| 1. |
- Azar, Goudarz, et al.
(författare)
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Organizational innovation, technological innovation, and export performance : The effects of innovation radicalness and extensiveness
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 26:2, s. 324-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on the relevance of different types of innovation for firms' export performance. Despite ample research on the innovation performance relationship, previous studies have mainly focused on technological innovations, leaving the effects of organizational innovations relatively unexplored. Hypotheses on the relationship between organizational and technological innovations and firm export performance are tested by structural equation modelling using data from 218 Swedish export ventures. The results indicate that organizational innovation enhances export performance both directly and indirectly by sustaining technological innovation. Moreover, by fine-graining our analysis of the mediating role of technological innovation, according to its radicalness and extensiveness, for organizational innovation, we show how the latter enhances both the radicalness and extensiveness of technological innovation although, notably, only extensiveness is actually beneficial for export performance. This study helps alleviate the scarcity of research examining the links among different types of innovation in relation to export performance and contributes to international business and marketing literature by generating new evidence regarding the mechanisms through which organizational and technological innovations may improve export performance.
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| 2. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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A network perspective on the reshoring process : The relevance of the home- and the host-country contexts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 70, s. 156-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While research on reshoring generally focuses on the host-country to explain why a company brings its previously offshored activities back home, this paper stresses the relevance also of the home-country context. Specifically, relying on the IMP (Industrial Marketing & Purchasing) perspective we show how offshoring and reshoring processes and decisions are both enabled and constrained by the micro-interactions and inter-dependencies in the industrial networks stretching over the home-country and the host-country. This work relies on a longitudinal case study about an Italian manufacturing firm to develop a model indicating how offshoring/reshoring is a long-term process which unfolds depending both on the focal firm's strategy and on its interplay with the embedding network. Next to this interactive process perspective, we contribute to the literature on reshoring and the global factory also the concept of "selective reshoring", whereby companies bring back a very specific sub-set of activities, which were previously fine-sliced and offshored, and re-embed these activities in their local home context. The more flexible and selective nature of this relocation of activities between different supply markets depends both on the firm's strategy and on the structure, overlap and evolution of the network elements located in the home- and host-country contexts.
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| 3. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic incentives for the development of new antibiotics : Report commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Sweden
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report responds to a request by the Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten) concerning which incentives for antibiotics research and development (R&D) Sweden should take into consideration for potential public investments. Based on discussions and interviews with experts, feedback from stakeholders (i.e. potential recipients of Swedish incentives), company case studies and computer-based Monte Carlo simulations, this report provides a set of recommendations about the economic incentives that can be relevant for Sweden.The incentives identified for Sweden’s portfolio meet the following criteria: improving Sweden’s visibility in the antibiotics field, reinforcing Sweden’s national R&D infrastructure in this area, leveraging Sweden’s strengths and traditions, limiting the public expenditure per incentive, permitting rapid implementation and effects, providing highly needed support to the antibiotic pipeline in unique ways, and granting Sweden a key contribution and thus influence on the design and direction of each incentive.Based on these criteria, a Market Entry Reward (MER) was not considered a viable alternative for Sweden if implemented by Sweden alone, especially because of its demanding financial engagement (close to 1 B USD), which is necessary for this incentive to produce relevant effects on the antibiotics R&D pipeline. However, if Sweden were to decide to pilot an MER, it should focus on a fully delinked MER, which entirely substitutes market sales with lump sums paid on a yearly basis. An MER should moreover be financed primarily from the healthcare budget to avoid crowding out other incentives. A fully delinked MER would allow testing several features of this incentive model, such as the evaluation procedures to set the overall amount of the MER, the definition of the unit prizes to be paid by local healthcare facilities to the central government, and periodic reviews to reassess the amount of yearly lump-sum payments according to the confirmed therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotic.If Sweden were to collaborate with other countries, such as the G20 group or the 28 EU members, a reasonable amount for its share is 6 or 23 M USD, respectively, for a partially delinked MER and 9 or 34 M USD, respectively, for a fully delinked MER. There are, however, ways to combine push and pull incentives, which are quicker and more efficient than an MER, namely combinations of grants with milestone prizes, which are rewards paid to developers upon the successful completion of key R&D steps (e.g. Phase 1 clinical studies). In addition to producing better effects for the money spent, a combination of milestone prizes and grants also prevents large MERs from crowding out push investments as well as recipients such as small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs), who usually cannot wait for a reward that is delayed until the final approval of an antibiotic.The recommended portfolio of incentives for Sweden includes three incentives: grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators, to be used in combination with each other as a way to cover the antibiotics R&D pipeline and achieve important synergies. The following features should be considered when implementing and funding the three selected incentives:1) Grants