| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Lappi, Emma
(författare)
-
Post-entrepreneurship productivity
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, public policies have been implemented to encourage individuals to become entrepreneurs. However, the individual and social benefits of such policies when some of these individuals eventually leave entrepreneurship are unclear. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically assess the productivity effects arising from the labor market experience of entrepreneurship, measured as self-employment, in subsequent wage employment.This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four independent papers. The four papers evaluate the consequences of the self-employment experience either for the individuals’ wages or for firm productivity when firms hire such individuals. All the papers compare the self-employment experience relative to wage employment.The first paper estimates how individuals’ earnings are influenced in post-entrepreneurship careers when they return to wage employment. The findings suggest that former entrepreneurs suffer large earnings losses, especially in the first year as employees, and for the higher educated, these losses persist even after seven years in employment. The second paper studies the role of professional ties in entry wages when finding employment after self-employment. The results show that even when using former coworker ties in the hiring process, the former self-employed, except for those who have ties with incumbent employees when they had their own firm, earn significantly lower entry wages.The third paper evaluates the productivity effects of different labor flows, with an emphasis on hiring former entrepreneurs. The paper finds that new hires who come from entrepreneurship, in general, are just as productive as those employees hired from another firm but are more productive than those coming from unemployment. The fourth paper analyzes how having employees with former entrepreneurship experience is related to firm productivity. The results show that having more former entrepreneurs as employees in a firm increases performance.
|
|
| 4. |
- Locke, Adam E, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 197-401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.
|
|
| 5. |
- Shungin, Dmitry, et al.
(författare)
-
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 187-378
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ytterberg, A Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
-
Shared immunological targets in the lungs and joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis : identification and validation
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 74:9, s. 1772-1777
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Immunological events in the lungs might trigger production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies during early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the presence of shared immunological citrullinated targets in joints and lungs of patients with RA.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Proteins extracted from bronchial (n=6) and synovial (n=7) biopsy specimens from patients with RA were investigated by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. One candidate peptide was synthesised and used to investigate by ELISA the presence of antibodies in patients with RA (n=393), healthy controls (n=152) and disease controls (n=236). HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles were detected in patients with RA.RESULTS: Ten citrullinated peptides belonging to seven proteins were identified, with two peptides shared between the synovial and bronchial biopsy samples. Further analysis, using accurate mass and retention time, enabled detection of eight citrullinated peptides in synovial and seven in bronchial biopsy specimens, with five peptides shared between the synovial and bronchial biopsy specimens. Two citrullinated vimentin (cit-vim) peptides were detected in the majority of synovial and lung tissues. Antibodies to a synthesised cit-vim peptide candidate (covering both cit-vim peptides identified in vivo) were present in 1.8% of healthy controls, 15% of patients with RA, and 3.4% of disease controls. Antibodies to cit-vim peptide were associated with the presence of the SE alleles in RA.CONCLUSIONS: Identical citrullinated peptides are present in bronchial and synovial tissues, which may be used as immunological targets for antibodies of patients with RA. The data provide further support for a link between lungs and joints in RA and identify potential targets for immunity that may mediate this link.
|
|
| 7. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy-Saving Solutions for Cellular Internet of Things - A Survey
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Access. - IEEE : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 62096-62096
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT, e.g., the configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport- or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.
|
|
| 8. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for an Energy Efficient Tuning of the NB-IoT Stack
- 2020
-
Ingår i: 45th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). - : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 60-69
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study the energy consumptionof Narrowband IoT devices. The paper suggests that key tosaving energy for NB-IoT devices is the usage of full Discontinuous Reception (DRX), including the use of connected-mode DRX (cDRX): In some cases, cDRX reduced the energy consumption over a 10-year period with as much as 50%. However, the paper also suggests that tunable parameters, such as the inactivity timer, do have a significant impact. On the basis of our findings, guidelines are provided on how to tune the NB-IoT device so that it meets the target of the 3GPP, i.e., a 5-Wh battery should last for at least 10 years. It is further evident from our results that the energy consumption is largely dependent on the intensity and burstiness of the traffic, and thus could be significantly reduced if data is sent in bursts with less intensity,irrespective of cDRX support.
