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| 2. |
- Ansari, Farhan, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose nanofiber network for moisture stable, strong and ductile biocomposites and increased epoxy curing rate
- 2014
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Ingår i: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-835X .- 1878-5840. ; 63, s. 35-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocomposites with high volume fractions (15-50 vol%) of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were prepared by impregnation of a wet porous NFC network with acetone/epoxy/amine solution. Infrared spectroscopy studies revealed a significant increase in curing rate of epoxy (EP) in the presence of NFC. The NFC provided extremely efficient reinforcement (at 15 vol%: 3-fold increase in stiffness and strength to 5.9 GPa and 109 MPa, respectively), and ductility was preserved. Besides, the glass transition temperature increased with increasing NFC content (from 68 degrees C in neat epoxy to 86 degrees C in 50 vol% composite). Most interestingly, the moisture sorption values were low and even comparable to neat epoxy for the 15 vol% NFC/EP. This material did not change mechanical properties at increased relative humidity (90% RH). Thus, NFC/EP provides a unique combination of high strength, modulus, ductility, and moisture stability for a cellulose-based biocomposite. Effects from nanostructural and interfacial tailoring are discussed.
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| 3. |
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| 5. |
- Borodulina, Svetlana, et al.
(författare)
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Stress-strain curve of paper revisited
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 27:2, s. 318-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress-strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. By using a detailed particle-level simulation tool we investigate, among other things, the impact of "non-traditional" bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds. This is probably the first three-dimensional model which is capable of simulating the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level and bond failures. The failure behavior of the network considered in the study could be changed significantly by relatively small changes in bond strength, as compared to the scatter in bonding data found in the literature. We have identified that compliance of the bonding regions has a significant impact on network strength. By comparing networks with weak and strong bonds, we concluded that large local strains are the precursors of bond failures and not the other way around.
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| 7. |
- Galland, Sylvain, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose nanofibers decorated with magnetic nanoparticles : synthesis, structure and use in magnetized high toughness membranes for a prototype loudspeaker
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - 2050-7526. ; 1:47, s. 7963-7972
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic nanoparticles are the functional component for magnetic membranes, but they are difficult to disperse and process into tough membranes. Here, cellulose nanofibers are decorated with magnetic ferrite nanoparticles formed in situ which ensures a uniform particle distribution, thereby avoiding the traditional mixing stage with the potential risk of particle agglomeration. The attachment of the particles to the nanofibrils is achieved via aqueous in situ hydrolysis of metal precursors onto the fibrils at temperatures below 100 °C. Metal adsorption and precursor quantification were carried out using Induction Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). FE-SEM was used for high resolution characterization of the decorated nanofibers and hybrid membranes, and TEM was used for nanoparticle size distribution studies. The decorated nanofibers form a hydrocolloid. Large (200 mm diameter) hybrid cellulose/ferrite membranes were prepared by simple filtration and drying of the colloidal suspension. The low-density, flexible and permanently magnetized membranes contain as much as 60 wt% uniformly dispersed nanoparticles (thermogravimetric analysis data). Hysteresis magnetization was measured by a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer; the inorganic phase was characterized by XRD. Membrane mechanical properties were measured in uniaxial tension. An ultrathin prototype loudspeaker was made and its acoustic performance in terms of output sound pressure was characterized. A full spectrum of audible frequencies was resolved.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Galland, Sylvain, 1987-
(författare)
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Compression-moulded and multifunctional cellulose network materials
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellulose-based materials are widely used in a number of important applications (e.g. paper, wood, textiles). Additional developments are suggested by the growing interest for natural fibre-based composite and nanocomposite materials. The motivation is not only in the economic and ecological benefits, but is also related to advantageous properties and characteristics. The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of process-structure-property relationships in some novel cellulose network materials with advanced functionalities, and showing potential large-scale processability. An important result is the favourable combination of mechanical properties observed for network-based cellulose materials.Compression-moulding of cellulose pulp fibres under high pressure (45 MPa) and elevated temperature (120 – 180 oC) provides an environmentally friendly process for preparation of stiff and strong cellulose composite plates. The structure of these materials is characterized at multiple scales (molecular, supra-molecular and microscale). These observations are related to measured reduction in water retention ability and improvement in mechanical properties.In a second part, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) are functionalized with in-situ precipitated magnetic nanoparticles and formed into dense nanocomposite materials with high inorganic content. The precipitation conditions influence particle size distributions, which in turn affect the magnetic properties of the material. Besides, the decorated NFC network provides high stiffness, strength and toughness to materials with very high nanoparticle loading (up to 50 vol.%).Subsequently, a method for impregnation of wet NFC network templates with a thermosetting epoxy resin is developed, enabling the preparation of well-dispersed epoxy-NFC nanocomposites with high ductility and moisture durable mechanical properties. Furthermore, cellulose fibrils interact positively with the epoxy during curing (covalent bond formation and accelerated curing). Potential large scale development of epoxy-NFC and magnetic nanocomposites is further demonstrated with the manufacturing of 3D shaped compression-moulded objects.Finally, the wet impregnation route developed for epoxy is adapted to prepare UV-curable NFC nanocomposite films with a hyperbranched polymer matrix. Different chemical modifications are applied to the NFC in order to obtain moisture durable oxygen barrier properties.