should be dedicated to early R&D projects (no later than Phase 2) and to reinforcing the national R&D infrastructure, with a longer-term perspective than the current 3-year timeframe. In this regard, Sweden should maintain and possibly increase its current yearly investments in antibiotics R&D grants of approximately 7 M USD/year (60 M SEK) over several years. These investments will pay off in the long run, both in terms of molecules that will enter the future R&D pipeline; and as a stock of competencies spread over an infrastructure of specialised R&D centres that can be leveragedfor future antibiotics research. These competences must be built up immediately and the seeds for future R&D projects need to be planted as soon as possible.2) Two types of milestone prizes should be in focus for Sweden: first, a prize awarding a sum between 10 and 20 M USD at the end of Clinical Phase 1 to highly innovative molecules addressing specific pathogens and, second, a prize for projects successfully completing preclinical steps. Establishing a prize at the end of Clinical Phase 1 is a much needed and unique initiative, with significant effects on the early R&D pipeline, granting also strong international visibility to Sweden. Sweden could also take major responsibility for such a milestone prize by covering a relatively large share. The other recommended milestone prize, awarded at the end of the preclinical steps, would help refill the clinical pipeline and would therefore have more of a long-term effect.3) Pipeline Coordinators, that is, organizations that take an active role in selecting and supporting a portfolio of antibiotics R&D projects in various ways, are the last recommended incentive. Selecting among currently existing Pipeline Coordinators rather than creating a new one, Sweden should fund two types of such organizations: R&D Collaborations, which create collaboration platforms to perform early development activities for the antibiotic projects they support, and Non-Profit Developers, who conduct their own antibiotic projects with the aim of bringing antibiotics to market but without pursuing profit goals. The first type of Pipeline Coordinator, R&D Collaborations, is relevant for a Swedish public investment because they are potentially the most efficient incentive in making R&D projects profitable. However, to fully exploit this potential, R&D Collaborations must be refined to become more flexible, reduce bureaucratic burden and avoid conflicts between participants.Non-Profit Developers provide the most extensive support to selected products by intervening across the entire antibiotic pipeline to ensure products reach the market. Moreover, this model strongly promotes both global availability and responsible use (stewardship). Therefore, Sweden may fund Non-Profit Developers through its international aid budget and in this way make important contributions to global health.Both types of Pipeline Coordinators also offer the advantage that they can help connect Swedish antibiotics R&D centres to international platforms, which reinforce the effects of infrastructure-related grants. Moreover, all forms of Pipeline Coordinators are incentive models that can be used as tools to manage the other two incentives (grants and milestone prizes). In this capacity, they can, for instance, evaluate grant applications and the antibiotic projects eligible for milestone prizes, which require a deep insight into the details of a drug development project.A fourth model, regulatory simplifications, which radically cut costs and times for Clinical Phase 3, can also be relevant for Sweden due to its contained costs, rapid implementation and effects and connection with Sweden’s expertise. However, this incentive requires further analysis to fully grasp its implications for regulators and patient safety before being recommended for implementation.The three incentives recommended by this report – grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators – should be used in combination to exploit the synergies between them and their ability to push and pull molecules in different phases of the R&D pipeline. For instance, when grants and milestones are used together, the public investment per approved new antibiotic is lower than the combined spending if the two incentives were used in isolation. If it is not possible to introduce and use the three incentives simultaneously, the following priorities should be applied: first of all, grants need to be kept at current levels and possibly increased to fund both single antibiotic projects and competence development in the R&D infrastructure, while starting to invest in a Non-Profit Developer and a milestone prize at the end of Phase 1, followed by the development and funding of R&D Collaborations and, finally, a preclinical milestone prize.
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| 4. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Ekonomiska incitamentsmodeller för utveckling av nya antibiotika : Rapport på uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten utreder vi i denna rapport en rad incitamentsmodeller för forskning och utveckling (FoU) av antibiotika som kan vara aktuella för en svensk offentlig investering. Baserat på diskussioner och intervjuer med experter, återkoppling från intressenter (d.v.s. potentiella mottagare av svenska incitament), företagsfallstudier och datorbaserade Monte Carlo-simuleringar lämnar rapporten rekommendationer kring de ekonomiska modeller som Sverige bör investera i. De incitamentsmodeller som valdes ut för den svenska portföljen uppfyller följande kriterier: de kan öka Sveriges visibilitet och förbättra den nationella FoU-infrastrukturen i antibiotikafältet, de bygger på Sveriges styrkor och tradition i detta fält, de innefattar begränsade investeringar, de kan införas och ge resultat relativt snabbt, de tillfredsställer på ett unikt sätt viktiga behov i antibiotikapipelinen, och de ger Sverige en möjlighet att spela en avgörande roll i själva skapandet och inriktningen av incitamentet. I enlighet med dessa kriterier, bedömdes att en ”Market Entry Reward” (MER) inte är genomförbar för Sverige ensamt. Det beror främst på att det krävs ett stort finansiellt åtagande (närmare 1 miljard USD) för att ett incitament som en MER ska kunna ge relevanta resultat på pipelinen. Om Sverige trots detta skulle välja att pilottesta en MER på egen hand, borde ett sådant försök fokusera på en s.k. ”totalt losskopplad” MER (Fully Delinked), vilket betyder att MER helt och hållet ersätter marknadsförsäljningen och istället ger fasta årliga utbetalningar till utvecklaren. En MER borde primärt finansieras via sjukvårdsbudgeten för att undvika undanträngningseffekter mot incitament i andra utgiftsområden. En totalt losskopplad MER skulle tillåta testning av flera olika aspekter såsom utvärderingsprocessen för att bestämma det totala värdet på en MER, internprissättning till sjukhus för att återfinansiera de statliga betalningarna, samt regelbundna mellanlägesrevideringar av årliga