|
|
| 9. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of Tunable Parameters in NB-IoT Stack onthe Energy Consumption
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of Fifteenth Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop (SNCNW).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the impact of tunable parametersin the NB-IoT stack on the energy consumption of a user equipment(UE), e.g., a wireless sensor. NB-IoT is designed to enablemassive machine-type communications for UE while providing abattery lifetime of up to 10 years. To save battery power, most oftime the UE is in dormant state and unreachable. Still, duringthe CONNECTED and IDLE state, correct tuning of criticalparameters, like Discontinuous reception (DRX), and extendedDiscontinuous reception (eDRX), respectively, are essential to savebattery power. Moreover, the DRX and eDRX actions relate tovarious parameters which are needed to be tuned in order toachieve a required UE battery lifetime. The objective of thispaper is to observe the influence of an appropriate tuning ofthese parameters to reduce the risk of an early battery drainage
|
|
| 10. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir
(författare)
-
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cellular IoT Device
- 2023
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has emerged as a promising technology to support applications that generate infrequent data. One requirement on these applications, often battery-powered devices, is low energy consumption to enable extended battery life. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a promising technology for IoT due to its low power consumption, which is essential for devices that need to run on battery power for extended periods. However, the current battery life of NB-IoT devices is only a few years, which is insufficient for many applications. This thesis investigates the impact of energy-saving mechanisms standardized by 3GPP on battery life of NB-IoT devices. The main research objective is to classify and analyze existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT and examine their limitations, to study the impact of standardized energy-saving mechanisms on the battery life of NB-IoT devices, both in isolation and combined, and to provide guidelines on how to configure NB-IoT devices to reduce energy consumption efficiently. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of energy-saving mechanisms and best practices to balance energy efficiency and performance of NB-IoT devices. Applying the proposed solutions makes it possible to achieve a battery life of 10~years or more for CIoT devices.
|
|
| 11. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Energy-efficient Use of Discontinuous Reception and Release Assistance in NB-IoT
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) is a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology. It aims for cheap, lowcomplexity IoT devices that enable large-scale deployments and wide-area coverage. Moreover, to make large-scale deployments of CIoT devices in remote and hard-to-access locations possible, a long device battery life is one of the main objectives of these devices. To this end, 3GPP has defined several energysaving mechanisms for CIoT technologies, not least for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology, one of the major CIoT technologies. Examples of mechanisms defined include CONNECTED-mode DRX (cDRX), Release Assistance Indicator (RAI), and Power Saving Mode (PSM). This paper considers the impact of the essential energy-saving mechanisms on minimizing the energy consumption of NB-IoT devices, especially the cDRX and RAI mechanisms. The paper uses a purpose-built NB-IoT simulator that has been tested in terms of its built-in energy-saving mechanisms and validated with realworld NB-IoT measurements. The simulated results show that it is possible to save 70%-90% in energy consumption by enabling the cDRX and RAI. In fact, the results suggest that a battery life of 10 years is only achievable provided the cDRX, RAI, and PSM energy-saving mechanisms are correctly configured and used
|
|
| 12. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards zero-energy : Navigating the future with 6G in Cellular Internet of Things
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Network and Computer Applications. - : Elsevier. - 1084-8045 .- 1095-8592. ; 230
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has seen significant growth in recent years. With the deployment of 5G, it has become essential to reduce the power consumption of these devices for long-term sustainability. The upcoming 6G cellular network introduces the concept of zero-energy CIoT devices, which do not require batteries or manual charging. This paper focuses on these devices, providing insight into their feasibility and practical implementation. The paper examines how CIoT devices use simultaneous wireless information and power transfer, beamforming, and backscatter communication techniques. It also analyzes the potential use of energy harvesting and power management in zero-energy CIoT devices. Furthermore, the paper explores how low-power transceivers can lower energy usage while maintaining dependable communication functions.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Crusoe, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital transformation decoupling: The impact of willful ignorance on public sector digital transformation
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Government Information Quarterly. - 0740-624X. ; 41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The public sector is actively pursuing digital transformation to ensure continuous operations and relevance. While existing research has outlined essential prerequisites for successful digital transformation, there is recognition of willful ignorance concerning these prerequisites. Public servants may in other words deliberately avoid understanding the necessary conditions for digital transformation, often driven by strategic motives such as evading responsibility and/or accountability. The phenomenon of willful ignorance constitutes an important yet under-researched area within the study of digital government. To close this gap, we investigate the latent factors of willful ignorance in public sector digital transformation, utilizing three sets of national panel data focused on digital transformation prerequisites. Employing exploratory factor analysis on an initial sample, we construct a factor model, subsequently assessing its validity through confirmatory factor analysis on two additional samples. Our research identifies and validates latent factors associated with willful ignorance in the digital transformation of the public sector. Building on these findings, we propose a mid-range variance theory termed “digital transformation decoupling”. By integrating this theory with existing knowledge, we present a set of propositions to guide future research in the realm of public sector digital transformation.
|
|
| 16. |
- Dekkers, Koen, et al.
