| 1. |
- Kanai, M, et al.
(författare)
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- 2023
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 2. |
- Niemi, MEK, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 3. |
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Overview of the JET results
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 55:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Meyer, H.F., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of physics studies on ASDEX Upgrade
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 59:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme, jointly run with the EUROfusion MST1 task force, continues to significantly enhance the physics base of ITER and DEMO. Here, the full tungsten wall is a key asset for extrapolating to future devices. The high overall heating power, flexible heating mix and comprehensive diagnostic set allows studies ranging from mimicking the scrape-off-layer and divertor conditions of ITER and DEMO at high density to fully non-inductive operation (q 95 = 5.5, ) at low density. Higher installed electron cyclotron resonance heating power 6 MW, new diagnostics and improved analysis techniques have further enhanced the capabilities of AUG. Stable high-density H-modes with MW m-1 with fully detached strike-points have been demonstrated. The ballooning instability close to the separatrix has been identified as a potential cause leading to the H-mode density limit and is also found to play an important role for the access to small edge-localized modes (ELMs). Density limit disruptions have been successfully avoided using a path-oriented approach to disruption handling and progress has been made in understanding the dissipation and avoidance of runaway electron beams. ELM suppression with resonant magnetic perturbations is now routinely achieved reaching transiently . This gives new insight into the field penetration physics, in particular with respect to plasma flows. Modelling agrees well with plasma response measurements and a helically localised ballooning structure observed prior to the ELM is evidence for the changed edge stability due to the magnetic perturbations. The impact of 3D perturbations on heat load patterns and fast-ion losses have been further elaborated. Progress has also been made in understanding the ELM cycle itself. Here, new fast measurements of and E r allow for inter ELM transport analysis confirming that E r is dominated by the diamagnetic term even for fast timescales. New analysis techniques allow detailed comparison of the ELM crash and are in good agreement with nonlinear MHD modelling. The observation of accelerated ions during the ELM crash can be seen as evidence for the reconnection during the ELM. As type-I ELMs (even mitigated) are likely not a viable operational regime in DEMO studies of 'natural' no ELM regimes have been extended. Stable I-modes up to have been characterised using -feedback. Core physics has been advanced by more detailed characterisation of the turbulence with new measurements such as the eddy tilt angle - measured for the first time - or the cross-phase angle of and fluctuations. These new data put strong constraints on gyro-kinetic turbulence modelling. In addition, carefully executed studies in different main species (H, D and He) and with different heating mixes highlight the importance of the collisional energy exchange for interpreting energy confinement. A new regime with a hollow profile now gives access to regimes mimicking aspects of burning plasma conditions and lead to nonlinear interactions of energetic particle modes despite the sub-Alfvénic beam energy. This will help to validate the fast-ion codes for predicting ITER and DEMO.
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| 5. |
- Stroth, U., et al.
(författare)
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Progress from ASDEX Upgrade experiments in preparing the physics basis of ITER operation and DEMO scenario development
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 62:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An overview of recent results obtained at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is given. A work flow for predictive profile modelling of AUG discharges was established which is able to reproduce experimental H-mode plasma profiles based on engineering parameters only. In the plasma center, theoretical predictions on plasma current redistribution by a dynamo effect were confirmed experimentally. For core transport, the stabilizing effect of fast ion distributions on turbulent transport is shown to be important to explain the core isotope effect and improves the description of hollow low-Z impurity profiles. The L-H power threshold of hydrogen plasmas is not affected by small helium admixtures and it increases continuously from the deuterium to the hydrogen level when the hydrogen concentration is raised from 0 to 100%. One focus of recent campaigns was the search for a fusion relevant integrated plasma scenario without large edge localised modes (ELMs). Results from six different ELM-free confinement regimes are compared with respect to reactor relevance: ELM suppression by magnetic perturbation coils could be attributed to toroidally asymmetric turbulent fluctuations in the vicinity of the separatrix. Stable improved confinement mode plasma phases with a detached inner divertor were obtained using a feedback control of the plasma β. The enhanced D α H-mode regime was extended to higher heating power by feedback controlled radiative cooling with argon. The quasi-coherent exhaust regime was developed into an integrated scenario at high heating power and energy confinement, with a detached divertor and without large ELMs. Small ELMs close to the separatrix lead to peeling-ballooning stability and quasi continuous power exhaust. Helium beam density fluctuation measurements confirm that transport close to the separatrix is important to achieve the different ELM-free regimes. Based on separatrix plasma parameters and interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence, an analytic model was derived that reproduces the experimentally found important operational boundaries of the density limit and between L- and H-mode confinement. Feedback control for the X-point radiator (XPR) position was established as an important element for divertor detachment control. Stable and detached ELM-free phases with H-mode confinement quality were obtained when the XPR was moved 10 cm above the X-point. Investigations of the plasma in the future flexible snow-flake divertor of AUG by means of first SOLPS-ITER simulations with drifts activated predict beneficial detachment properties and the activation of an additional strike point by the drifts.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Pfeifer, H., et al.