betalningar beroende på resistensläget. Om Sverige skulle samarbeta med andra länder, som exempelvis G20 eller EU:s medlemsländer, skulle en rimlig storlek på den svenska andelen vara 6 respektive 23 miljoner USD för en partiellt losskopplad MER, och 9 respektive 34 miljoner USD för en totalt losskopplad MER. Det finns dock andra sätt att kombinera push- och pull-incitament som är mer effektiva och snabbare än en MER, nämligen en rad kombinationer av ”grants” (forskningsanslag) och ”milestone prizes”, där det senare är belöningar som betalas ut till utvecklare när de framgångsrikt avslutar viktiga steg i sin FoU (t.ex. Fas 1 i kliniska studier). Förutom bättre effekter per investerat belopp, undviker en kombination av ”grants” och ”milestone prizes” dessutom att stora MER tränger undan push investeringar och mottagare såsom små- och medelstora företag (SMEs) som vanligtvis inte kan vänta på ett incitament ända tills det slutgiltiga godkännandet av ett antibiotikum. Den föreslagna incitamentportföljen för Sverige omfattar tre incitament: ”grants”, ”milestone prizes” och ”Pipeline Coordinators”. Dessa tre incitament skall användas tillsammans för att säkerställa att hela FoU-pipelinen för antibiotika stödjs och att viktiga synergier skapas. Följande aspekter borde tas i beaktning vid implementering och finansiering av de tre valda incitamenten: 1) ”Grants” borde riktas mot tidiga FoU-projekt (fram till Fas 2) och att förstärka den nationella FoUinfrastrukturen, med ett tidsperspektiv som ska vara längre än den nuvarande 3-åriga tidsramen. Det är viktigt att Sverige bibehåller och om möjligt höjer sina nuvarande årliga investeringar i ”grants” för FoU om antibiotika på cirka 60 miljoner SEK/år (7 M USD) och att dessa investeringar får fortsätta över många år i framtiden. Investeringarna kommer att ge långsiktiga effekter både i form av nya molekyler som kan fylla på den framtida FoU-pipelinen och genom fördjupade kompetenser, exempelvis i form av en nationell forskningsinfrastruktur bestående av specialiserade FoU-centra som kan utnyttjas i framtida antibiotikaforskning. Det bör understrykas att man inte kan fördröja dessa investeringar eftersom den här typen av kompetenser behöver byggas omedelbart och frön för framtida FoU-projekt behöver sås i detta nu. 2) Två typer av ”milestone prizes” borde implementeras av Sverige. Först och främst ett ”prize” som delar ut mellan 10 och 20 miljoner USD (bedömningar gjorda av de små företagen i fallstudien) vid slutet av klinisk Fas 1 som bör riktas mot höginnovativa molekyler mot specifika patogener. Därutöver bör ett ”prize” tilldelas projekt som framgångsrikt avslutar de prekliniska stegen. Att inrätta ett ”prize” vid slutet av klinisk Fas 1 skulle vara ett nödvändigt och unikt initiativ, som förutom starka effekter på den tidiga FoU-pipelinen dessutom skulle ge Sverige en stark internationell visibilitet. Genom att finansiera en större del av detta ”milestone prize” skulle Sverige ta ett stort ansvar för att aktivt skapa dessa mycket viktiga incitament. Det andra rekommenderade ”milestone prize”, som delas ut vid slutet av de prekliniska stegen, skulle bidra till att fylla på den kliniska pipelinen och skulle därmed ha mera långsiktiga effekter. 3) ”Pipeline Coordinators”, d.v.s. organisationer som på flera sätt tar en aktiv roll i att välja och stödja en portfölj av FoU-projekt om antibiotika, är det sista rekommenderade incitamentet. Snarare än att skapa en ny ”Pipeline Coordinator”, borde Sverige välja bland de som redan finns och finansiera följande två typer av sådana organisationer: ”R&D Collaborations”, som skapar samarbetsplattformar för att genomföra tidiga FoU aktiviteter för de projekten de stödjer, och ”Nonprofit Developers”, som genomför egna antibiotikaprojekt i syftet att föra nya antibiotika hela vägen till marknaden, dock utan vinstintressen. Den första typen av ”Pipeline Coordinator”, ”R&D Collaborations” är relevant för Sverige att investera i eftersom det handlar om den incitamentsmodell som potentiellt är mest effektiv i att skapa lönsamma FoU projekt. Men för att kunna utnyttja denna potential fullt ut behöver ”R&D Collaborations” vidareutvecklas för att bli mer flexibla samt minska byråkrati och konflikter mellan deltagarna. ”Non-profit Developers” är å andra sidan den modell som erbjuder det mest omfattande stödet till utvalda produkter genom att agera över hela antibiotikapipelinen för att se till att dessa produkter når marknadslansering. Dessutom, ger denna modell starkt stöd gällande global tillgång och ansvarsfull användning (”stewardship”). Därför, skulle Sverige kunna finansiera ”Non-profit Developers” via sin internationella biståndsbudget och därmed även ge ett viktigt bidrag till global hälsa. Båda typer av ”Pipeline Coordinators” har fördelen att de kan hjälpa att koppla svenska FoU-centra för antibiotika till internationella plattformar, vilket skulle förstärka effekterna av infrastrukturrelaterade ”grants”. Dessutom, är alla sorters ”Pipeline Coordinators” incitamentsmodeller som kan användas som verktyg för att styra övriga två incitament (”grants” och ”milestone prizes”). Tack vare denna förmåga, kan de utvärdera ansökningar till ”grants” och de antibiotikaprojekt som är berättigade till ”milestone prizes”, vilket kräver både djupa och detaljerade kunskaper i specifika antibiotikaprojekt. Utöver dessa tre incitamentsmodeller kan även en fjärde modell vara relevant: ”regulatory simplifications”. Denna modell innefattar regulatoriska förenklingar som radikalt sänker kostnader och tider för kliniska Fas 3-studier. Modellen kan vara relevant för Sverige tack vare att kostnaderna är begränsade, implementeringen och effekterna snabba samt att det finns en koppling till svensk expertis. Trots dessa fördelar, kräver detta incitament fortfarande vidare analyser för att fullt ut förstå dess implikationer för regelverket och patientsäkerhet innan den kan rekommenderas för implementering. De tre incitamenten som rekommenderas i denna rapport – ”grants”, ”milestone prizes” och ”Pipeline Coordinators” – bör användas tillsammans i särskilda kombinationer för att utnyttja synergierna mellan dem och deras förmåga att både trycka (”push”) och dra (”pull) molekylerna i olika faser i FoU-pipelinen. Dessa synergier innebär att när exempelvis ”grants” och ”milestone prizes” används samtidigt, blir den offentliga investeringen för varje nytt antibiotikum lägre än den sammanlagda investeringen om de två incitamenten används separat. Om det skulle vara omöjligt att införa och använda de tre incitamenten samtidigt, borde följande prioriteringsordning tillämpas: först och främst behöver nuvarande nivåer på ”grants” bibehållas och om möjligt höjas för att finansiera både enskilda projekt om FoU om antibiotika och för utveckling av kompetenser samt för FoU-infrastruktur, medan investeringar påbörjas i en ”Non-profit Developer” och i en ”milestone prize” vid slutet av Fas 1, följd av vidareutveckling och finansiering av ”R&D Collaborations” och slutligen av ett prekliniskt ”milestone prize”.