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| 11. |
- Galland, Sylvain, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Strong and Moldable Cellulose Magnets with High Ferrite Nanoparticle Content
- 2014
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 6:22, s. 20524-20534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major limitation in the development of highly functional hybrid nanocomposites is brittleness and low tensile strength at high inorganic nanoparticle content. Herein, cellulose nanofibers were extracted from wood and individually decorated with cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles and then for the first time molded at low temperature (<120 degrees C) into magnetic nanocomposites with up to 93 wt % inorganic content. The material structure was characterized by TEM and FE-SEM and mechanically tested as compression molded samples. The obtained porous magnetic sheets were further impregnated with a thermosetting epoxy resin, which improved the load-bearing functions of ferrite and cellulose material. A nanocomposite with 70 wt % ferrite, 20 wt % cellulose nanofibers, and 10 wt % epoxy showed a modulus of 12.6 GPa, a tensile strength of 97 MPa, and a strain at failure of ca. 4%. Magnetic characterization was performed in a vibrating sample magnetometer, which showed that the coercivity was unaffected and that the saturation magnetization was in proportion with the ferrite content. The used ferrite, CoFe2O4 is a magnetically hard material, demonstrated by that the composite material behaved as a traditional permanent magnet. The presented processing route is easily adaptable to prepare millimeter-thick and moldable magnetic objects. This suggests that the processing method has the potential to be scaled-up for industrial use for the preparation of a new subcategory of magnetic, low-cost, and moldable objects based on cellulose nanofibers.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Galland, Sylvain, et al.
(författare)
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UV-Cured Cellulose Nanofiber Composites with Moisture Durable Oxygen Barrier Properties
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Polymer Science. - : Wiley. - 0021-8995 .- 1097-4628. ; 131:16, s. 40604-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocomposites based on 10 to 60 vol % cellulose nanofibers (NFC) in a photopolymerizable hyperbranched acrylate matrix were prepared. Unmodified NFC and NFC chemically modified with a silane coupling agent and with ceric ammonium nitrate for direct polymer grafting from the cellulose surface were used. A homogeneous dispersion of NFC in the matrix was obtained in each case, leading to a marked improvement in oxygen barrier (up to nine times) and thermomechanical properties (storage modulus increased up to seven times). The mechanisms involved in the permeability reduction were investigated, revealing non-monotonic trends in the evolution of the solubility and diffusion coefficients with NFC content. Most significantly, the inherent moisture sensitivity of the oxygen permeability of the NFC was found to be drastically reduced when it was dispersed in the polymer matrix, particularly after chemical modification, underlining the promise of the present approach for the production of robust, high barrier organic films.
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| 14. |
- Kulachenko, Artem, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Elastic properties of cellulose nanopaper
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 19:3, s. 793-807
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanopaper is a transparent film made of network-forming nanocellulose fibers. These fibers are several micrometers long with a diameter of 4-50 nm. The reported elastic modulus of nanopaper often falls short of even conservative theoretical predictions based on the modulus of crystalline cellulose, although such predictions usually perform well for other fiber composite materials. We investigate this inconsistency and suggest explanations by identifying the critical factors affecting the stiffness of nanopaper. A similar inconsistency is found when predicting the stiffness of conventional paper, and it is usually explained by the effects introduced during drying. We found that the effect of the drying cannot solely explain the relatively low elastic modulus of nanopaper. Among the factors that showed the most influence are the presence of non-crystalline regions along the length of the nanofibers, initial strains and the three-dimensional structure of individual bonds.
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| 15. |
- Nilsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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A non-solvent approach for high-stiffness all-cellulose biocomposites based on pure wood cellulose
- 2010
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Ingår i: Composites Science And Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-3538 .- 1879-1050. ; 70:12, s. 1704-1712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All-cellulose composites are commonly prepared using cellulose solvents. In this study, moldable all-cellulose I wood fiber materials of high cellulose purity (97%) were successfully compression molded. Water is the only processing aid. The material is interesting as a "green" biocomposite for industrial applications. Dissolving wood fiber pulps (Eucalyptus hardwood and conifer softwood) are used and the influence of pulp origin, beating and pressing temperature (20-180 degrees C) on supramolecular cellulose nanostructure is studied by solid state CP/MAS C-13 NMR. Average molar mass is determined by SEC to assess process degradation effects. Mechanical properties are determined in tensile tests. High-density composites were obtained with a Young's modulus of up to 13 GPa. In addition, nanoscale cellulose fibril aggregation was confirmed due to processing, and resulted in a less moisture sensitive material.