(författare)
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Standardisation and consensus guidelines for minimal residual disease assessment in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph plus ALL) by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of e1a2 BCR-ABL1
- 2019
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Ingår i: Leukemia. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0887-6924 .- 1476-5551. ; 33:8, s. 1910-1922
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Minimal residual disease (MRD) is a powerful prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is used for patient stratification and treatment decisions, but its precise role in Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL is less clear. This uncertainty results largely from methodological differences relating to the use of real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure BCR-ABL1 transcript levels for MRD analysis. We here describe the first results by the EURO-MRD consortium on standardization of qRT-PCR for the e1a2 BCR-ABL1 transcript in Ph + ALL, designed to overcome the lack of standardisation of laboratory procedures and data interpretation. Standardised use of EAC primer/probe sets and of centrally prepared plasmid standards had the greatest impact on reducing interlaboratory variability. In QC1 the proportion of analyses with BCR-ABL1/ABL1 ratios within half a log difference were 40/67 (60%) and 52/67 (78%) at 10(-3) and 36/67 (53%) and 53/67 (79%) at 10(-4)BCR-ABL1/ABL1. Standardized RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and cycler platforms did not improve results further, whereas stringent application of technical criteria for assay quality and uniform criteria for data interpretation and reporting were essential. We provide detailed laboratory recommendations for the standardized MRD analysis in routine diagnostic settings and in multicenter clinical trials for Ph + ALL.
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| 9. |
- Harrison, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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An international study of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) : cytogenetic characterization and outcome
- 2014
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Ingår i: Leukemia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0887-6924 .- 1476-5551. ; 28:5, s. 1015-1021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) defines a distinct cytogenetic subgroup of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). To date, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), with probes specific for the RUNX1 gene, provides the only reliable detection method (five or more RUNX1 signals per cell). Patients with iAMP21 are older (median age 9 years) with a low white cell count. Previously, we demonstrated a high relapse risk when these patients were treated as standard risk. Recent studies have shown improved outcome on intensive therapy. In view of these treatment implications, accurate identification is essential. Here we have studied the cytogenetics and outcome of 530 iAMP21 patients that highlighted the association of specific secondary chromosomal and genetic changes with iAMP21 to assist in diagnosis, including the gain of chromosome X, loss or deletion of chromosome 7, ETV6 and RB1 deletions. These iAMP21 patients when treated as high risk showed the same improved outcome as those in trial-based studies regardless of the backbone chemotherapy regimen given. This study reinforces the importance of intensified treatment to reduce the risk of relapse in iAMP21 patients. This now well-defined patient subgroup should be recognised by World Health Organisation (WHO) as a distinct entity of BCP-ALL.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Cazzaniga, C., et al.
(författare)
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First measurement of the VESUVIO neutron spectrum in the 30-80 MeV energy range using a Proton Recoil Telescope technique
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 8, s. P11008-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of the fast neutron energy spectrum at the ISIS spallation source are reported. The measurements were performed with a Proton Recoil Telescope consisting of a thin plastic foil placed in the neutron beam and two scintillator detectors. Results in the neutron energy range 30 MeV < E-n < 80 MeV are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the neutron spectrum.