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| 5. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Managing interorganizational interactions for social impact : A study of two antibiotics R&D networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 141, s. 264-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper relies on a comparative case study of two antibiotics R&D networks, ENABLE and CARB-X, to understand how interorganizational interactions can be managed to achieve social impact. In particular, we investigate (1) how particular management mechanisms and interorganizational interactions relate to the network's intended social impact, and (2) how these management mechanisms influence interorganizational interactions. We find that (1) the intended social impact influences the choice of management mechanisms from the very start of a partnership and orients the kind of interactions occurring within the network, and (2) that management mechanisms can shape the interactions unfolding in the network, but that the structural elements of these interactions also make these mechanisms more or less applicable to the network. We contribute to the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) view with a model of managing networks building on the three concepts of: intended social impact, management mechanisms, and interorganizational interactions.
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| 6. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of business networks on foreign subsidiaries development : Internationalizing by surfing on several global factories
- 2018
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 12:3, s. 427-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore two specific areas pertaining to industrial networks and international business (IB). First, the authors look at how business relationships influence the internationalization in time, from the establishment of the first subsidiary in a foreign market to the following ones, and in space, that is, across different markets. Second, the authors investigate how an increasing external network dependence of subsidiaries in their internationalization may cause a detachment of a subsidiary from the mother company as its knowledge becomes insufficient to guide a subsidiary's internationalization.Design/methodology/approach: This paper utilizes an exploratory, longitudinal, single-case study of Loccioni - a manufacturer of measuring and automatic control systems for industrial customers - to illustrate the specific dynamics of the influences of industrial networks on the internationalization of subsidiaries.Findings: The case study helps to elucidate the roles, entailing also free will and own initiative, of small suppliers' subsidiaries which operate inside several global factories, and how surfing on many different global factories, by means of several local subsidiaries, actually supports these suppliers' own international developments. This notion adds to our understanding of the global factory phenomenon a supplier focus that stresses how the role of suppliers is not merely that of being passive recipients of activities and directions from a focal orchestrating firm, but can also be that of initiative-takers themselves.Originality/value: The paper contributes to the IMP tradition by providing a multi-layered and geographically more fine-grained view of the network embedding companies that operate on internationalized markets. This paper thereby sheds light on a less investigated area of research within the IMP tradition: the link between internationalization in different countries and the interconnectedness between the industrial networks spanning these countries. At the same time, this paper contributes to IB theories by showing how a late-internationalizing SME can enter highly international markets by plugging into several established Global Factories as a way to exploit further opportunities for international expansion.
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| 7. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, Professor, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The pros and cons of reshoring to address the problems of shortages in global pharmaceutical value chains : the case of antibiotics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2398-5364 .- 2398-5372. ; 16:3, s. 618-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Antibiotics shortages have become an increasingly common problem in Europe because of several reasons, including the offshoring of the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients for many of these products to low production cost countries, such as China and India. The problem has deteriorated because of the Covid-19 crisis that has put most global value chains (GVCs) under great stress. This situation has boosted extensive discussions among academics, practitioners and policymakers on possible changes to the configuration of GVCs. This paper aims to focus specifically on antibiotics supply chains from the perspective of a small country (Sweden), and analyse the pros and cons of backshoring and nearshoring alternatives, as a means to reduce drug shortages.Design/methodology/approach: This work adopts a systemic perspective to capture the implications of reshoring for the different stakeholders involved in the antibiotics field. The present meso-analysis, focusing at the industry level, is based on multiple sources of primary data collected between 2014 and 2021, including participation in policy-related projects and interviews with over 100 representatives of key stakeholders in the antibiotics field.Findings: This paper shows how reshoring can address the problems of drug shortages and reduce availability risk in antibiotics’ GVCs. However, the authors show that no simple and best solution exists because both alternatives of reshoring, i.e. backshoring and nearshoring, entail pros and cons for different stakeholders. The authors conclude with implications for policymakers and managers.Research limitations/implications: The analysis of pros and cons of both backshoring and nearshoring for various stakeholders offers relevant implications for research on operations and supply management, international business and economics/political science.Originality/value: This paper looks at reshoring as a policy-driven decision and provides an innovative systemic perspective to analyse the implications for different stakeholders of two reshoring options concerning the antibiotics supply chain.
