| 1. |
- Akpalu, Wisdom, et al.
(författare)
-
Context, welfare sensitivity, and positional preferences among fisherfolks in a developing country
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 108
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well established in the empirical literature that people care about relative status or positionality. Hence, any policy that makes someone better off imposes a negative externality on their peers. However, the effectiveness of public policy aimed at mitigating positional externality hinges on the drivers of relative concerns, which are individual and context-specific, requiring empirical analysis. This study investigates positional concerns of individuals in artisanal fishing communities in a developing country where the men go on fishing expeditions and the women process and sell the catch, and the specific role of welfare sensitivity in moderating relative concerns. The contexts are formulated as management policies relating to the specific gender roles in fishing. We found that compared to the women, the men were more positional, on average, and relative concerns are context-dependent for both genders. Next, the men had lower welfare sensitivity than the women. For both groups and in a specific context, being welfare-sensitive over a narrow (broader) income range correlates with a relatively higher (lower) degree of positionality.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Akpalu, Wisdom, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Enforcement of Exogenous Environmental Regulations, Social Disapproval, and Bribery
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many resource users are not directly involved in the formulation and enforcement of resource management rules and regulations in developing countries. As a result, resource users do not generally accept such rules. Enforcement officers who have social ties to the resource users may encounter social disapproval and possible social exclusion from the resource users if they enforce regulations zealously. The officers, however, may avoid this social disapproval by accepting bribes. In this paper, we present a simple model that characterizes this situation and derives results for situations where officers are passively and actively involved in the bribery.
|
|
| 4. |
- Akpalu, W., et al.
(författare)
-
The economic, social and ecological performance of the industrial trawl fishery in Ghana: Application of the FPIs
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To ensure that benefits from capture fisheries accrue to the nationals, fisheries regulations and acts prioritise local access and harvest rights in near and distant waters within a nation's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The lack of local capital to finance industrial fishing, such as trawling, has compelled developing coastal countries’ fishermen to access foreign investment through contractual agreement such as hire-purchases. In Ghana, this provision in the Fisheries Act (Act 625), has inadvertently, granted foreign owners de facto ‘recurring’ ownership and control rights over the trawl fisheries, with the nationals holding fishing licences retaining only de jure rights. The insecurity of the de facto rights may lead to overfishing and stock depletion. Using data collected with Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPIs) toolkit, the ecological, economic, and community outcomes of the industrial trawl fishery in Ghana are analysed and compared with the continent's average performances. Except for community (social) outcomes, which were high and marginally exceeded Africa's average; the overall ecological sustainability and the associated economic outcomes are performing at suboptimal levels. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
|
|
| 5. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Improving Welfare through Climate-friendly Agriculture: The Case of the System of Rice Intensification
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 62:2, s. 243-263
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We use rich survey data to investigate the impact of a climate-friendly rice farming method known as the system of rice intensification (SRI) on the welfare of rain-dependent small-holder farmers in Tanzania. SRI reduces water consumption by half, which makes it a promising farming system in the adaptation to climate change in moisture-constrained areas, and it does not require flooding of rice fields, resulting in reduced methane emissions. Endogenous switching regression results suggest that SRI indeed improves yield in rain-dependent areas, but its profitability hinges on the actual market price farmers face. SRI becomes profitable only when the rice variety sells at the same market price as that of traditional varieties, but results in loss when SRI rice sells at a lower price. We argue that the effort of promoting adoption of such types of climate-friendly agricultural practices requires complementary institutional reform and support in order to ensure their profitability to small-holder farmers.
|
|
| 6. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Why (field) experiments on unethical behavior are important: Comparing stated and revealed behavior
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Understanding unethical behavior is essential to many phenomena in the real world. We carry out a field experiment in a unique setting that varies the levels of reciprocity and guilt in an ethical decision. A survey more than one year before the field experiment allows us to compare at the individual level stated unethical behavior with revealed behavior in the same situation in the field. Our results indicate a strong discrepancy between stated and revealed behavior, regardless of the specific treatment in the field experiment. This suggests that, given a natural setting, people may actually behave inconsistently with the way in which they otherwise “brand” themselves. Our findings raise caution about the interpretation of stated behavioral measures commonly used in research on unethical behavior. However, we show that inducing reciprocity and guilt leads to a decrease in unethical behavior.
