| 1. |
- Hagger, Martin S., et al.
(författare)
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A Multilab Preregistered Replication of the Ego-Depletion Effect
- 2016
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : Sage Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 11:4, s. 546-573
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Good self-control has been linked to adaptive outcomes such as better health, cohesive personal relationships, success in the workplace and at school, and less susceptibility to crime and addictions. In contrast, self-control failure is linked to maladaptive outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms by which self-control predicts behavior may assist in promoting better regulation and outcomes. A popular approach to understanding self-control is the strength or resource depletion model. Self-control is conceptualized as a limited resource that becomes depleted after a period of exertion resulting in self-control failure. The model has typically been tested using a sequential-task experimental paradigm, in which people completing an initial self-control task have reduced self-control capacity and poorer performance on a subsequent task, a state known as ego depletion. Although a meta-analysis of ego-depletion experiments found a medium-sized effect, subsequent meta-analyses have questioned the size and existence of the effect and identified instances of possible bias. The analyses served as a catalyst for the current Registered Replication Report of the ego-depletion effect. Multiple laboratories (k = 23, total N = 2,141) conducted replications of a standardized ego-depletion protocol based on a sequential-task paradigm by Sripada et al. Meta-analysis of the studies revealed that the size of the ego-depletion effect was small with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that encompassed zero (d = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.15]. We discuss implications of the findings for the ego-depletion effect and the resource depletion model of self-control.
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| 2. |
- Kirby, Michael G, et al.
(författare)
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Overactive bladder: Is there a link to the metabolic syndrome in men?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Neurourology and urodynamics. - : Wiley. - 1520-6777 .- 0733-2467. ; 29:8, s. 1360-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is becoming increasingly clear that a variety of metabolic, cardiovascular, and endocrine factors contribute to male pelvic health. In particular, a growing body of evidence suggests a relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia, overactive bladder, erectile dysfunction, and the metabolic syndrome. This article explores these relationships, focusing on the role of the autonomic nervous system and hyperinsulinemia, together with their implications for urological practice.
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| 3. |
- Morreau, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Learning from Ranters : The Effect of Information Resistance on the Epistemic Quality of Social Network Deliberation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Virtue Epistemology. - New York : Routledge. - 9780367808952 - 9780367407643
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- People who spread misinformation in public debates expose others to the risk of forming false beliefs. Excluding them from participation can limit this exposure, but fact-checking takes up resources of time and money, and censorship violates social and political norms. Here, computer simulations of Bayesian learning in social networks suggest that, in some contexts anyway, the epistemic benefits of excluding sources of misinformation might be small or nonexistent, and not worth associated costs. It is shown more specifically that, under certain conditions, open-minded agents in a network can learn just as well in the presence of false ranters: information resistant agents that repeatedly broadcast falsity within the network. Relevant conditions are that the open-minded agents can keep track of their social sources and maintain appropriate levels of trust in them, and that some sufficiently reliable sources introduce truth into the network.
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| 4. |
- Morreau, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Michael Morreau and Erik J. Olsson's Response to Commentaries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Virtue Epistemology. - New York : Routledge. - 9780367808952 - 9780367407643
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter reports preliminary findings from a study of epistemic consequences of misinformation in social networks. It uses the methodology of computer simulation, constructing computer models of Bayesian learning in networks that include untrustworthy sources. Censorship and de-platforming take time and money, and they violate social and democratic norms of inclusiveness and free speech. Enquirers came to recognize false ranters as such, and to treat their testimony as evidence to the contrary. Gardiner in her commentary recognizes that there are “cases where assertions can be a reason to believe the opposite” but claims that these are “marginal, require significant background evidence and context, and are about limited domains of assertion”. Real-life sources of misinformation, Nguyen argues, are harder to identify than our reliably false ranters. They “provide a mixture of true claims and false claims” and “strategically clever misinformation specialists will work to ensure that their true claims are relatively easy to verify, and their false claims relatively hard to”.
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| 5. |
- Olsson, Erik J, et al.
(författare)
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Commentaries from Erik J. Olsson
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Virtue Epistemology. - New York : Routledge. - 9780367808952 - 9780367407643
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, the author argues that there are cases in which a nonexpert’s autonomously-formed belief is based on evidence that would otherwise be sufficient for justification, but where this belief is rendered unjustified by (potential) evidence which the nonexpert fails to take into account. He gives various examples in support of his claim. One involves Roger, a food scientist for a large food corporation, who is also an enthusiastic cook. The rules of thumb he has derived from his cooking experience are very reliable, but not as reliable as the scientific method he masters. The author reports that he has argued, in earlier work, that the source of the “ought” is in the normative expectations others are entitled to have based on a person’s participation in various social practices. He thinks that his account underpins a kind of “social-epistemic bootstrapping”, which he thinks is “happy”.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Erik J, et al.
(författare)
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Commentary from Erik J. Olsson
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Virtue Epistemology. - New York : Routledge. - 9780367808952 - 9780367407643
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The term hypothesis denotes something like a policy proposal rather than a factual claim. An organisational tool stands a greater chance of success if it is easy and fun to work with. Better Beliefs represents the current credibility status of hypotheses using the amusing analogy with a horse race, each horse representing a hypothesis. The colour of a horse depends on the votes and evidence provided for or against the hypothesis that it represents. A general prohibition against asserting falsehood or harmful propositions would have a chilling effect on free speech in violation of, for example, article 10 of the European convention of human rights. Only in particular cases, which in the legal frameworks of modern liberal democracies described in sufficiently precise terms, is false or harmful speech prohibited, for example in the interest of protecting a citizen’s reputation, in which case a precise law to this effect needs to be in place.
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| 7. |
- Sullivan, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Delivering affordable cancer care in high-income countries
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Lancet Oncology. - London : Lancet Oncology. - 1470-2045 .- 1474-5488. ; 12:10, s. 933-980
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The burden of cancer is growing, and the disease is becoming a major economic expenditure for all developed countries. In 2008, the worldwide cost of cancer due to premature death and disability (not including direct medical costs) was estimated to be US$895 billion. This is not simply due to an increase in absolute numbers, but also the rate of increase of expenditure on cancer. What are the drivers and solutions to the so-called cancer-cost curve in developed countries? How are we going to afford to deliver high quality and equitable care? Here, expert opinion from health-care professionals, policy makers, and cancer survivors has been gathered to address the barriers and solutions to delivering affordable cancer care. Although many of the drivers and themes are specific to a particular field-eg, the huge development costs for cancer medicines-there is strong concordance running through each contribution. Several drivers of cost, such as over-use, rapid expansion, and shortening life cycles of cancer technologies (such as medicines and imaging modalities), and the lack of suitable clinical research and integrated health economic studies, have converged with more defensive medical practice, a less informed regulatory system, a lack of evidence-based sociopolitical debate, and a declining degree of fairness for all patients with cancer. Urgent solutions range from re-engineering of the macroeconomic basis of cancer costs (eg, value-based approaches to bend the cost curve and allow cost-saving technologies), greater education of policy makers, and an informed and transparent regulatory system. A radical shift in cancer policy is also required. Political toleration of unfairness in access to affordable cancer treatment is unacceptable. The cancer profession and industry should take responsibility and not accept a substandard evidence base and an ethos of very small benefit at whatever cost; rather, we need delivery of fair prices and real value from new technologies.
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