Europa. A summary of the existing observations of both the neutral and the plasma environments at Europa is also presented. The characteristics of a global unified model of the tenuous atmosphere are, then, discussed. Finally, we identify needed future experimental work in laboratories and propose some suitable observation strategies for upcoming missions.
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| 3. |
- Zamora-Ros, R., et al.
(författare)
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Dietary intakes and food sources of phytoestrogens in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24-hour dietary recall cohort
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 66:8, s. 932-941
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Phytoestrogens are estradiol-like natural compounds found in plants that have been associated with protective effects against chronic diseases, including some cancers, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the dietary intake of phytoestrogens, identify their food sources and their association with lifestyle factors in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Single 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from 36 037 individuals from 10 European countries, aged 35-74 years using a standardized computerized interview programe (EPIC-Soft). An ad hoc food composition database on phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, enterolignans and equol) was compiled using data from available databases, in order to obtain and describe phytoestrogen intakes and their food sources across 27 redefined EPIC centres. RESULTS: Mean total phytoestrogen intake was the highest in the UK health-conscious group (24.9 mg/day in men and 21.1 mg/day in women) whereas lowest in Greece (1.3 mg/day) in men and Spain-Granada (1.0 mg/day) in women. Northern European countries had higher intakes than southern countries. The main phytoestrogen contributors were isoflavones in both UK centres and lignans in the other EPIC cohorts. Age, body mass index, educational level, smoking status and physical activity were related to increased intakes of lignans, enterolignans and equol, but not to total phytoestrogen, isoflavone or coumestan intakes. In the UK cohorts, the major food sources of phytoestrogens were soy products. In the other EPIC cohorts the dietary sources were more distributed, among fruits, vegetables, soy products, cereal products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high variability in the dietary intake of total and phytoestrogen subclasses and their food sources across European regions.
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| 7. |
- Aleksandrovskii, A.N., et al.
(författare)
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On the polyamorphism of fullerite-based orientational glasses.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Low Temperature Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 1063-777X .- 1090-6517. ; 31:5, s. 429-444
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dilatometric investigation in the temperature range of 2–28 K shows that a first-orderpolyamorphous transition occurs in the orientational glasses based on C60 doped with H2, D2 andXe. A polyamorphous transition was also detected in C60 doped with Kr and He. It is observed thatthe hysteresis of thermal expansion caused by the polyamorphous transition (and, hence, the transitiontemperature) is essentially dependent on the type of doping gas. Both positive and negativecontributions to the thermal expansion were observed in the low-temperature phase of the glasses.The relaxation time of the negative contribution occurs to be much longer than that of the positivecontribution. The positive contribution is found to be due to phonon and libron modes, whilst thenegative contribution is attributed to tunneling states of the C60 molecules. The characteristictime of the phase transformation from the low-T phase to the high-T phase has been found for theC60–H2 system at 12 K. A theoretical model is proposed to interpret these observed phenomena.The theoretical model proposed, includes a consideration of the nature of polyamorphism inglasses, as well as the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transition. A model of noninteractingtunneling states is used to explain the negative contribution to the thermal expansion. The experimentaldata obtained is considered within the framework of the theoretical model. From the theoreticalmodel the order of magnitude of the polyamorphous transition temperature has been estimated.It is found that the late stage of the polyamorphous transformation is described well by theKolmogorov law with an exponent of n = 1. At this stage of the transformation, the two-dimensionalphase boundary moves along the normal, and the nucleation is not important.
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| 8. |
- Prokhvatilov, A.I., et al.
(författare)
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Hysteretic phenomena in Xe-doped C60 from X-ray diffraction
- 2005
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Ingår i: Low Temperature Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 1063-777X .- 1090-6517. ; 31:5, s. 585-589
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycrystalline fullerite C60 intercalated with Xe atoms at 575 K and a pressure of 200 MPa was studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The integrated intensities of a few brighter reflections have been utilized to evaluate the occupancy of the octahedral interstitial sites in C60 crystals, which turned out to be (34±4)%, and in good agreement with another independent estimate. It is found that reflections of the (h00) type become observable in Xe-doped C60. The presence of xenon in the octahedral sites affects both the orientational phase transition as well as the glassification process, decreasing both characteristic temperatures as well as smearing the phase transition over a greater temperature range. Considerable hysteretic phenomena have been observed close to the phase transition and the glassification temperature. The signs of the two hysteresis loops are opposite. There is reliable evidence that at the lowest temperatures studied the thermal expansion of the doped crystal is negative under cool-down.