|
|
| 7. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Why (field) experiments on unethical behavior are important: Comparing stated and revealed behavior
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 156, s. 71-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding unethical behavior is essential to many phenomena in the real world. We carry out a field experiment in a unique setting that varies the levels of reciprocity and guilt in an ethical decision. A survey more than one year before the field experiment allows us to compare at the individual level stated unethical behavior with revealed behavior in the same situation in the field. Our results indicate a strong discrepancy between stated and revealed behavior, regardless of the specific treatment in the field experiment. This suggests that, given a natural setting, people may actually behave inconsistently with the way in which they otherwise "brand" themselves. Our findings raise caution about the interpretation of stated behavioral measures commonly used in research on unethical behavior. In addition, we show that inducing reciprocity and guilt leads to a decrease in unethical behavior. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 8. |
- Anderson, J. L., et al.
(författare)
-
The Fishery Performance Indicators: A Management Tool for Triple Bottom Line Outcomes
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pursuit of the triple bottom line of economic, community and ecological sustainability has increased the complexity of fishery management; fisheries assessments require new types of data and analysis to guide science-based policy in addition to traditional biological information and modeling. We introduce the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), a broadly applicable and flexible tool for assessing performance in individual fisheries, and for establishing cross-sectional links between enabling conditions, management strategies and triple bottom line outcomes. Conceptually separating measures of performance, the FPIs use 68 individual outcome metrics-coded on a 1 to 5 scale based on expert assessment to facilitate application to data poor fisheries and sectors-that can be partitioned into sectorbased or triple-bottom-line sustainability-based interpretative indicators. Variation among outcomes is explained with 54 similarly structured metrics of inputs, management approaches and enabling conditions. Using 61 initial fishery case studies drawn from industrial and developing countries around the world, we demonstrate the inferential importance of tracking economic and community outcomes, in addition to resource status.
|
|
| 9. |
- Arnason, Ragnar, et al.
(författare)
-
Strong user rights in fisheries: An editorial note
- 2024
-
Ingår i: MARINE POLICY. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is an editorial note for the special issue: Strong User Rights in Fisheries (SURFs). SURFs are rights that constitute a subset of the wider category of rights in fisheries. Being held by the existing operators in the fishery, SURFs may be more acceptable than other fisheries rights. The special issue contains eight (8) papers addressing various issues concerning SURFs such as the theoretical and analytical properties of SURFs, empirical verification of SURF theory, case studies of the impacts of SURFs and challenges to achieve agreements in international fisheries required for the establishment of SURFs.
|
|
| 10. |
- Asche, Frank, et al.
(författare)
-
Aquaculture: Externalities and Policy Options
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1750-6816 .- 1750-6824. ; 16:2, s. 282-305
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future of aquaculture will depend critically on the extent of key externalities, how governance evolves to address these externalities, and the extent to which markets and other institutions provide incentives for technological innovation. Governance in this context refers to natural resource management and environmental regulation by governments as well as private sector initiatives and efforts by nongovernmental organizations that seek to influence consumer behavior, supply chain management, and production practices. Potential market failures in aquaculture include natural resource scarcities that stem from the problem of the commons and a number of environmental externalities. To consider appropriate policies and governance structures, we distinguish between externalities that are endogenous (determined within the sector) and externalities that are exogenous (determined outside the sector).
|
|
| 11. |
- Asche, F., et al.
(författare)
-
Fisheries performance in Africa: An analysis based on data from 14 countries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Fishery Performance Indicators is a data collection tool that allows collection of comparable fisheries data in the environmental, economic and community pillars even under data poor circumstances. In this paper, data collected for 35 fisheries in 14 African countries are analyzed and compared to global averages. Similar to a previous global analysis, the different pillars of sustainability were positively correlated. The results are even more pronounced for Africa than globally. The only exception is the relationship between environment and community pillars in Africa, which is statistically insignificant, and this is also the case for open access fisheries globally. The average scores in Africa are lower than global average scores in all dimensions, which is not unexpected given the high number of open access fisheries. However, factors that are not fisheries specific may be more important for this result, suggesting that a country's governance, economic conditions, and development status are important for fisheries performance. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Carney Almroth, Bethanie, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Marine Plastic Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Policy Issues
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1750-6816 .- 1750-6824. ; 13:2, s. 317-326
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastics have been instrumental in providing access to clean drinking water, medical applications, and improved hygiene and food safety. However, plastics also cause problems. More than 10 million tons of plastic enter the oceans annually. Marine plastic pollution has documented impacts on marine organisms and ecosystem services. The use of chemical additives in plastics also poses a potential threat to human health. While desirable, recycling of plastics is currently constrained by material and chemical complexity, limitations in available technologies, and market demands. This article provides a brief introduction to plastic materials, marine plastic pollution, and its potential effects on marine ecosystems and human health. We also discuss some of the policy and technical issues and suggest priorities for further research.
|
|
| 14. |
- Chavez, C., et al.
