| 1. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Granjeras del Mar : Luchas y Sueños en Coliumo
- 2018
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the book is to make visible the history and aspirations of the Union of Independent Workers of Artisanal Fishermen, Shore Harvesters and Seaweed collectors, Caleta Coliumo − which in spite of its masculine name is composed only of women. In doing so the authors hope to contribute to supporting the Union’s ongoing struggle to secure productive livelihoods and contribute more widely to coastal sustainability in the region. These are goals that we think should involve partnerships between scientists, fishing organizations and local, regional and national authorities. The book is also a contribution to the general discussion on the Áreas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos (AMERB) and especially to the entry of women into fishing in Chile.More particularly, this book focuses on the experience of women in Coliumo, in southern Chile (Bío-Bío region), who in the heat of the struggle for coastal resources with fishermen from an adjacent fishing cove, organized themselves and were successful in applying for and obtaining exclusive use rights in coastal marine areas under the system of Territorial Rights of Use for Fishing (TURFs). Gaining entitlements to TURFs soon evolved into a new struggle for resources, this time among women aligned with different fishing unions in Coliumo. The outcome of this struggle was the creation of a second TURFs, again governed only by an all-women fishing union. This demonstrated once again, that in addition to the women’s role as seaweed collectors, they were able to effectively exercise their recently acquired negotiation and managerial skills. These were capacities that even local fishermen came to admire. What began as a conflict with fishermen from another cove, became an avenue where two all-women fishing unions became managers of two TURFs entitlements in the village. The women’s capacities to effectively manage their TURFs entitlements and related resources has resulted in increases in income and enhanced standing in their communities. The fishing union examined in the study will soon be moving up the value chain from seaweed collectors to producers. With the support of the State, there are also plans to develop small-scale algae aquaculture. Through the collective exercise of their own agency the women of Coliumo have empowered themselves not only as fishers and workers but also as resource managers, entrepreneurs and community leaders.
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| 2. |
- Aburto, J., et al.
(författare)
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Territorial user rights for artisanal fisheries in Chile : intended and unintended outcomes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; 71, s. 284-295
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Granting property property rights in fisheries is assumed to provide incentives for sustainable resource exploitation. These rights might also open other income options for fishers, including some that go beyond the original objectives intended by authorities establishing the right. The opportunity for alternative uses is especially high if the details of these rights are not clearly identified. In Chile, a de novo TURF (Territorial User Rights for Fishery) system, called Management Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (Areas de Manejo y Explotacion de Recursos Bentonicos-AMERB) was created to achieve sustainable exploitation of benthic resources. This study compares two small-scale fishing communities in Chile, Guayacan and Huentelauquen, representing two typical contrasting settings, regarding geographical contexts and surroundings, origin, history, location, social embeddedness, main fisheries activities as well as the motivation and the process through which they acquired their AMERB. While in Guayacan the main fishing activity outside the AMERB is the giant squid and finfish fishery, in Huentelauquen the main and traditional activity has been diving for benthic resources. The objectives to acquire their AMERBs were different in both cases. Huentelauquen applied the AMERB for their traditional activity, the fishery of Concholepas concholepas ("loco"), thus in accordance with the official objective of the AMERB. Due to reduced catches of loco, fishers also added the collection of kelps, using their AMERB to control access to the entire coast surrounding their fishing community, beyond the limits of their AMERB. In Guayacan the AMERB, applied for the management of scallops and a species of red algae, began to be used for sea squirt aquaculture. Within the framework of sustainable fisheries implied by the AMERBs, there was in both cases a clear expectation to gain new sources of income. However with time both AMERBs are being used as a tool for territorial exclusion of other fishers beyond the limits of their respective AMERBs. In Huentelauquen fishers mention mostly negative aspects about the performance of their AMERB, given the poor economic results, being unsatisfied with the AMERB system in general, because they feel that the system disrupted their traditional migration along the coast. In Guayacan, fishers mentioned mostly positive aspects for their AMERB, as it was an opportunity to add new activities. Both examples show that rights-based management approaches are very attractive; they could promote new uses or developments, whose sustainability nevertheless needs to be analyzed further. The analyzed case studies show that, contrary to how the system was developed in Chile, a more bottom-up implementation of new management arrangements may make it easier to agree on common objectives, and/or leave more freedom for fishers to adjust and arrange their livelihood. Considering the importance the AMERBs have acquired for fishers, these kinds of systems need flexible regulations in order that fishers can adapt the system to local traditions, uses or needs and also to their learning and adapting capacities.