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| 12. |
- Cassidy, A, et al.
(författare)
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Critical review of health effects of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in post-menopausal women
- 2006
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Ingår i: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0029-6651. ; 65:1, s. 76-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A consensus view of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in clinical interventions in post-menopausal women is presented that is based on data from the EU-funded project Phytohealth. The phyto-oestrogens, primarily genistein and daidzein, were given as soyabean-protein isolates, whole-soyabean foods or extracts, supplements or pure compounds. A comprehensive literature search was conducted with well-defined inclusion or exclusion criteria. For areas for which substantial research exists only placebo-controlled double-blind randomised controlled trials (RCT) conducted on healthy post-menopausal women were included. For emerging areas all available human studies in post-menopausal women were reviewed. In order to make cross comparisons between studies the doses of isoflavones were calculated as aglycone equivalents. There is a suggestion, but no conclusive evidence, that isoflavones from the sources studied so far have a beneficial effect on bone health. The consumption of whole-soyabean foods and soyabean-protein isolates has some beneficial effects on lipid markers of cardiovascular risk. The consumption of isolated isoflavones does not affect blood lipid levels or blood pressure, although it may improve endothelial function. For menopausal symptoms there is currently limited evidence that soyabean-protein isolates, soyabean foods or red-clover (Trifolium pratense L.) extract are effective but soyabean isoflavone extracts may be effective in reducing hot flushes. There are too few RCT studies to reach conclusions on the effects of isoflavones on breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes or cognitive function. The health benefits of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in healthy post-menopausal women are subtle and even some well-designed studies do not show protective effects. Future studies should focus on high-risk post-menopausal women, especially in the areas of diabetes, CVD, breast cancer and bone health.
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| 15. |
- Foley, Jonathan A., et al.
(författare)
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Solutions for a cultivated planet
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 478:7369, s. 337-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
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| 16. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
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El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues]
- 2021
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Ingår i: Anuario de psicología jurídica. - : Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid. - 1133-0740 .- 2174-0542. ; 32:1, s. 115-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
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| 18. |
- Garcia-Larsen, V., et al.
(författare)
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Dietary intake of flavonoids and ventilatory function in european adults: A GA2LEN study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - Basel : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Flavonoids exert anti-inflammatory properties and modulate oxidative stress in vitro, suggesting a protective effect on lung function, but epidemiological studies examining this association are scarce. Methods: A stratified random sample was drawn from the GA2LEN screening survey, in which 55,000 adults aged 15 to 75 answered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. Post-bronchodilator spirometry was obtained from 2850 subjects. Forced vital capacity (FVC), the ratio between the forced exhaled volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FVC (FEV1/FVC), FVC below lower limit of normal (FVC < LLN), and FEV1/FVC < LLN were calculated. Intake of the six main subclasses of flavonoids was estimated using the GA2LEN Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adjusted associations between outcomes and each subclass of flavonoids were examined with multivariate regressions. Simes’ procedure was used to test for multiple comparisons. Results: A total of 2599 subjects had valid lung function and dietary data. A lower prevalence of FVC < LLN (airway restriction) was observed in those with higher total flavonoid (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), higher vs. lowest quintile intake 0.58, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.36, 0.94), and pro-anthocyanidin intakes (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.27, 0.81). A higher FEV1/FVC was associated with higher intakes of total flavonoids and pro-anthocyanidins (adjusted correlation coefficient (a β-coeff 0.33, 0.10, 0.57 and a β-coeff 0.44, 95% CI 0.19, 0.69, respectively). After Simes’ procedure, the statistical significance of each of these associations was attenuated but remained below 0.05, with the exception of total flavonoids and airway restriction. Conclusions: This population-based study in European adults provides cross-sectional evidence of a positive association of total flavonoid intake and pro-anthocyanidins and ventilatory function, and a negative association with spirometric restriction in European adults. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 19. |
- Gurevich, A.M., et al.
