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- Basieva, Irina, et al.
(författare)
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True Contextuality Beats Direct Influences in Human Decision Making
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 148:11, s. 1925-1937
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In quantum physics there are well-known situations when measurements of the same property in different contexts (under different conditions) have the same probability distribution but cannot be represented by one and the same random variable. Such systems of random variables are called contextual. More generally, true contextuality is observed when different contexts force measurements of the same property (in psychology, responses to the same question) to be more dissimilar random variables than warranted by the difference of their distributions. The difference in distributions is itself a form of context-dependence but of another nature: it is attributable to direct causal influences exerted by contexts upon the random variables. The Contextuality-by-Default theory allows one to separate true contextuality from direct influences in the overall context-dependence. The Contextuality-by-Default analysis of numerous previous attempts to demonstrate contextuality in human judgments shows that all context-dependence in them can be accounted for by direct influences, with no true contextuality present. However, contextual systems in human behavior can be found. In this paper we present a series of crowd-sourcing experiments that exhibit true contextuality in simple decision making. The design of these experiments is an elaboration of one introduced in the Snow Queen experiment (Decision 5, 193-204, 2018), in which contextuality was for the first time demonstrated unequivocally.
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(författare)
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Contextuality in Three Types of Quantum-Mechanical Systems
- 2015
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Ingår i: Foundations of physics. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0015-9018 .- 1572-9516. ; 45:7, s. 762-782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a formal theory of contextuality for a set of random variables grouped into different subsets (contexts) corresponding to different, mutually incompatible conditions. Within each context the random variables are jointly distributed, but across different contexts they are stochastically unrelated. The theory of contextuality is based on the analysis of the extent to which some of these random variables can be viewed as preserving their identity across different contexts when one considers all possible joint distributions imposed on the entire set of the random variables. We illustrate the theory on three systems of traditional interest in quantum physics (and also in non-physical, e.g., behavioral studies). These are systems of the Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumovsky-type, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bell-type, and Suppes-Zanotti-Leggett-Garg-type. Listed in this order, each of them is formally a special case of the previous one. For each of them we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for contextuality while allowing for experimental errors and contextual biases or signaling. Based on the same principles that underly these derivations we also propose a measure for the degree of contextuality and compute it for the three systems in question.
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N.
(författare)
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Dissimilarity, Quasidistance, Distance
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of mathematical psychology (Print). - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0022-2496 .- 1096-0880. ; 54:2, s. 334-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(författare)
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Generalized Fechnerian Scaling
- 2006
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Ingår i: Measurement and Representation of Sensations. - : Erlbaum.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(författare)
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Mental architectures with selectively influenced but stochastically interdependent components
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of mathematical psychology (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2496 .- 1096-0880. ; 48:1, s. 51-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way external factors influence distribution functions for the overall time required to perform a mental task (such as responding to a stimulus, or solving a problem) may be informative as to the underlying mental architecture, the hypothetical network of interconnected processes some of which are selectively influenced by some of the external factors. Under the assumption that all processes contributing to the overall performance time are stochastically independent, several basic results have been previously established. These results relate patterns of response time distribution functions produced by manipulating external factors to such questions as whether the hypothetical constituent processes in the mental architecture enter AND gates or OR gates, and whether pairs of processes are sequential or concurrent. The present study shows that all these results are also valid for stochastically interdependent component times, provided the selective dependence of these components upon external factors is understood within the framework of a recently proposed theory of selective influence. According to this theory each component is representable as a function of three arguments: the factor set selectively influencing it, a component-specific source of randomness, and a source of randomness shared by all the components.