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| 3. |
- Allard, Christina, et al.
(författare)
-
Rasbiologiskt språkbruk i statens rättsprocess mot sameby : DN Debatt 2015-06-11
- 2015
-
Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Statens hantering av forskningsresultat i rättsprocessen med Girjas sameby utgör ett hot mot Sverige som rättsstat och kunskapsnation. Åratal av svensk och internationell forskning underkänns och man använder ett språkbruk som skulle kunna vara hämtat från rasbiologins tid. Nu måste staten ta sitt ansvar och börja agera som en demokratisk rättsstat, skriver 59 forskare.
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| 4. |
- Börebäck, Maria Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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An Educational SAIL : Teaching for a Sustainability Future
- 2013
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Ingår i: Baltic University Programme Newsletter. - Uppsala : Uppsala universitet. ; 35, s. 3-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Researchers and teachers in higher education from different disciplinesand universities from the Baltic region had the opportunityto sail on board the brig-rigged sailing ship FryderykChopin during some wonderful days in May (17-24). On board,roles were reversed and it was we, researchers and teachers,from more than 12 countries, that were instructed, by youngpeople, often self-taught in sailing, us acting as their ship’s lads.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Friman, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Politicized Nature : Introduction
- 2010
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Ingår i: Politicized Nature. - Uppsala : Centre for Environment and Development Studies, (Cemus). - 9789163302015 ; , s. 9-20
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Gallardo-Fernandez, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
“Before we asked for permission, now we only give notice”: Women’s entrance into artisanal fisheries in Chile
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Maritime Studies. - : Springer. - 1872-7859 .- 2212-9790. ; 17:2, s. 177-188
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the Global South are increasingly subjected to the internationalisation of food systems. Guided by a feminist political ecology approach, we examine how gender relations and power structures within SSF are changing through policy interventions and market linkages. Chilean women working in SSF have traditionally been unregistered direct producers. Since the early 2000s, however, women have formally entered as fishers within this hitherto male-dominated space. Today, women constitute almost a quarter of artisanal fishers in Chile. While women have become more visible, among others, in their engagement in territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs), little research attention has been paid to women’s roles within SSF. We redress this shortfall by examining the struggle to obtain TURFs by an all-women seaweed gatherers union in Coliumo (Bio-Bio Region, Chile). Using participatory research tools, we describe key gendered interactions and events over a local struggle for resources. Our findings show how closely related episodes of cooperation and conflict were involved in realising TURFs, which included differently-gendered relationships. While the women implicated in formalising fishing entitlements accrued individual benefit and enhanced their collective standing, the conflict left a deep scar among women in the community.
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| 8. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Commoditization of rural lands in the semi-arid region of Chile—the case of the huentelauquén agricultural community
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Agriculture. - Basel : MDPI. - 2077-0472. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The agri-pastoralist communities of the semi-arid region of Chile, with their unusual common land ownership, have not escaped economic neo-liberalism. The general pattern of insatiable demand of land for agricultural production, mining, energy generation and real-estate development has become a challenge for these communities. How are these processes affecting the traditional practices of these localized agri-food systems, based on rain-fed-agriculture, pastoralism and the fading practice of transhumance? In this article, we look at how the Huentelauquén Agricultural Community in the Canela Commune has dealt with, reacted to, and been affected by regional economic shifts geared towards market liberalization. In particular, we analyze the structural changes in the community in regard to alienation of the commons and changes in land tenure. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key informants in this setting. To provide a richer contextual setting, this article draws on several other empirically-based works on the commons’ emergence and evolution, land commoditization and local struggles for livelihoods. Our study shows that a community can adopt different strategies when dealing with powerful sectoral development that can involve resistance as well as positioning that seeks to find favorable terms of engagement. Our findings highlight that processes affecting the traditional commons are resulting in the re-appropriation and re-occupation of the land. This is resulting in social differentiation, weakening of the community’s social bonds, depeasantization and further degradation of an already vulnerable ecosystem. In sum, these shifts are posing an existential threat to this form of traditional agri-pastoralism.
