| 1. |
- Smith, Jennifer A, et al.
(författare)
-
Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nature (London). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 533:7604, s. 539-542
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
|
|
| 2. |
- Frazier-Wood, Alexis C., et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Research (part of Springer Nature). - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 48, s. 624-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Very few genetic variants have been associated with depression and neuroticism, likely because of limitations on sample size in previous studies. Subjective well-being, a phenotype that is genetically correlated with both of these traits, has not yet been studied with genome-wide data. We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (n = 298,420), depressive symptoms (n = 161,460), and neuroticism (n = 170,911). We identify 3 variants associated with subjective well-being, 2 variants associated with depressive symptoms, and 11 variants associated with neuroticism, including 2 inversion polymorphisms. The two loci associated with depressive symptoms replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes (vertical bar(p) over cap vertical bar approximate to 0.8) strengthen the overall credibility of the findings and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal or pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lee, James J, et al.
(författare)
-
Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 50:8, s. 1112-1121
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1million individuals and identify 1,271independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.
|
|
| 4. |
- Clingingsmith, David, et al.
(författare)
-
How Pitch Order Affects Investor Interest
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Innovation Economics & Management. - : CAIRN. - 2032-5355 .- 2032-5355. ; , s. 139-175
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rise of business accelerators, angel groups, and startup competitions has meant that founders increasingly pitch their businesses to investors in group settings, raising the question of whether the order in which ideas are pitched affects outcomes. We test in a field experiment whether range-frequency theory or the theory of bounded rationality better predicts the effect of serial position on pitch outcomes. We find that range frequency theory better predicts the empirical patterns than the theory of bounded rationality.
|
|
| 5. |
- Conley, Mark A., et al.
(författare)
-
Citizen protection : A capabilities and intentions framework
- 2019. - 1st
-
Ingår i: Digital Transformation and Public Services : Societal Impacts in Sweden and Beyond. - Oxon : Routledge. - 9780429319297 - 9780367333430 ; , s. 171-197
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Top government contractors continue to apply digital innovations toward defense purposes, and according to polling, US citizens support an increasing private role along with a decreasing public role in delivering safety and security. This public-private hybrid defense model has evolved recursively where private organizations deliver digital defense services that public defense entities increasingly rely upon. A relationship like this depends on perceptions of capabilities and intentions; private organizations must signal to taxpayers their advanced digital capabilities alongside their benevolent intentions toward citizen welfare and protection. While public opinion indicates that taxpayers expect fewer defense capabilities from the government, these structures still broadcast their enduring intentions to provide citizen protection. Our linguistic analysis of the websites of US public and private security-focused organizations reveals increasing concern with safety and security across both groups. Public-private partnerships are a modern standard in defense, and this relationship in the United States shows no sign of tilting away from government leadership.
|
|
| 6. |
- Conley, Mark A.
(författare)
-
Compliers, NeverTakers, AlwaysTakers, and Defiers: The Subjects in Entrepreneurship Experiments
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entrepreneurship education and training experiments are usually encouragement designs, where training is offered to a randomly assigned treatment group. In encouragement designs, some subjects assigned to the treatment condition do not actually take the treatment, and some subjects assigned to the control condition manage to receive the treatment. A new modeling approach is warranted in order to account for this non-compliance. Field experiments in entrepreneurship must anticipate four subject types: Compliers, NeverTakers, AlwaysTakers, and Defiers. By anticipating two-sided non-compliance and using these terms, entrepreneurship researchers can estimate the effect of interventions on entrepreneurs who actually comply with the training as well as the efficacy of the overall program. Integrating this straightforward methodological innovation using instrumental variables regression can add precision and credibility to entrepreneurship education and training experiments.
|
|
| 7. |
- Conley, Mark A., et al.