(författare)
-
An online atlas of human plasma metabolite signatures of gut microbiome composition.
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human gut microbiota produce a variety of molecules, some of which enter the bloodstream and impact health. Conversely, dietary or pharmacological compounds may affect the microbiota before entering the circulation. Characterization of these interactions is an important step towards understanding the effects of the gut microbiota on health. In this cross-sectional study, we used deep metagenomic sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry for a detailed characterization of the gut microbiota and plasma metabolome, respectively, of 8583 participants invited at age 50 to 64 from the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study. Here, we find that the gut microbiota explain up to 58% of the variance of individual plasma metabolites and we present 997 associations between alpha diversity and plasma metabolites and 546,819 associations between specific gut metagenomic species and plasma metabolites in an online atlas ( https://gutsyatlas.serve.scilifelab.se/ ). We exemplify the potential of this resource by presenting novel associations between dietary factors and oral medication with the gut microbiome, and microbial species strongly associated with the uremic toxin p-cresol sulfate. This resource can be used as the basis for targeted studies of perturbation of specific metabolites and for identification of candidate plasma biomarkers of gut microbiota composition.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Eklund, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Dependence of the colored frequency noise in spin torque oscillators on current and magnetic field
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 104:9, s. 092405-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nano-scale spin torque oscillator (STO) is a compelling device for on-chip, highly tunable microwave frequency signal generation. Currently, one of the most important challenges for the STO is to increase its longer-time frequency stability by decreasing the 1/f frequency noise, but its high level makes even its measurement impossible using the phase noise mode of spectrum analyzers. Here, we present a custom made time-domain measurement system with 150MHz measurement bandwidth making possible the investigation of the variation of the 1/f as well as the white frequency noise in a STO over a large set of operating points covering 18-25GHz. The 1/f level is found to be highly dependent on the oscillation amplitude-frequency non-linearity and the vicinity of unexcited oscillation modes. These findings elucidate the need for a quantitative theoretical treatment of the low-frequency, colored frequency noise in STOs. Based on the results, we suggest that the 1/f frequency noise possibly can be decreased by improving the microstructural quality of the metallic thin films.
|
|
| 20. |
- Eklund, Anders J., et al.
(författare)
-
Triple mode-jumping in a spin torque oscillator
- 2013
-
Ingår i: 2013 22nd International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations, ICNF 2013. - New York : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479906680 ; , s. 6578965-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a nano-contact Co/Cu/NiFe spin torque oscillator, mode-jumping between up to three frequencies within 22.5-24.0 GHz is electrically observed in the time domain. The measurements reveal toggling between two states with differing oscillation amplitude, of which the low-amplitude state is further divided into two rapidly alternating modes. Analysis of the mode dwell time statistics and the total time spent in each mode is carried out, and it is found that in both aspects the balance between the modes is greatly altered with the DC drive current.
|
|
| 21. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Delay Penalty during SCTP Handover
- 2011
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapidly growing interest in untethered Internet connections such as WLAN and 3G/4G mobile connections,calls for intelligent session management, not least in terms of handovers. As part of an effort to develop a SCTP-based session management framework, we are studying ways of improving the SCTP handover delay forreal-time traffic by optimizing the startup delay on the handover-target path. We have developed a theoretical model that predicts the transfer times of SCTP messages during the startup on a new path. This paper validates our model. It shows that the model can be used to predict message transfer times in variable bitrate flows. The paper further employs our model to study the startup delay penalty during handover for the spectrum of network conditions considered relevant for real-time traffic over mobile connections.
|
|
| 22. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Efficient Scheduling to Reduce Latency for Signaling Traffic using CMT-SCTP
- 2016
-
Ingår i: 27th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), September 4-7, Valencia, Spain. - : IEEE. - 9781509032549 ; , s. 2127-2132
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mitigate delay spikes during transmission of bursty signaling traffic, concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) over several paths in parallel could be an option. Still, unordered delivery is a well known problem when concurrently transmitting data over asymmetric network paths, leading to extra delay due to Head-of-Line Blocking (HoLB). The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), designed as a carrier for signaling traffic over IP, is currently being extended with support for CMT (CMT-SCTP). To reduce the impact of HoLB, SCTP has support for transmission of separate data flows, called SCTP streams. In this paper, we address sender scheduling to optimize latency for signaling traffic using CMT-SCTP. We present dynamic stream-aware (DS) scheduling, which utilizes the SCTP stream concept, and continuously considers the current network status as well as the data load to make scheduling decisions. We implement a DS scheduler and compare it against some existing schedulers. Our investigation suggests that DS scheduling could significantly reduce latency compared to dynamic path scheduling that does not consider streams. Moreover, we show that naive round-robin scheduling may provide low latency over symmetric network paths, but may transmit data on non-beneficial asymmetric network paths leading to increased latency. Finally, our results show that a static stream based approach, found beneficial for bulk traffic, is not appropriate for bursty signaling traffic.