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(författare)
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Notes on selective influence, probabilistic causality, and probabilistic dimensionality
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of mathematical psychology (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2496 .- 1096-0880. ; 50:4, s. 390-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper provides conceptual clarifications for the issues related to the dependence of jointly distributed systems of random entities on external factors. This includes the theory of selective influence as proposed in Dzhafarov [(2003a). Selective influence through conditional independence. Psychometrika, 68, 7–26] and generalized versions of the notions of probabilistic causality [Suppes, P., & Zanotti, M. (1981). When are probabilistic explanations possible? Synthese, 48, 191–199] and dimensionality in the latent variable models [Levine, M. V. (2003). Dimension in latent variable models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 47, 450–466]. One of the basic observations is that any system of random entities whose joint distribution depends on a factor set can be represented by functions of two arguments: a single factor-independent source of randomness and the factor set itself. In the case of random variables (i.e., real-valued random entities endowed with Borel sigma-algebras) the single source of randomness can be chosen to be any random variable with a continuous distribution (e.g., uniformly distributed between 0 and 1).
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- Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., et al.
(författare)
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Psychophysics without physics : extension of Fechnerian scaling from continuous to discrete and discrete-continuous stimulus spaces
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of mathematical psychology (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2496 .- 1096-0880. ; 49:2, s. 125-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The computation of subjective (Fechnerian) distances from discrimination probabilities involves cumulation of appropriately transformed psychometric increments along smooth arcs (in continuous stimulus spaces) or chains of stimuli (in discrete spaces). In a space where any two stimuli that are each other's points of subjective equality are given identical physical labels, psychometric increments are positive differences ψ(x,y)-ψ(x,x) and ψ(y,x)-ψ(x,x), where x≠y and ψ is the probability of judging two stimuli different. In continuous stimulus spaces the appropriate monotone transformation of these increments (called overall psychometric transformation) is determined uniquely in the vicinity of zero, and its extension to larger values of its argument is immaterial. In discrete stimulus spaces, however, Fechnerian distances critically depend on this extension. We show that if overall psychometric transformation is assumed (A) to be the same for a sufficiently rich class of discrete stimulus spaces, (B) to ensure the validity of the Second Main Theorem of Fechnerian Scaling in this class of spaces, and (C) to agree in the vicinity of zero with one of the possible transformations in continuous spaces, then this transformation can only be identity. This result is generalized to the broad class of “discrete-continuous” stimulus spaces, of which continuous and discrete spaces are proper subclasses.
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- Khrennikov, Andrei, et al.
(författare)
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Quantum Models for Psychological Measurements : An Unsolved Problem
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been a strong recent interest in applying quantum theory (QT) outside physics, including in cognitive science. We analyze the applicability of QT to two basic properties in opinion polling. The first property (response replicability) is that, for a large class of questions, a response to a given question is expected to be repeated if the question is posed again, irrespective of whether another question is asked and answered in between. The second property (question order effect) is that the response probabilities frequently depend on the order in which the questions are asked. Whenever these two properties occur together, it poses a problem for QT. The conventional QT with Hermitian operators can handle response replicability, but only in the way incompatible with the question order effect. In the generalization of QT known as theory of positive-operator-valued measures (POVMs), in order to account for response replicability, the POVMs involved must be conventional operators. Although these problems are not unique to QT and also challenge conventional cognitive theories, they stand out as important unresolved problems for the application of QT to cognition. Either some new principles are needed to determine the bounds of applicability of QT to cognition, or quantum formalisms more general than POVMs are needed.
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| 19. |
- Kujala, Janne V., et al.
(författare)
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Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for an Extended Noncontextuality in a Broad Class of Quantum Mechanical Systems
- 2015
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 115:15, s. 150401-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of (non) contextuality pertains to sets of properties measured one subset (context) at a time. We extend this notion to include so-called inconsistently connected systems, in which the measurements of a given property in different contexts may have different distributions, due to contextual biases in experimental design or physical interactions (signaling): a system of measurements has a maximally noncontextual description if they can be imposed a joint distribution on in which the measurements of any one property in different contexts are equal to each other with the maximal probability allowed by their different distributions. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such a description in a broad class of systems including Klyachko-Can-Binicioglu-Shumvosky-type (KCBS), EPR-Bell-type, and Leggett-Garg-type systems. Because these conditions allow for inconsistent connectedness, they are applicable to real experiments. We illustrate this by analyzing an experiment by Lapkiewicz and colleagues aimed at testing contextuality in a KCBS-type system.
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