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| 8. |
- Barbieri, Paolo, et al.
(författare)
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What do we know about manufacturing reshoring?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2398-5364 .- 2398-5372. ; 11:1, s. 79-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze and classify research that has been conducted on manufacturing reshoring, i.e. the decision to bring back to the home country production activities earlier offshored, independently of the governance mode (insourcing vs outsourcing). Consequently, the paper also aims at providing avenues for future research and to highlight the distinct value of studying manufacturing reshoring either per se or in combination with other constructs of the international business tradition.Design/methodology/approach: A set of 57 carefully selected articles on manufacturing reshoring published in international journals or books indexed on Scopus in the past 10 years was systematically analyzed based on the “5Ws and 1H” (who-what-where-when-why and how) set of questions.Findings: The authors’ work shows a certain convergence among authors regarding what reshoring is and what its key features and motivations are. In contrast, other related aspects, such as the decision-making and implementation processes, are comparatively less understood.Research limitations/implications: As manufacturing reshoring is a “recent” topic, for some of its aspects, only exploratory research is available to date, limiting the authors’ possibility to either characterize it in a more exhaustive way or highlight well-established patterns.Practical implications: The paper demonstrates that studying reshoring will indeed contribute to expanding our understanding of internationalization processes and strategies in general and of production internationalization specifically. While past studies have argued that the learning derived from international experience would permit firms to overcome their unfamiliarity with new business environments, reshoring might show that this outcome is not necessarily certain. Rather, firms might not be able to overcome obstacles because of internationalization or they might realize that attempting to do so is not desirable, e.g. because of excessive risk or changes in the firm’s strategic priorities.Social implications: From a societal point of view, the present research underlines that reshoring can be part of that re-industrialization policy that many Western countries include in their economic agenda – yet, its impact on employment should not be overestimated, as often relocation is only in regard to some product lines. At the same time, there might be an intimate relationship between reshoring and the various forms of technological innovations applied to manufacturing – which has become popularly labeled as “Industry 4.0”.Originality/value: Literature reviews proposed until now usually paid almost exclusive attention to motivations driving this phenomenon. This paper offers a broader and more comprehensive examination of the extant knowledge of manufacturing reshoring and identifies the main unresolved issues and knowledge gaps, which future research should investigate.
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| 9. |
- Bellini, Diego, et al.
(författare)
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A metamodel for competence assessment Co.SMO competences software management for organizations
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Training and Development. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2046-9012 .- 2046-9020. ; 45:6/7, s. 603-616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This paper aims to propose an explorative metamodel of the key organizational competences management and presents a Web-based tool (Co.S.M.O. Competences Software Management for Organizations) for all-around assessment of the identified competences. Design/methodology/approach Building on the Great Eight Competencies Model- GEC, the European Qualifications Framework-EQF and focus group feedback, an online questionnaire was developed to manage the key organizational competences and to adapt the competence metamodel to the Italian context. Findings The competence metamodel described in this study and its newly designed tool (software with online questionnaire) could be used at the organizational level to improve productivity and efficiency by allowing an easy identification of key organizational competences and facilitating their acquisition and sharing. Research limitations/implications Currently, the metamodel is mainly theoretical and the software sustained only a partial validation. Practical implications The developed tool is a dynamic, easy to use and interactive Web-based software useful for managing the competences in both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Social implications European official documents invite companies and institutions to work together and share human capital: the European Qualifications Framework-EQF, at the base of this model, facilitates a common organizational language for human resources management. Originality/value Managerial competence literature indicates that a comprehensive model capturing a link between the EQF and a managerial competence model has not yet been considered in the literature.
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| 10. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Joining Forces to Prevent the Antibiotic Resistance Doomsday Scenario : The Rise of International Multisectoral Partnerships as a New Governance Model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Academy of Management Perspectives. - : Academy of Management. - 1558-9080 .- 1943-4529. ; 34:4, s. 458-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humanity is facing a global threat caused by growing antibiotic resistance. If the current lack of innovation in antibiotics persists, we will face a doomsday scenario with drastic implications for society, health, and business worldwide. In this study, we examine international multisectoral partnerships (IMSPs), one of the policy interventions introduced to incentivize the antibiotic innovation necessary to avoid such a scenario. Based on insights from three recently launched antibiotics IMSPs, we present their key features and argue that such partnerships represent a novel type of organizational form and governance, different from others discussed in previous research. Specifically, antibiotics IMSPs are interorganizational structures showing great governance complexity, strong centralized control, strict boundaries, and formalization of roles and rules. We discuss how antibiotics IMSPs differ from other partnerships dealing, for instance, with the environmental global challenge, and their usefulness in other contexts where similar uncertain, risky, urgent, and complex tasks need to be faced. We conclude with implications for theory as well as for policy and managerial practice, along with avenues for future research.