(författare)
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Low temperature heat capacity of fullerite C60 doped with nitrogen
- 2006
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Ingår i: Low Temperature Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 1063-777X .- 1090-6517. ; 32:10, s. 967-969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The heat capacity C-m of polycrystalline fullerite C-60 doped with nitrogen is measured in the temperature interval 2-13 K. The contributions to the heat capacity from translational lattice vibrations (Debyc contribution), from orientational vibrations of the C-60 molecules (Einstein contribution), and from the motion of the N-2 molecules in the octahedral cavities of the C-60 lattice are estimated. However, no indications of the first-order phase transformation detected earlier in a dilatometric investigation of the N-2-C-60 orientational glass are found (beyond the experimental error limits). A possible explanation for this fact is proposed.
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| 20. |
- Litt, Dana M., et al.
(författare)
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A cross-cultural comparison of factors associated with marijuana use among college students in the United States and Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: The international journal of alcohol and drug research. - : Ohio State University Press. - 1925-7066. ; 9:2, s. 52-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Marijuana is a popular drug among U.S. college students. In Sweden, the prevalence of marijuana use has been relatively low but is increasing. Brief, personalized interventions have been efficacious in reducing substance use, including marijuana, among college students in the U.S. However, prior to implementation of U.S. interventions in Sweden, it is important to compare factors associated with marijuana use among college students in the two countries. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data are from baseline assessments of two large college student intervention studies in the U.S. (N = 3,753, 39% male) and Sweden (N = 2,280, 35% male). Measures: Past 30-day prevalence and frequency of marijuana use was analyzed in regard to relevant demographic factors. The moderating role of nationality was also examined. Findings: Results support previous findings indicating marijuana use is more common in the U.S. than in Sweden. Most demographic factors were similar across the countries, except for relationship status and work status, in which associations with number of marijuana use days (but not odds of any marijuana use) were stronger for Swedish college students compared to U.S. college students. Conclusions: Based on overall similarities between the U.S. and Sweden, comparable interventions might be recommended in both countries.
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| 24. |
- Subarkah, D., et al.
(författare)
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Unraveling the histories of Proterozoic shales through in situ Rb-Sr dating and trace element laser ablation analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Geology. - : Geological Society of America. - 0091-7613 .- 1943-2682. ; 50:1, s. 66-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Authigenic components in marine sediments are important archives for past environment reconstructions. However, defining reliable age constraints and assessing the effects of post depositional overprints in Precambrian sequences are challenging. We demonstrate a new laser-based analytical approach that has the potential to rapidly and accurately evaluate the depositional and alteration histories of Proterozoic shales. Our study employs a novel application of in situ Rb-Sr dating coupled with simultaneous trace-element analysis using reaction-cell laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS/MS). We present results from shales sourced from two wells in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia. These rocks have been widely used by previous studies as a key section for ancient biogeochemical and paleo-redox reconstructions. Shales from well UR5 yielded initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios, Rb-Sr ages, and rare earth element plus yttrium (REEY) patterns similar to those of a dolerite sampled from the same core. We propose that the UR5 samples chronicle hydrothermal alteration instigated by the dolerite intrusion. In contrast, a correlative shale from well UR6 yielded an age consistent with the expected depositional age (1577 +/- 56 Ma) with REEY and initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios similar to ca. 1.5 Ga seawater. We suggest that this sample records the minimum depositional age and early marine diagenetic history for this unit. This new technique can date Proterozoic shales quickly, cheaply, and with minimum sample preparation. Importantly, ages are triaged to differentiate between those recording primary marine versus secondary processes. This novel approach provides a potentially powerful tool for dating and fingerprinting the vast array of ancient marine shales for further studies of Earth systems through deep time.
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