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| 13. |
- Muraro, A., et al.
(författare)
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Neutron radiography as a non-destructive method for diagnosing neutron converters for advanced thermal neutron detectors
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 1748-0221. ; 11:C03033
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the well-known problem of He-3 shortage, a series of different thermal neutron detectors alternative to helium tubes are being developed, with the goal to find valid candidates for detection systems for the future spallation neutron sources such as the European Spallation Source (ESS). A possible He-3-free detector candidate is a charged particle detector equipped with a three dimensional neutron converter cathode (3D-C). The 3D-C currently under development is composed by a series of alumina (Al2O3) lamellas coated by 1 mu m of B-10 enriched boron carbide (B4C). In order to obtain a good characterization in terms of detector efficiency and uniformity it is crucial to know the thickness, the uniformity and the atomic composition of the B4C neutron converter coating. In this work a non-destructive technique for the characterization of the lamellas that will compose the 3D-C was performed using neutron radiography. The results of these measurements show that the lamellas that will be used have coating uniformity suitable for detector applications. This technique (compared with SEM, EDX, ERDA, XPS) has the advantage of being global (i.e. non point-like) and non-destructive, thus it is suitable as a check method for mass production of the 3D-C elements.
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| 14. |
- Cazzaniga, C., et al.
(författare)
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Light response of YAP:Ce and LaBr3:Ce scintillators to 4-30 MeV protons for applications to Telescope Proton Recoil neutron spectrometers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 820, s. 85-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The light response of two thin inorganic scintillators based on YAP:Ce and LaBr3:Ce crystals has been measured with protons in the 4-8 MeV energy range at the Uppsala tandem accelerator and in the 826 MeV energy range at the Legnaro tandem accelerator. The crystals have been calibrated in situ with Cs-137 and Co-60 gamma-ray sources. The relative light yields of protons with respect to gammas have been measured and are here reported to be (96 +/- 2)% and (80 +/- 2)% for YAP:Ce and LaBr3:Ce, respectively. The results open up to the development of a Telescope Proton Recoil spectrometer based on either of the two crystals as alternative to a silicon based spectrometer for applications to high neutron fluxes.
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| 15. |
- Cazzaniga, C., et al.
(författare)
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Single crystal diamond detector measurements of deuterium-deuterium and deuterium-tritium neutrons in Joint European Torus fusion plasmas
- 2014
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 85:4, s. 043506-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First simultaneous measurements of deuterium-deuterium (DD) and deuterium-tritium neutrons from deuterium plasmas using a Single crystal Diamond Detector are presented in this paper. The measurements were performed at JET with a dedicated electronic chain that combined high count rate capabilities and high energy resolution. The deposited energy spectrum from DD neutrons was successfully reproduced by means of Monte Carlo calculations of the detector response function and simulations of neutron emission from the plasma, including background contributions. The reported results are of relevance for the development of compact neutron detectors with spectroscopy capabilities for installation in camera systems of present and future high power fusion experiments.
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| 16. |
- Cazzaniga, C., et al.
(författare)
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Thin YAP:Ce and LaBr3:Ce scintillators as proton detectors of a thin-film proton recoil neutron spectrometer for fusion and spallation sources applications
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 751, s. 19-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two thin inorganic scintillators based on YAP and LaBr3 crystals (1 in, diameter x 0.1 in, height) have been used for proton measurements at the Uppsala tandem accelerator in the energy range 4-8 MeV. Measurements show a comparable good energy resolution for the two detectors, better than 2% (FWHM) for 8 MeV protons, which compares to 3.8% (LaBr3) and 3.7% (YAP) obtained at the 1.3 MeV peak of a Co-60 gamma-ray source. The main advantages of these crystals are a fast scintillation time (less than 30 ns), an excellent light yield and the capability to operate in large neutron background, which make them ideal candidates as proton detectors of a thin-film proton recoil neutron spectrometer for application on fusion experiments and fast neutron spallation sources.