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| 9. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-
(författare)
-
Communal Land Ownership: Remnant of the Past? : The agricultural communities in the Commune of Canela, Norte Chico (1600-1998)
- 2002
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Other land property forms than the private are often conceived as residues of the past, residues that paradoxically seem never to pass away. An example is the form of semi-communal land ownership of the agricultural communities of Chile’s Region IV. Using sociological and historical research methods, this study explores the origin and the emergence of this agrarian form during the last four centuries, through the community Canela Baja and the neighbouring latifundium El Totoral, as a contrasting case. Having on one hand, the form of communal land as the common denominator, we have on the other the social aspects resulting from particular histories of the form. Therefore, a distinction between imposed and spontaneous forms is introduced. Confronting the case study with research results from other socio-political and material conditions, the study suggest that while some of the present communal ownership forms are the outcome of political decisions, others are of long historical processes. The imposed forms are not so much communities; rather reserves or homelands. Differentiating it from both private property and the so called “tragedy of the commons“, communal land ownership is conceived as an institution of its own which in Chile shares the same historical origin in colonial land grants as private property. Since they have kept their territorial integrity permanently in an undivided form, the study suggest that these agrarian collectives have historically avoided their conversion into minifundium, being thus a resource management solution, which acted as a brake to land fragmentation. Thus, the communal form represents not only another historical pattern of development, but also another way of organising ownership and production than both the latifundium and minifundium.
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| 10. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-
(författare)
-
Cuncumén Puso la Primera Piedra : Tras la historia campesina del Alto Choapa. De la reforma agraria a los desafíos socioambientales del presente
- 2023. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- La historia de los sectores populares en el valle del Choapa, pese a su extension y riqueza, ha sido abordada solo de manera parcial y fragmentaria. Se extraña una obra de conjunto que releve a los actores populares en la compleja trama de relaciones económicas, sociales, politicas y culturales. En este punto, precisamente, radica la originalidad de este libro de la destacada socióloga, Gloria L. Gallardo Fernández, quién fija su punto de atención en el valle de Cuncumén, al interior de la comuna de Salamanca, para luego analizar de forma longitudinal la historia agraria y minera de los habitantes de la región.El texto no se agota en la descripción de las estructuras materiales, agrícolas y mineras; el foco se encuentra puesto en los hombres y las mujeres de Cuncumén. Es decir, en los actores o protagonistas de la historia. Son sus vivencias, sus dificultades, sus luchas, expresadas como relatos vividos, cargados de dolores, esperanzas, épicas y pasiones, los que articulan parte importante de la narración contenida en este texto y que la autora hace desde tres ejes analíticos: el desarrollo de las actividades mineras, la estructuración de la tenencia de la tierra y la lucha campesina por esta.
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| 11. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-
(författare)
-
Elementos para una crítica del concepto de totalidad social : A propósito de la teoría de los modos de producción. Caso base: America Latina
- 1987
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- El concepto de totalidad social es central dentro de la teoría marxista y específicamente dentro de la teoría de los modos de producción. Por lo mismo, podría pensarse que la significación de dichos conceptos es clara y precisa; sus interpretaciones, sin embargo, varían dando origen a concepciones teóricas que distan entre sí. El presente trabajo examina el concepto de totalidad social y en relación a él, los conceptos de modo de producción y formación social tanto desde el punto de vista de la teoría del conocimiento como desde el punto de vista de su aplicación empírica. Ambos puntos de vista nos sirven para dilucidar la serie de problemas que estos conceptos levantan en ambos niveles. Se discute la concepción específica Althusseriana y Balibariana del materialismo histórico que aunque ampliamente cuestionada, pareciera prevalecer cuando se usa en el análisis de casos empíricos. Nos preguntamos si las pretensiones de Althusser y Balibar, de convertir al materialismo histórico, en la teoría general de todos los modos de producción, no conlleva, al extrapolarse a todos los modos de producción posibles, a la disolución de la especificidad del objeto de análisis, contradiciendo, de esta manera, la inspiración de Marx que, con la ayuda del concepto heurístico de totalidad, busca captar la especificidad de los procesos históricos. Siguiendo a varios autores latinoamericanos, se analiza la aplicación de la teoría de los modos de producción a las formaciones sociales latinoamericanas durante la colonia ‒ es decir, en un momento histórico preeminentemente pre-capitalista ‒ y que por lo tanto carece del elemento central de la dominancia de un modo de producción sobre los demás. Ante la carencia de un modo de producción dominante en la colonia, la mayoría de los autores, aceptando tácitamente la universalidad de la teoría de los modos de producción, tratan, más bien, de variar uno u otro elemento dentro de la teoría para hacerla aplicable. No se cuestiona si cabe mantener la teoría cuando su aplicabilidad queda comprometida ante la ausencia de un elemento que se considera definitorio en la teoría: un modo de producción dominante. Un rechazo a esta concepción especifica de la teoría de los modos de producción, no implica sin embargo, un rechazo a la teoría del modo de producción capitalista en sí, sino un rechazo a la determinación en 'última instancia' de lo económico como principio único explicativo de todas las demás instancias de la vida social. Lo mismo vale para la noción de totalidad. Una cosa es negar una concepción de totalidad en la que prevalece la teoría por sobre la especificidad del objeto estudiado y otra negar toda forma de totalidad. Buscar la determinación de las condiciones de existencia de las relaciones sociales no significa determinar mediante una causa última y única, sino captar, valiéndose de un principio que es heurístico, los caracteres que especifican determinadas relaciones sociales y que son los que, finalmente, singularizan dichas relaciones dentro de lo universal. Así pues, la totalidad concreta dentro de la teoría marxista pretende recuperar la concreción de la abstracción mediante la especificación de sus determinaciones; concreción que la misma ciencia, por sus presupuestos, renuncia a recoger, ya que, ésta al reducir la singularidad a leyes, sacrifica la individualización de los hechos en aras de la generalidad. La totalidad concreta discursiva hace, pues, referencia a un principio exclusivo de la ciencia y no establece una relación de identidad entre objeto pensado y objeto real. La teoría no refleja la realidad social, sino intenta expresarla y lo hace en forma activa mediante una práctica que es social: la ciencia. Dejar de lado todo concepto de totalidad, así como todo determinismo, en cuantos principios epistemológicos, significaría renunciar a hacer ciencia; sería renunciar a comprender la realidad social, la cual es, al fin, creada por nosotros mismos. La totalidad concreta y el determinismo en cuantos principios epistemológicos exclusivos de la ciencia, no niegan la prioridad ontológica de la naturaleza, sino al contrario, la presuponen. La naturaleza ve cada vez más reducido su ámbito mediante la intervención del hombre. Es justamente el determinismo científico el que nos permite reducir cada vez más el ámbito del determinismo de la naturaleza, 1a cual, mediante la praxis transformadora del hombre, se convierte, cada vez más, en naturaleza determinada.
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| 12. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Emerging commons within artisanal fisheries : The Chilean territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) within a broader coastal landscape
- 2011
-
Ingår i: International Journal of the Commons. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 1875-0281. ; 5:2, s. 459-484
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Territorial User Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) have spread in Chile, since the late 1990s, in the form of commons institutions. TURFs are presented by some scholars as a social-ecological success; by others as showing economic and compliance problems. Studies looking at the material conditions in which fishers produce and reproduce their livelihoods, and in which TURFs emerge, are scarcer. Ostrom’s theory on the commons claims that certain collective action conditions have to be met to become thriving commons institutions. Our hypothesis is that while institutions are moulded by local material conditions, such as geographical location and social embeddedness, these impose challenges and constraints upon fishers influencing TURFs’ long-term viability. How are collective action conditions influenced when the new TURFs commons do not emerge in tabula rasa contexts but in occupied spaces? Do material conditions influence TURFs’ sustainability? This paper set out to explore these conditions. Huentelauquén’s and Guayacán’s TURFs (central-northern Chile) were chosen, as they represent two extremes (rural-urban; on private property-on State/municipal property; mainly diver – mainly fisher) contexts in which TURFs have emerged. We mainly used Participatory Rural Approach (PRA) tools triangulated with other qualitative methods. This study shows that both social embeddedness (private/State lands), and geographical location (rural/urban) matter, resulting in different access to the coast for different TURFs, thus determining some important differences between our cases in at least three relevant areas: entrance, social relations between the fishers’ organization (entitled the TURFs) and the landowner (private or municipal/State) and the existence or absence of fishing and general infrastructure. Competition for space among key actors seems to affect the process of acquiring a TURF as well as the conditions conductive to collective action. TURFs’ assessments should therefore consider both, the local particularities of specific fishing communities and the larger structural context in which they emerge, that if not paid attention to, can weakens TURFs’ viability for sustainable fisheries.