(författare)
-
Economics of Marine Resources in the Global South-Meeting the Challenge of Agenda 2030
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Resource Economics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0738-1360 .- 2334-5985. ; 36:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this introduction to the special issue, "Economics of Marine Resources in the Global South," we address the current challenges for sustainable management of aquaculture and capture fisheries in developing and transitional countries. We note that the collective action problem remains a major challenge for capture fisheries in the Global South. While aquaculture has been a fast-moving food sector for half a century and provides disadvantaged people in the Global South with low-cost, high-quality protein, negative externalities remain an industry-wide challenge. We provide a background to aquaculture and fisheries economics relevant for the Global South, using the six articles contained in this issue as a point of departure to discuss six of the 10 targets that are formulated in connection with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14): conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources. Bringing together the challenges of meeting SDG 14 and the contributions of this special issue, we discuss an agenda for future research for those interested in the economics analysis of fisheries and aquaculture relevant to the Global South context.
|
|
| 15. |
- Chegere, M. J., et al.
(författare)
-
The Effects of Storage Technology and Training on Postharvest Losses, Practices, and Sales: Evidence from Small-Scale Farms in Tanzania
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Economic Development and Cultural Change. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0013-0079 .- 1539-2988. ; 70:2, s. 729-761
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the impact of a new storage technology and training on postharvest losses, sales and the timing of sales, farmgate prices, maize quality, and storage protection costs among small-scale maize farmers in rural Tanzania. The analysis is based on data collected by means of a randomized controlled trial in which farmers were randomized into one of three groups: a control group and two treatment groups. Farmers in the first treatment group received training on postharvest management practices, and farmers in the second treatment group were provided with hermetic (airtight) bags for storing maize as well as the training administered to the first treatment group. Both interventions had a significant effect in reducing storage losses, and the intervention with hermetic bags improved the quality of maize grain, raised the likelihood of selling maize, increased the farmgate price of maize, enabled farmers to shift some of their sales to the lean season, and reduced the cost of storage protection. Both interventions are economically feasible.
|
|
| 16. |
- Dutto, Davide, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing the economic effects of the covid-19 pandemic on Swedish shrimp fishers
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 150
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the effect of the perceived risk of the Swedish people of Covid-19 on daily auctioned shrimp prices from the start of the pandemic to the end of the year 2021. This topic is of interest to see whether the government intervention in the shrimp market to aid fishers with possible losses was justified. The Swedish shrimp fishery was for a long time managed by Regulated Open Access, but in January 1, 2017, it was trans-formed to a Strong User Rights Fishery by the introduction of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs). We use empirical data from the period from 2018 to 2021. We find that auction prices were negatively affected by covid-19 cases by SEK 19.83/kg (-9.37%), and that fishers have suffered a loss of SEK 21.5 million.
|
|
| 17. |
- Dutto, Davide, et al.
(författare)
-
The Economic Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Swedish Shrimp Fishers
- 2022
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores the effect of the perceived risk of the Swedish people of Covid-19 on daily auctioned shrimp prices from the start of the pandemic to the end of the year 2021. This topic is of interest to see whether the government intervention in the shrimp market to aid fishers with possible losses was justified. We find that auction prices were negatively affected by covid-19 cases by 19.83 SEK/kg (-9.37 %), and that fishers have suffered a loss of 21.5 million SEK.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Are Commercial Fishers Risk Lovers?