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| 17. |
- Cazzaniga, Marina E., et al.
(författare)
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Metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer patients : towards an expert consensus on nab-paclitaxel treatment in HER2-negative tumoursthe MACBETH project
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0344-5704 .- 1432-0843. ; 83:2, s. 301-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Despite the large use of nab-paclitaxel as a treatment option in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) across different countries, no definitive data are available in particular clinical situations.Areas covered: Efficacy, safety and schedule issues concerning available literature on nab-paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer and in specific subgroups of patients have been discussed and voted during an International Expert Meeting. Ten expert specialists in oncology, with extensive clinical experience on Nab-P and publications in the field of MBC have been identified. Six scientific areas of interest have been covered, generating 13 specific Statements for Nab-P, after literature review. For efficacy issues, a summary of research quality was performed adopting the GRADE algorithm for evidence scoring. The panel members were invited to express their opinion on the statements, in case of disagreement all the controversial opinions and the relative motivations have been made public.Expert opinion: Consensus was reached in 30.8% of the Nab-P statements, mainly those regarding safety issues, whereas ones regarding efficacy and schedule still remain controversial areas, requiring further data originated by the literature.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Eriksson, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Dual sightline measurements of MeV range deuterons with neutron and gamma-ray spectroscopy at JET
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 55:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observations made in a JET experiment aimed at accelerating deuterons to the MeV range by third harmonic radio-frequency (RF) heating coupled into a deuterium beam are reported. Measurements are based on a set of advanced neutron and gamma-ray spectrometers that, for the first time, observe the plasma simultaneously along vertical and oblique lines of sight. Parameters of the fast ion energy distribution, such as the high energy cut-off of the deuteron distribution function and the RF coupling constant, are determined from data within a uniform analysis framework for neutron and gamma-ray spectroscopy based on a one-dimensional model and by a consistency check among the individual measurement techniques. A systematic difference is seen between the two lines of sight and is interpreted to originate from the sensitivity of the oblique detectors to the pitch-angle structure of the distribution around the resonance, which is not correctly portrayed within the adopted one dimensional model. A framework to calculate neutron and gamma-ray emission from a spatially resolved, two-dimensional deuteron distribution specified by energy/pitch is thus developed and used for a first comparison with predictions from ab initio models of RF heating at multiple harmonics. The results presented in this paper are of relevance for the development of advanced diagnostic techniques for MeV range ions in high performance fusion plasmas, with applications to the experimental validation of RF heating codes and, more generally, to studies of the energy distribution of ions in the MeV range in high performance deuterium and deuterium-tritium plasmas.
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| 20. |
- Giacomelli, L., et al.
(författare)
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Overview on the progress of the conceptual studies of a gamma ray spectrometer instrument for DEMO
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 1748-0221. ; 17:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future DEMO tokamak will be equipped with a suite of diagnostics which will operate as sensors to monitor and control the position and operation parameters of DT plasmas. Among the suite of sensors, an integrated neutron and gamma-ray diagnostic system is also studied to verify its capability and performance in detecting possible DEMO plasma position variations and contribute to the feedback system in maintaining DEMO DT plasma in stable conditions. This work describes the progress of the conceptual study of the gamma-ray diagnostic for DEMO reactor performed during the first Work-Package contract 2015-2020. The reaction of interest for this Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument (GRSI) consists of D(T, gamma)He-5 with the emission of 16.63 MeV gamma rays. Due to DEMO tokamak design constraints, the gamma and neutron diagnostics are integrated, both featuring multi-line of sight (camera type), viewing DEMO plasma radially with vertical (12) and horizontal (13) viewing lines to diagnose the. and neutron emission from the DT plasma poloidal section. The GRSI design is based on the investigation of the reaction cross sections, on the calculations performed with GENESIS and MCNP simulation codes and on the physics and geometry constrains of the integrated instrument. GRSI features long collimators which diameters are constrained by the neutron flux at the neutron detectors of the Radial Neutron Camera (RNC) system placed in front, which are key to control DEMO DT plasma position. For these reasons, only few GRSI parameters can be independently selected to optimize its performance. Among these, the choice of the collimator diameters at the back side of the neutron detector box up to the GRSI detector, the use of LiH neutron attenuators in front of the GRSI detectors, the GRSI detector material and shielding. The GRSI detector is based on commercial LaBr3(Ce) inorganic scintillating crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube or a silicon photomultiplier. They are designed to operate at high count rate although GRSI geometry constraints severely impact on this feature. The GRSI can also provide an independent assessment of DEMO DT fusion power and T burning.