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| 13. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L.
(författare)
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From Seascapes of Extinction to Seascapes of Confidence : Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile: El Quisco and Puerto Oscuro
- 2008
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Chile, the indiscriminate harvest for export of the edible shellfish, Concholepas concholepas or false abalone, propelled by a neo-liberal market economy during the 1970s, almost led to the extinction of the species, thereby threatening the dependant small-scale artisan fishers’ survival as well as the ecosystem. To reverse this, fishers’ organizations in Chile have adopted the state created regulatory measure, Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABR; locally known as Management Areas -- MAs). Replacing the former unsuccessful fishing regulatory measurements, the MEABR regime empowers the fishers with exclusive territorial use rights (TURF) to manage the species, often under commons institutions, thus creating new seascapes of confidence. However, as is often the case with new solutions, emergent problems are posed that threaten to undermine the reform. With the new regulated extraction measure and geographical expansion of this novel labour and production alternative, fishers experience a transition from ‘nomadic’ to sedentary fishing leading to a transformation of their lifestyle and skills. If MAs become permanent, fishing in rural areas may lead to tensions as the fishers settle on coastal lands without entitlement, or are hindered from developing their own fisheries infrastructure. The legal system does not seem to fully foresee the consequences of the reform, and prevailing power relations and private property rights work to disadvantage the fishers. Using a participatory approach for the first research location of El Quisco (Valparaíso Region), and interviews with key informants for the second research location of Puerto Oscuro (Coquimbo Region), fishers’ views of the Chilean TURF were evaluated. How fishers perceive this experience should be central for the success or failure of the MAs as a viable alternative to the earlier conditions of open access. While the assessment of El Quisco deals more with the performance of the MA, Puerto Oscuro is used to portray the seascapes of conflict that have emerged as ownership of the coastal land is contested. The study shows that while the reform has brought better incomes from the benthic resources, the overall economic importance of the MAs for the fishers is reduced relative to the incomes coming from fishing activities realized outside the MAs. Experiences in both cases have been otherwise positive in terms of the recuperation of the species, ecological concerns and strengthening fishers’ so-called soft assets. Nevertheless, many problems remain, among them the problem of access to the sea border and those related to ambiguous land rights to support coastal settlement and fishing infrastructure development.
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| 14. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-
(författare)
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How poor peasant commoners became holders of former latifundia land : The case of the fundo Puerto Oscuro in Chile’s semi-arid Norte Chico
- 2004. - No. 53,Segundo semestre
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Ingår i: Revista Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural. - Bogotá-Colombia : Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. - 0122-1450. ; :53, s. 81-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The processes of agrarian reform (1965-1973) and Pinochet’s “counter-reform” (1973-1981) had some unintended consequences upon the predominantly bi-modal land tenure structure of Chile’s semi-arid Norte Chico. Creating a special decree, whose central element is the permanent indivisibility of the land as a natural resource management, through the dry-land societies, the state plays a central role in a new evolving local agrarian structure, confirming indirectly the importance of the geographical environment upon the new type of property that reminds of the communal land ownership form that historically have developed in Norte Chico. It is under Pinochet that this form is extended to embrace former latifundia, reinforcing paradoxically the institution of the commons within a neoliberal privatization context. institution of the commons, landed estates, settlements
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| 15. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Küstennahe Commons in Chile : Kompetente Menschen, starke Institutionen, reiche Natur
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Commons. - Bielefeld : Verlag. - 9783837620368 ; , s. 1-528