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| 11. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge sourcing from advanced markets subsidiaries : political embeddedness and reverse knowledge transfer barriers in emerging-market multinationals
- 2017
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 26:2, s. 311-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on emerging-market multinationals and their intent to source knowledge from advanced countries. A single in-depth case study of a Chinese state-owned multinational is used to shed light on the relationship between political embeddedness and the potential to reverse knowledge transfer from advanced market subsidiaries. Specifically, we argue that a strong home-country political embeddedness enhances specific organizational barriers to reverse knowledge transfer, which undermines the strategic intent of knowledge-seeking internationalization, common to much Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by emerging-market multinationals in recent years. This article contributes to research on knowledge sourcing within the context of south-north FDI by highlighting specific effects of political embeddedness at organizational level, which are critical for the possibilities to reverse knowledge transfer; our study is also relevant to international business, as new empirical insights related to the international organization and management of state-owned multinationals are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Manufacturing reshoring : A strategy to manage risk and commitment in the logic of the internationalization process model
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Business Review. - 0955-534X .- 1758-7107. ; 31:1, s. 139-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper aims to theorize on the internationalization process model to explain cases of manufacturing reshoring as decisions taken to manage risk when internationalizing.Design/methodology/approach: The paper is of a conceptual nature. Building on the logic of the internationalization process model, the authors extend previous work by focusing on firms’ risk perception (determined by commitment, knowledge and uncertainty as key variables) to explain also reshoring decisions.Findings: Four propositions were developed, concerning the likelihood of firms to make manufacturing reshoring decisions. The first two propositions deal with the effects of new risk contingencies, and the other two refer specifically to the effects of managerial perceptions of three different typologies of risk, namely, host-country, home-country and reshoring-process specific risk.Originality/value: While reshoring has been discussed mainly on the basis of economic arguments, this paper offers an alternative, behavioural view of this phenomenon as a strategic risk-management process. Therefore, it offers initial steps to theorize about reshoring from a risk-management perspective and, in doing so, opens up a number of avenues for future research.
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| 13. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-
(författare)
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On the Innovative MNC : Leveraging Innovations and the Role of IT systems
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with the phenomena of development and transfer of innovations within multinational corporations (MNCs), and in particular, with the role of information technology (IT) systems in innovation. The empirical base of the thesis is both qualitative and quantitative. The case studies explore the phenomena of innovation development and transfer, delving more deeply into the use and role of IT systems in the innovation process in MNCs. The quantitative dataset spans a range of industries and captures key aspects, characteristics, and dynamics of the processes of innovation development and transfer at the unit level. Several empirical findings are presented in the five constituent papers. First, concerning innovation development, evidence is provided as to how both internal and external subsidiary’s network relationships are critical for innovation. Moreover, it is demonstrated how external versus internal relationships affect specific dimensions of innovativeness. In other words, internal relationships nurture the importance of the innovation, while external relationships enhance its radicality. Second, the study of a series of innovation transfer projects indicates that innovation characteristics (i.e. innovation complexity, tacitness, specificity) and integrative mechanisms (i.e. HQ involvement, lateral transfer routines, project groups, IT systems) should be considered together when pursuing innovation transfer. Additionally, using various integrative mechanisms incurs trade-offs between the transfer cost, speed, and level of implementation. In particular, it is found that the use of non-hierarchical structures and rich communication media is preferable, and that direct HQ involvement in transfer projects is detrimental for transfer performance. Third, specific research efforts devoted to investigating the role of IT systems in both innovation development and transfer phases, cast light on the potential role of IT systems for innovation in MNCs. Evidence demonstrates, first of all, how a specific IT system’s role in innovation development may vary depending on the innovation object, innovation phase, and context. Thus the interdependencies between innovation phase and coordination of IT tools are found to be key issues in managing the overall process. As for innovation transfer, the role of IT systems and their contribution to the process shifts from those of an efficient “transfer” mechanism to those of a “trigger” for knowledge development—an effect of the kind of relation existing between the units involved and the motives driving the system use. Finally, based on theoretical analysis of the innovation development and transfer process from a business network perspective, specific insights are presented as to the nature and limits of the innovative MNC. The study, which focuses particularly on the impact that innovation development has on the possibilities for inter-unit innovation transfer, leads to the conclusion that knowledge transfer and problem solving are not always either possible or desirable. Furthermore, the relevance of the “local place” for innovation and the “local-to-local” nature of innovation transfer are still so important in today’s global economy as to bring the modern view of the MNC as a transnational organization/differentiated network into question, and to point towards a representation of the MNC as a federation of relatively loosely-coupled entities.
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| 14. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting innovation against the threat of antibiotic resistance : Exploring the impact of public incentives on firm performance and entrepreneurial orientation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 112, s. 271-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although there is an urgent need to find new antibiotics to fight growing antibiotic resistance, the development of antibiotics is at its lowest level ever. This innovation drought in the antibiotics industry is a challenge for managers, policy makers, and public health authorities. Currently, several strategies to incentivize antibiotic innovation are being considered, but their effects are unknown. Using the theoretical lens of the entrepreneurial orientation framework and Monte Carlo-based simulations on state-of-the-art pharmaceutical industry data, this study found that several incentives can increase the innovativeness of firms in this industry. However, the results show that these effects vary between incentives, between large and small firms, and across different research and development stages. This study analyzed these findings in the light of the entrepreneurial orientation framework and presents implications for theory, policy makers, and managers.
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| 15. |
- Ciabuschi, Francesco, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Value Creation at the Subsidiary Level : Testing the MNC Headquarters Parenting Advantage Logic
- 2017
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Ingår i: Long range planning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0024-6301 .- 1873-1872. ; 50:1, s. 48-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to test the assumptions of the headquarters parenting advantage in multinational firms within the context of subsidiary innovation processes. Specifically, we explore the relationship between the selective involvement of headquarters in both innovation development and transfer processes and their related performance in a data set of 85 innovation projects analysed with structural equation modelling. The findings provide only limited support to the parenting advantage logic as they show that although the headquarters are able to select subsidiary-level strategic innovation processes, their involvement is hampering the performance of these processes. Consequently, we offer new extensions to the reasoning behind the parenting advantage logic by introducing four complementary theoretical explanations for the potentially harmful effects of headquarters' involvement in subsidiary innovation-related activities.