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| 21. |
- Jacobsen, A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Velocity-space sensitivities of neutron emission spectrometers at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade in deuterium plasmas
- 2017
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 88:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future fusion reactors are foreseen to be heated by the energetic alpha particles produced in fusion reactions. For this to happen, it is important that the energetic ions are sufficiently confined. In present day fusion experiments, energetic ions are primarily produced using external heating systems such as neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. In order to diagnose these fast ions, several different fast-ion diagnostics have been developed and implemented in the various experiments around the world. The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are given by so-called weight functions. Here instrument-specific weight functions are derived for neutron emission spectrometry detectors at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade for the 2.45 MeV neutrons produced in deuterium-deuterium reactions in deuterium plasmas. Using these, it is possible to directly determine which part of velocity space each detector observes.
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| 22. |
- Nocente, M., et al.
(författare)
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Fast ion energy distribution from third harmonic radio frequency heating measured with a single crystal diamond detector at the Joint European Torus
- 2015
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 86:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron spectroscopy measurements with a single crystal diamond detector have been carried out at JET, for the first time in an experiment aimed at accelerating deuterons to MeV energies with radio frequency heating at the third harmonic. Data are interpreted by means of the expected response function of the detector and are used to extract parameters of the highly non-Maxwellian distribution function generated in this scenario. A comparison with observations using a time of flight and liquid scintillator neutron spectrometers is also presented. The results demonstrate the capability of diamond detectors to contribute to fast ion physics studies at JET and are of more general relevance in view of the application of such detectors for spectroscopy measurements in the neutron camera of next step tokamak devices.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Salewski, M., et al.
(författare)
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Bayesian Integrated Data Analysis of Fast-Ion Measurements by Velocity-Space Tomography
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fusion science and technology. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC. - 1536-1055 .- 1943-7641. ; 74:1-2, s. 23-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bayesian integrated data analysis combines measurements from different diagnostics to jointly measure plasma parameters of interest such as temperatures, densities, and drift velocities. Integrated data analysis of fast-ion measurements has long been hampered by the complexity of the strongly non-Maxwellian fast-ion distribution functions. This has recently been overcome by velocity-space tomography. In this method two-dimensional images of the velocity distribution functions consisting of a few hundreds or thousands of pixels are reconstructed using the available fast-ion measurements. Here we present an overview and current status of this emerging technique at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak and the JET toamak based on fast-ion D-alpha spectroscopy, collective Thomson scattering, gamma-ray and neutron emission spectrometry, and neutral particle analyzers. We discuss Tikhonov regularization within the Bayesian framework. The implementation for different types of diagnostics as well as the uncertainties are discussed, and we highlight the importance of integrated data analysis of all available detectors.
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| 25. |
- Salewski, M., et al.
(författare)
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MeV-range velocity-space tomography from gamma-ray and neutron emission spectrometry measurements at JET
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 57:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate the measurement of a 2D MeV-range ion velocity distribution function by velocity-space tomography at JET. Deuterium ions were accelerated into the MeV-range by third harmonic ion cyclotron resonance heating. We made measurements with three neutron emission spectrometers and a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer detecting the gamma-rays released in two reactions. The tomographic inversion based on these five spectra is in excellent agreement with numerical simulations with the ASCOT-RFOF and the SPOT-RFOF codes. The length of the measured fast-ion tail corroborates the prediction that very few particles are accelerated above 2 MeV due to the weak wave-particle interaction at higher energies.
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