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Als mit der Einführung der neoliberalen Wirtschaftspolitik in Chile Mitte der 1970er-Jahre die Ausfuhren der chilenischen Meeresschnecke Loco – der auf dem Markt begehrtesten Art – stark anstiegen, waren die Fischer rasch Teil des globalen Marktes geworden. Die »Anlandungen« bzw. Fangmengen der Loco (concholepas concholepas) erreichten rasch Rekordmengen, nur um bald darauf wieder stark einzubrechen – ein Zeichen für die exzessive Ausbeutung der Vorkommen. Daraufhin erließ der Staat Anfang der 1980er-Jahre eine Reihe von Schutzmaßnahmen – saisonale Sperrungen von Fanggebieten, nationale Fangquoten und Fangverbote –, die die Fischer wirtschaftlich schwer trafen. Zehn Jahre später, 1991, wurde schließlich ein neues Fischereigesetz erlassen, mit dem ein System »gebietsbezogener Nutzungsrechte in der Fischerei« (Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries, kurz: TURFs) eingeführt wurde. Die auf sogenannte »Bewirtschaftungszonen« aufgeteilten chilenischen TURFs sind in ein Verwaltungssystem eingebettet, in dem staatliche Regulationen und die von den Fischern selbst festgelegten Regeln zusammenkommen. Durch TURF können die Fischer ausschließliche, nicht übertragbare und erneuerbare Zugangs- und Nutzungsrechte zu bestimmten benthalen (meeresbodennahen) Ressourcen innerhalb des zugewiesenen Areals erhalten. Die Rechte werden ausschließlich an Fischervereinigungen vergeben. Mit einer Größe von 250 bis 600 Hektar liegen die Bewirtschaftungszonen in den für die Fischer reservierten ertragreichsten Fischgründen innerhalb der fünf Seemeilen breiten Küstenzone. Seit 1997 hat die Zahl der TURFs entlang der chilenischen Küste beständig zugenommen, im Jahr 2011 sind über 30.000 Fischer in Bewirtschaftungszonen zusammengeschlossen. Die Fischer landen nahezu den gesamten zum Verzehr bestimmten Fang in Chile an, während hochwertige Arten gewöhnlich in den Export gehen. Die Fischer sind nach sogenannten »Caletas« organisiert, rund 440 kleinen Fischerhäfen, die sich auf privatem, Staats- oder Gemeindeland befinden. In einigen ländlichen Gebieten befinden sich diese Caletas in den Fischerdörfern selbst, in anderen leben die Fischer in einiger Entfernung zu den Häfen. Eine Caleta besteht normalerweise aus einem Pier und einer Bootswerft sowie Hütten oder Schuppen, in denen die Fischer 314 K a p i t e l I I I — Commo n i n g — s o z i a l e I n n o v a t i o n e n w e l tw e i t übernachten, bzw. den Häusern der Fischer in ihrer Gemeinde. In vielen ländlichen Caletas gibt es keinen Strom, kein fließendes Wasser, keine Kanalisation und auch keine befestigten Straßen. Seit Inkrafttreten des neuen Fischereigesetzes müssen die Fischer an festgelegten Orten fischen, die Küste abzufahren ist nicht mehr erlaubt. Das ist eine Einschränkung, die vielen Fischern gegen den Strich geht. V o n R i v a l i t ä t z u k o l l e k t i v e m H a n d e l n Die Beantragung von Fischereirechten für ein Managementgebiet ist müh
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| 16. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Monetary stabilisation policies and militarisation : The effects on social and class structure in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (1950-1985)
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyses the origins of neoliberalism in the Southern Cone; a process that has its origin in the period 1955-65 with the implementation of monetary stabilization policies, followed later by the structural adjustment programs. Both the monetary stabilization and the structural adjustment policies were global macroeconomic mechanisms to restructure the dynamic of capital accumulation and economic power relations. By promoting a freer flow of capital, the economic stabilisation policies facilitated the entry of foreign capital into the economies of the Southern Cone, predisposing the economies of the Southern Cone to the process of internationalisation of production and financial capital, which began to take shape after World War II more rigorously.This process can be understood within a double transformation of capital as 1) the destruction of the domestic bourgeoisie; a process of relative concentration of capital; and 2) the internationalization of finance capital; a process of absolute concentration or centralization of capital. Military rule was a necessary conditions for the project and process of ‘peripheral privatization’ through which capital was accumulated, but not mainly through the productive circuit of capital (M-C-M+). This process thus took place within a global transformation in the process of concentration of capital characterised by a shift in the domain that provided the productive sphere towards the financial and commercial spheres as mean to secure the valorization of capital, requiring the liberalization of international credits and financial markets, thus setting the bases for the expansion of neoliberalism as an accumulation regime, globally and within Latin America. Therefore neoliberalism and globalization found their grounds in Latin America’s ephemeral ‘national developmentalism’ promoted by ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean).