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| 16. |
- Nilsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Compression molded wood pulp biocomposites : A study of hemicellulose influence on cellulose supramolecular structure and material properties
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 19:3, s. 751-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the importance of hemicellulose content and structure in chemical pulps on the property relationships in compression molded wood pulp biocomposites is examined. Three different softwood pulps are compared; an acid sulfite dissolving grade pulp with high cellulose purity, an acid sulfite paper grade pulp and a paper grade kraft pulp, the latter two both containing higher amounts of hemicelluloses. Biocomposites based the acid sulfite pulps exhibit twice as high Young's modulus as the composite based on paper grade kraft pulp, 11-12 and 6 GPa, respectively, and the explanation is most likely the difference in beating response of the pulps. Also the water retention value (WRV) is similarly low for the two molded sulfite pulps (0.5 g/g) as compared to the molded kraft pulp (0.9 g/g). The carbohydrate composition is determined by neutral sugar analysis and average molar masses by SEC. The cellulose supramolecular structure (cellulose fibril aggregation) is studied by solid state CP/MAS 13C-NMR and two forms of hemicellulose are assigned. During compression molding, cellulose fibril aggregation occurs to higher extent in the acid sulfite pulps as compared to the kraft pulp. In conclusion, the most important observation from this study is that the difference in hemicellulose content and structure seems to affect the aggregation behaviour and WRV of the investigated biocomposites.
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| 17. |
- Plummer, C. J. G., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of processing routes on morphology and low strain stiffness of polymer/nanofibrillated cellulose composites
- 2015
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Ingår i: Plastics, rubber and composites. - 1465-8011 .- 1743-2898. ; 44:3, s. 81-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The morphology of polymer/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) composite sheets produced using different techniques and its influence on low strain stiffness were assessed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Solvent processing led to relatively homogeneous NFC dispersions and significant reinforcement of the in-plane Young's modulus. The continuous cellular networks obtained by wet comingling of polylactide powder or latex with NFC also provided efficient and essentially scale independent reinforcement, in spite of the extensive agglomeration of the NFC. However, the irreversible nature of these networks is incompatible with low pressure thermoplastic processing routes such as physical foaming, and while they may be broken up by e.g. extrusion, this led to substantial loss in reinforcement, particularly at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the matrix, consistent with the observation of isolated low aspect ratio NFC aggregates in the extruded specimens.
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| 18. |
- Plummer, C. J. G., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of processing routes on the morphology and properties of polymer/nanofibrillated cellulose composites
- 2014
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Ingår i: 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014. - 9780000000002
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The morphology of polymer/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) composite sheets produced using different techniques and its influence on low strain stiffness were assessed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Solvent processing led to relatively homogeneous NFC dispersions and significant reinforcement of the in-plane Young's modulus. The continuous cellular networks obtained by wet-comingling of PLA powder or latex with NFC also provided efficient and essentially scale-independent reinforcement, in spite of the extensive agglomeration of the NFC. However, the irreversible nature of these networks is incompatible with low pressure thermoplastic processing routes such as physical foaming, and while they may be broken up by e.g. extrusion, this led to substantial loss in reinforcement, particularly above Tg, consistent with the observation of isolated low aspect ratio NFC aggregates in the extruded specimens.
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| 19. |
- Prakobna, Kasinee, et al.
(författare)
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High-Performance and Moisture-Stable Cellulose-Starch Nanocomposites Based on Bioinspired Core-Shell Nanofibers
- 2015
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 16:3, s. 904-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Moisture stability and brittleness are challenges for plant fiber biocomposites intended for load-bearing applications, for instance those based on an amylopectin-rich (AP) starch matrix. Core-shell amylopectin-coated cellulose nanofibers and nanocomposites are prepared to investigate effects from the distribution of AP matrix. The core-shell nanocomposites are compared with nanocomposites with more irregular amylopectin (AP) distribution. Colloidal properties (DLS), AP adsorption, nanofiber dimensions (atomic force microscopy), and nanocomposite structure (transmission electron microscopy) are analyzed. Tensile tests are performed at different moisture contents. The core-shell nanofibers result in exceptionally moisture stable, ductile, and strong nanocomposites, much superior to reference CNF/AP nanocomposites with more irregular AP distribution. The reduction in AP properties is less pronounced as the AP forms a favorable interphase around individual CNF nanofibers.
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