(författare)
-
Evidence that investors penalize female founders for lack of industry fit
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science: Science Advances / AAAS. - 2375-2548. ; 6:48
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are female founding CEOs penalized when raising funds for their ventures based on industry served? Across an observational study conducted on ventures seeking funding (N = 392) and an experimental study conducted on investors allocating venture funding (N = 130), we find evidence for a " lack of fit " effect: Female-led ventures catering to male-dominated industries receive significantly less funding at significantly lower valuations than female-led ventures catering to female-dominated industries. In contrast, male-led ventures attain similar funding and valuation outcomes regardless of the gender dominance of the industries to which they cater. We confirm that this is because investors perceive lower degrees of fit between founding CEO and venture for female-led ventures catering to male-as opposed to female-dominated industries (with no perceived fit differences for male-led ventures across industries). Degree of investor sophistication emerges as a potential attenuating factor, appearing to help reduce gender bias from perceived lack of fit.
|
|
| 8. |
- Conley, Mark A., et al.
(författare)
-
In Pitch Contests, Going First Is a Disadvantage
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Harvard Business Review Digital Articles. ; , s. 1-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many early-stage startups acquire funding through contests in which founders take turns pitching their companies before a panel of investors. Based on observations of a series of four pitch competitions, the authors determined that the first two contestants were consistently rated lower than later pitches, even when controlling for potential compounding factors such as race or gender. Based on this counter-intuitive finding, the authors suggest that founders should try to avoid pitching first, and that investors should do their best to limit the impact of these order effect biases by proactively reconsidering their earlier evaluations.
|
|
| 9. |
- Kanze, Dana, et al.
(författare)
-
Media Mentions as Rose-Colored Glasses: Availability Bias in Venture Formation
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite its rarity, venture capital raising has captured the media’s attention rather than the far more common occurrence of venture death. We shed light on a situational factor that influences why founders overoptimistically believe they can beat the odds of failure when already familiar with the low base rates of market entry success. Drawing upon the entrepreneurial cognition literature regarding the availability heuristic, we theorize that frequent media mentions make information about fundraising more “available” to prospective entrepreneurs, increasing their motivation to start a venture by causing them to overestimate the magnitude of funding they will be able to raise. We find significant support for this theory through a mixed methods approach—encompassing a ten-year archival study, a randomized experiment (N = 317), and an entrepreneur survey (N =110)—that accounts for macroeconomic factors and personal characteristics, including levels of dispositional optimism and prior knowledge. Implications for both theory and practice are considered.
|
|
| 10. |
- Kanze, Dana, et al.
(författare)
-
Organizations That Move Fast Really Do Break Things
-
Ingår i: Harvard Business Review Digital Articles. - 0100-0004. ; , s. 1-5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The tendency to first take action then manage what happens is what psychologists studying motivation call “locomotion” goal pursuit. Another approach is “assessment,” when you pursue goals via careful evaluation. Prior research has shown that locomotion activity like rushing to meet deadlines is associated with unethical decision making, whereas taking time to assess alternatives is associated with more ethical decisions. A new study finds that locomotion at the expense of assessment — as indicated by corporate mission statements — is linked to more unethical decision making at the organizational level, too, measured in the form of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) violations.
|
|
| 11. |
- Kanze, Dana, et al.
(författare)
-
The motivation of mission statements: How regulatory mode influences workplace discrimination
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. - : Elsevier. - 1095-9920 .- 0749-5978. ; 166, s. 84-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite concerted efforts to enforce ethical standards, transgressions continue to plague US corporations. This paper investigates whether the way in which an organization pursues its goals can influence ethical violations, manifested as involvement in discrimination. We test this hypothesis among franchises, which employ a considerable amount of low-income workers adversely affected by discrimination. Drawing upon Regulatory Mode Theory, we perform a linguistic analysis of franchise mission statements to determine their degree of locomotion and assessment language. EEOC archival data for the past decade reveals that regulatory mode predicts franchise involvement in discrimination. Discriminatory behavior is associated with franchises whose mission statements motivate employees to embrace urgent action (locomotion mode) over thoughtful consideration (assessment mode). Two experiments demonstrate that participants exposed to high locomotion mission statements tend to disregard ethical standards due to their need for expediency, making significantly more discriminatory managerial decisions than those exposed to high assessment mission statements.
|
|