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| 16. |
- Kong, Lingshuang, et al.
(författare)
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Expatriate managers' relationships and reverse knowledge transfer within emerging market MNCs : The mediating role of subsidiary willingness
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 93, s. 216-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects that expatriate managers' relationships within multinationals have on reverse knowledge transfer. Specifically, drawing on agency theory, we characterize how expatriate managers' relationships with subsidiary local managers, and with headquarters' managers, influence subsidiary willingness and reverse knowledge transfer. Based on a survey of 128 subsidiaries in 73 Chinese multinationals, we show how a good-quality relationship between expatriate managers and subsidiary local managers has positive effects on subsidiary willingness, which acts as a mediator between this relationship quality and the extent of reverse knowledge transfer. The paper contributes to the international business and knowledge transfer literature by generating new insights into whether and how expatriate managers' relationships within multinationals can help reduce agency problems and support reverse knowledge transfer processes. Understanding the potential role of expatriates in relation to reverse knowledge transfer is particularly important within the context of emerging market multinationals employing knowledge-seeking strategies overseas.
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| 17. |
- Kong, Lingshuang
(författare)
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The Modern Journey to the West : Exploring Key Factors Influencing Reverse Knowledge Transfer in Emerging-market Multinationals
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As latecomers to the world economy, emerging-market multinational corporations (EMNCs) often use international expansion as a ‘springboard’ for seeking and accessing advanced knowledge from overseas, particularly from advanced markets, with the goal of offsetting their competitive weaknesses and catching up with their Western counterparts. This behavior is conceptualized as the springboard perspective formulated by Luo and Tung (2007). From this perspective, reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) from subsidiaries to home-country units is a compulsory path to achieve innovation catch-up in EMNCs. This thesis explores reverse knowledge transfer in EMNCs and its key influencing factors, an important and timely phenomenon that has so far received little attention in research.Empirical data were collected through a combination of a qualitative case study of one Chinese state-owned multinational and a survey of Chinese multinationals. Results suggest that headquarters’ political relationships in home countries both promote and inhibit RKT practices in EMNCs. Specifically, headquarters’ political relationships are found to enhance the motivation to seek and demand knowledge from subsidiaries. However, at the same time, these political relationships hinder RKT by reducing headquarters’ absorptive capacity, subsidiary willingness and headquarters’ control over subsidiaries, and by increasing the organizational distance between headquarters and subsidiaries. Thus, this study highlights the fact that political relationships can be a liability for cross-border knowledge acquisition. These results contrast with many prior studies, which have tended to view political ties mostly as a source of competitive advantage for EMNCs during internationalization.This study also shows how subsidiary willingness to transfer knowledge is restricted by headquarters’ political ties and a large organizational distance between headquarters and subsidiaries in EMNCs. However, the low willingness of subsidiaries to transfer knowledge can be ameliorated if expatriate managers have good-quality relationships with subsidiary local managers. Moreover, the findings suggest that expatriate managers do not engage directly in RKT through their relationship ties. Instead, their relationship ties with local managers can enhance the extent of RKT by stimulating subsidiary willingness. This finding challenges the view of expatriate social ties as channels for transferring knowledge.By highlighting the relevance of headquarters’ home-country political relationships and expatriate managers’ relationships in the RKT practices of EMNCs, this thesis enriches the literature on reverse knowledge transfer, on the political relationships of EMNCs and on expatriation. In addition, it contributes to the view of multinationals as a differentiated network. This research also contributes to the understanding of the antecedents and difficulties behind the logic of springboard internationalization and extends the knowledge of intra-organizational agency problems in the context of expatriates and reverse knowledge transfer.
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| 18. |
- La Rocca, Antonella, et al.
(författare)
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The role of supplier relationships in the development of new business ventures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 80, s. 149-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New business ventures have rather limited resources, generally suffer from liabilities of smallness and newness and rely on external business relationships, typically with suppliers, for developing and acquiring necessary resources. Yet, to date, research on how new ventures develop initial relationships with suppliers and how these affect the nascent business has been limited. Taking the business network perspective and relating it to studies of supply chain and supplier involvement in product development, our study contributes to the rather limited body of knowledge on new ventures' supplier relationships. Empirically, we draw on a longitudinal, in-depth single-case study of the first two years of operation of a start-up. Our study shows that the development of the key initial supplier relationships starts from open-ended expectations of mutual future relational benefits and involves a stepwise 'inter-definition' of solutions in interaction between the parties. We observe that inter-dependences arise between the new venture and its key suppliers and these enable but also limit, the development paths of both partners. We argue that the key initial supplier relationships extend a new venture's resource and capability base and are an integral part of a new venture's business model.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, 1987-
(författare)
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Composing Policy Interventions for Antibiotic Development
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antibiotic resistance is eroding the efficacy of the drugs we have and, unless future science dictates otherwise, bacteria will eventually become resistant to whatever new antibiotics we discover. We must therefore plan for a continuous stream of innovation. Unfortunately, pharmaceutical firms have left the scene to pursue more profitable areas. While the free market may eventually give rise to a solution, the question is how much destruction we are willing to accept on the way, and whether it eventually will be too late. A plethora of policy interventions, aimed at stimulating antibiotic research and development, have been suggested, and simulation modelers have begun estimating their effects. Suggested interventions range from prizes, grants, and competitions to regulatory fast-tracking and non-profit development. No unified picture of what to do has emerged. From the perspective of policy-makers, the need does not seem to be for more but for better information. This thesis suggests that to truly compare policy interventions, aimed at stimulating antibiotic development, we should draw on simulation model alignment techniques. To support such an endeavor this thesis presents the seeds of a compositional language capable of formally expressing policy interventions as offers that can be actualized into contracts. The language is not merely theoretical but implementable and usable within actual simulation models. The language is not only derived from previous research on compositional contracts in functional languages and the resources-events-agents ontology, but also the author's unique position as a participant in DRIVE-AB, which comprised 16 public and 7 private partners from 12 countries, and finally six separately published simulation experiments that are all based on work by the author. A constructive proof is provided to establish the utility of the solution in terms of its capacity to capture important facets of important policy interventions.