|
|
| 23. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of slow start on SCTP handover performance
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proc Int Conf Comput Commun Networks ICCCN. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781457706387
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapidly growing interest in untethered Internet connections, especially in terms of WLAN and 3G/4G mobile connections, calls for intelligent session management: a mobile device should be able to provide a reasonable end-user experience despite location changes, disconnection periods and, not least, handovers. As part of an effort to develop a SCTP-based session management framework that meets these criteria, we are studying ways of improving the SCTP handover delay for real-time traffic; especially the startup delay on the connection between a mobile device and the target access point. To obtain an appreciation of the theoretically feasible gains of optimizing the startup delay on the handover-target path, we have developed a model that predicts the transfer times of SCTP messages during slow start. This paper experimentally validates our model and demonstrates that it could be used to predict the message transfer times in a variable bitrate flow by approximating the variable flow with a constant dito. It also employs our model to obtain an appreciation of the startup delay penalties incured by slow start during handovers in typical mobile, real-time traffic scenarios.
|
|
| 24. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Implications of using a Large Initial Congestion Window to Improve mSCTP Handover Delay
- 2012
-
Ingår i: MOBILITY 2012 : The Second International Conference on Mobile Services, Resources, and Users. - : IARIA. - 9781612082295 ; , s. 116-121
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The currently rather heterogeneous wireless landscape makes handover between different network technologies, so-called vertical handover, a key to a continued success for wireless Internet access. Recently, an extension to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) – the Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (DAR) extension – was standardized by IETF. This extension enables the use of SCTP for vertical handover. Still, the way vertical handover works in SCTP with DAR makes it less suitable for real-time traffic. Particularly, it takes a significant amount of time for the traffic to ramp up to full speed on the handover target path. In this paper, we study the implications of an increased initial congestion window for real-time traffic on the handover target path when competing traffic is present. The results clearly show that an increased initial congestion window could significantly reduce the transfer delay for real-time traffic, provided the fair share of the available capacity on the handover target path is sufficiently higher than the send rate required by the real-time flow. Additionally, we notice that this performance gain comes without penalizing the competing traffic.
|
|
| 25. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Improving mSCTP-based Vertical Handovers by Increasing the Initial Congestion Window
- 2011
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wireless networks play an increasingly important role in our daily lives. However, the wireless landscape comprises serveralnetwork technologies, and which technology to use is often context dependent and varies over time: In urban areas, WiFi viaa WiFi hotspot might be the preferred access technology, while in rural areas 3G, HSPA or some other 3GPP technologymight be the only viable alternative. To this end, a large number of vertical handover solutions, ranging from link-level toapplication-level solutions, has been proposed in the past several years.We believe that the Stream Control Transmission Protocol and its extension for Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (mSCTP)make up an attractive vertical handover solution, especially in cases where there are little or no economic incentives to modify orupgrade the existing network infrastructure. Currently, we are implementing an mSCTP-based mobility management frameworkfor Android smartphones and tablets, and as part of that work we are considering ways of mitigating the effects of a handoveron ongoing transport sessions.A mobile terminal with several network interfaces may traverse different types of networks (WLAN, UMTS, HSPA).A seamless handover between these networks may be achieved by the transport protocol, Stream Control TransmissionProtocol(SCTP), with its multihoming facility (mSCTP), in conjunction with a mobility manager monitoring the availablenetwork interfaces. SCTP, a reliable transport protocol, closely related to TCP, encompasses slow-start in the beginning of asession. This slow-start phase is also activated to probe for network capacity on the target path after a handover, which couldresult in unncessarily reduced throughput in case of spare capacity in the network. The throughput degradation in could becrucial for an ongoing real time session, like video conferencing. In this study we have conducted experiments on the benefitof increasing the initial congestion window to reduce the negative impact of the slow start phase. We have by experimentsquantified the performance gain from an increasd initial window, and have seen that there a reduction in maximum transfertime for a message of about 50 % in scenarios with real-time video, compared to the default initial congestion window. Theimprovement is most prominent in sessions with high transfer delays. One easy, and thus very attractive, way to improveon the handover performance is to increase the initial congestion window on the handover target path. Although a seeminglycontroversal proposition, one should bear in mind that researchers at Google and other cloud computing companies are currentlystrongly promoting a drastic increase of TCP’s initial congestion window within IETF.
|
|