- 2003
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Empirical studies of fishers´ preferences have found that most fishers are risk-averse, while expected-utility theory predicts risk neutrality even for sizable stakes. We test this prediction using data from a stated choice experiment with Swedish commercial fishers. Our results show that almost 900f the respondents do not behave as expected-utility maximizers. 480f the fishers can be broadly characterized as risk-neutral, 26% as modestly risk-averse, while 26% are strongly risk-averse. Fishers are more risk-neutral the higher the fraction of their household´s income comes from fishing, while fishers with a positive attitude to individual quotas are more risk-averse. Sensitivity testing implies that decisions with modest stakes like a few days of fishing are not influenced by wealth level.
|
|
| 20. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Are Commercial Fishers Risk Lovers?
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Land Economics. ; 80:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract. Fishers are risk-averse according to most empirical studies, while expected-utility theory predicts risk neutrality even for sizable stakes. We test this prediction using data from a stated-choice experiment with Swedish commercial fishers. Our results show that only 48% of the fishers can be broadly characterized as risk-neutral, while 26% are modestly risk-averse, and 26% are strongly risk-averse. Fishers are more risk-neutral the higher the fraction of their household's income comes from fishing. Sensitivity testing implies that modest stake decisions like a few days of fishing are not influenced by wealth level. (JEL D81; Q22)
|
|
| 21. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing global fisheries using Fisheries Performance Indicators: Introduction to special section
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This special section of Marine Policy is devoted to applications of the Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPIs). The overall objective of these indicators is to provide a low cost, easily accessible and rapid assessment tool that measures an overall status of a particular fishery anywhere in the world where all three sustainability pillars; ecology, community, and economics are considered [2]. The eight case studies that follow this introduction are the result of a collaboration between researchers at the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems at the University of Florida, researchers and colleagues around the world and the Environment for Development (EfD) Global Hub at University of Gothenburg. EfD is a global network of environmental economics research centers aiming at effective management of the environment in the Global South. The rest of this introduction is organized in the following manner. The next section gives a brief introduction to FPIs, the third section provides a quick background to EfD, its Marine research program and how the FPIs were developed, Section 4 has an overview and some descriptive data from the 149 fisheries currently in the FPI data base, Section 5 gives an overview of the eight new case studies, and the last section concludes. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Difference in Preferences or in Preference Orderings? Comparing Choices of Environmental Bureaucrats, Recreational Anglers, and the Public
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Do Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bureaucrats represent the general public or are they more in line with an interest group? We study preferences for environmental policy using a choice experiment (CE) on three populations; the general public, Swedish EPA bureaucrats, and recreational anglers. We also test for existence of multiple preference orderings, i.e., whether responses differ depending on the decision role assigned. Half of the respondents were asked to choose the alternatives that best corresponded with their opinion, and the other half was asked to take the role of a policymaker and make recommendations for environmental policy. The SEPA bureaucrats have the highest marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to improve environmental quality. These differences are robust and not due to differences in socio-economic characteristics across the populations. We found little evidence of multiple preference orderings, but in one case the difference in MWTP between the two roles was substantial.
|
|
| 24. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Difference in Preferences or Multiple Preference Orderings? Comparing Choices of Environmental Bureaucrats, Recreational Anglers, and the Public
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 151, s. 131-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bureaucrats represent the general public or are they more in line with an interest group? We study preferences for environmental policy using a choice experiment (CE) on three populations; the general public, Swedish EPA bureaucrats, and recreational anglers. We also test for existence of multiple preference orderings: Half of the respondents were asked to choose the alternatives that best corresponded with their opinion, and the other half was asked to take the role of a policy-maker and make recommendations for environmental policy. The SEPA bureaucrats have the highest marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to improve environmental quality. Differences in MWTP are robust and not due to differences in socioeconomic characteristics across the populations. We only found weak evidence of multiple preference orderings.
|
|
| 25. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Do you trust me? – Go Fish! A Study on Trust and Fisheries Management
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper investigates trust among stakeholders in fisheries management. We asked the general public, environmental bureaucrats, and recreational and commercial fishers whether they believed various stakeholders have sufficient knowledge to take a stance regarding fisheries management issues in a choice experiment they themselves had just been exposed to. We found that the general public and recreational fishers tend to trust bureaucrats to have sufficient knowledge, while bureaucrats distrust the general public. The commercial fishers in our sample deviate from the other respondents with high self-trust and low trust in both the general public and bureaucrats. In addition, bureaucrats tend to think that their colleagues are more knowledgeable than them. When looking at observable characteristics, we find that, regardless of comparison group, males show higher trust in their own knowledge than do females, and those with higher education believe they are more knowledgeable than people in general.
|
|