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| 21. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating Market Entry Rewards for Antibiotics Development
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 32-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We design an agent based Monte Carlo model of antibiotics research and development (R&D) to explore the effects of the policy intervention known as Market Entry Reward (MER) on the likelihood that an antibiotic entering pre-clinical development reaches the market. By means of sensitivity analysis we explore the interaction between the MER and four key parameters: projected net revenues, R&D costs, venture capitalists discount rates, and large pharmaceutical organizations' financial thresholds. We show that improving revenues may be more efficient than reducing costs, and thus confirm that this pull-based policy intervention effectively stimulates antibiotics R&D.
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| 22. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating Market-Oriented Policy Interventions for Stimulating Antibiotics Development
- 2017
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Ingår i: ANSS '17 Proceedings of the 50th Annual Simulation Symposium. - : ACM Digital Library.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative efficacy of intervention policies, aimed at stimulating development of antibiotics, can be estimated using Agent Based simulation. We propose that antibiotics development can be modeled as Markov Chains with time and cash loaded transitions, and that many intervention policies can be modeled as alterations to the stochastic distributions of said Markov Chains. Through the combination of these two models, Agent Based simulation can be used to estimate the relationship between interventions and the Expected Net Present Value of products. We apply this modeling to an intervention policy proposed by the EU-initiative DRIVE-AB, targeting the urgent need for antibiotics research and development due to increasing resistance. We focus on variants fully delinking profit from volume sales, and show that (1) implementation variations lead to differences in outcomes, and that (2) they exhibit diminishing returns.
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| 23. |
- Pedroletti, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Reshoring : A review and research agenda
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 164
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, research on reshoring has gained momentum and experienced rapid development. Relying on bibliometric and content analyses of 135 articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, this review takes stock and guides future research on the topic. In particular, performing bibliometric performance analysis, conceptual thematic mapping and bibliographic coupling using the Bibliometrix R-package, this study identifies the main contributions to reshoring research, its conceptual structure and emerging themes. Combining the results of bibliometric and content analyses, we propose a conceptual reshoring framework characterized by five main themes: (i) antecedents, (ii) contingencies, (iii) decision, (iv) implementation, and (v) outcome. Following this framework, we organize and discuss past literature, propose a research agenda for each single theme and new avenues for future research on the conceptualization of reshoring as a process.
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| 24. |
- Su, Cong, et al.
(författare)
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Demand and willingness for knowledge transfer in springboard subsidiaries of Chinese multinationals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 109, s. 297-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is often assumed that Chinese multinationals invest overseas to obtain knowledge. Acknowledging political ties as an important aspect of Chinese multinationals, we investigate the respective interests of headquarters and subsidiaries to support knowledge transfer from host countries to China. Based on data from 177 headquarters-subsidiary relationships, our findings indicate that political ties of Chinese headquarters increase the organizational distance between headquarters and subsidiaries. This distance has a positive impact on headquarters’ demand for subsidiary knowledge transfer, but a negative effect on the subsidiaries’ willingness to actually transfer knowledge. This suggests that Chinese multinationals with strong political ties have to spend efforts in aligning the motives of headquarters and subsidiaries concerning knowledge transfer practices. This study contributes to the research on Chinese multinationals, cross-border knowledge acquisition, and the springboard perspective by shedding light on post-internationalization managerial challenges related to a knowledge-seeking strategy.
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| 25. |
- Su, Cong, et al.
(författare)
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Headquarters parenting advantage in Chinese MNEs : The moderating role of top managers' political and International experience
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 32:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the relevance of top management teams’ experience to support the headquarters parenting advantage in the context of Chinese multinationals. Specifically, it studies how the political and international experience of headquarters’ top management teams moderates the relationship between headquarters involvement in knowledge transfer processes – a key aspect of value creation in the parenting advantage logic – and the extent of reverse knowledge transfer from subsidiaries. Based on the data from two complementary surveys of senior managers in 99 Chinese multinationals and managers in their 177 subsidiaries, our analysis indicates a contrasting effect of top managers’ experience as their political experience weakens, but their international experience strengthens the positive effect of headquarters involvement in reverse knowledge transfer. This study contributes to the parenting advantage logic, by introducing the relevance of different top managers’ experiences, and to our understanding of top management teams in the context of both reverse knowledge transfer and Chinese multinationals, particularly by showing the important implications of top management teams’ experience for Chinese enterprises’ international strategies.
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