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| 17. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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New marine commons along the Chilean coast : The Management areas (MAs) of Peñuelas and Chigualoco
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of the Commons. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 1875-0281. ; 5:2, s. 433-458
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To halt degradation of benthic resources in Chile, management areas (MAs) were set up under the Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) framework in the late 1990s. Integrated into the global market, MAs have since expanded along the Chilean coast, involving thousands of small-scale artisanal fishers. This paper analyses how economic criteria relates to social and ecological performance of Chilean MAs, by applying TURFs, commons and co-management theory to two cases: MAs Peñuelas and Chigualoco. To collect and analyse data Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, interviews and official statistics and reports were used. Our results show that MAs’ economic benefits are connected to fluctuations on the global market. Adapting to changing world market prices then becomes paramount. TURFs’ main goal is ecological conservation, but achieving this seems to depend on meeting fishers’ livelihoods; failure to do so likely results in failure to meet conservation objectives. A serious weakness of the Chilean TURFs system is that it does not pay enough attention to fishers’ livelihoods or to the global market context. Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between good economic benefits and social sustainability. But irrespective of economic performance, fisher organizations have been empowered and gained increased resource control with the TURFs system. At policy level, a differentiated and more flexible system could be more suitable for existing heterogeneous MAs and their particular economic, social and ecological challenges. For improved economic sustainability and resource conservation, a system with multiple-species managing MAs could be promoted as well. Finally, to enhance theory of commons, co-management and TURFs, we argue for greater acknowledgement of TURFs’ social benefits in addition to economic assessments. More attention should also be paid to global market conditions of which MAs are dependent and in which they are embedded: macrostructures that are seldom considered in the analyses.
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| 18. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects of equitable and sustainable seaweed aquaculture : a case study of changing gender and socio-economic relations in Maullín, Chile
- 2024
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Ingår i: Maritime Studies. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1872-7859 .- 2212-9790. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the development of marine tenure in the Maullín River, Chile. It starts with the emergence of artisanal red algae (Gracilaria chilensis) gathering and the changes resulting from the governmental ad hoc allocation of small-scale aquaculture concessions. We aim to track this transition, its drivers, effects on the work organization, gender relations, market relations and the sustainability/equity challenges currently confronting the community. We use a feminist political ecology approach to direct our multi-method data collection strategy and to analyse the empirical material. The State by enabling local tenure for the development of marine aquaculture concessions played an influential role in Maullín community attaining de facto territorial tenure. This led to the establishment of residential aquaculture communities while facilitating the integration of women in aquaculture activities. We see both steps as positive economic and social development opportunities in Maullín. While marine tenure has provided livelihood chances, low prices caused by the producers’ disadvantaged market position and the lack of supportive alliance building pose ongoing problems. We conclude that these factors are serious challenges to the sustainability of aquacultural livelihoods at Maullín River. While the case depicts aspects of women’s empowerment such as their engagement in developing potential post-production innovation ideas, entrepreneurial abilities to conduct market transactions as well as their better competence in literacy, math and financial expertise, there is still a long way to reach gender equality in the male-dominated aquacultural sector. © 2024, The Author(s).
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Gallardo-Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic : Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Ecology. - : University of Arizona Press. - 1073-0451. ; 24, s. 667-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer herding (RDH) is a livelihood strategy deeply connected to Sami cultural tradition. This article explores the implications of two theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complex socio-environmental relationships of RDH in Subarctic Sweden. Based on joint fieldwork, two teams – one that aligns itself with political ecology (PE) and the other with social-ecological systems (SES) – compared PE and SES approaches of understanding RDH. Our purpose was twofold: 1) to describe the situation of Sami RDH through the lenses of PE and SES, exploring how the two approaches interpret the same empirical data; 2) to present an analytical comparison of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of this work, also inferring different courses of action to instigate change for the sustainability of RDH. Key informants from four sameby in the Kiruna region expressed strong support for the continuation of RDH as a cultural andeconomic practice. Concerns about the current situation raised by Sami representatives centered on the cumulative negative impacts on RDH from mining, forestry and tourism. PE and SES researchers offered dissimilar interpretations of the key aspects of the RDH socio-economic situation, namely: the nature and scale of RDH systems; the ubiquitous role of conflict; and conceptualizations of responses to changing socio-environmental conditions. Due to these disparities, PE and SES analyses have radically divergent socio-political implications for what ought to be done to redress the current RDH situation.
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| 22. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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Reflections on a Process of Research with Reindeer Herding Communities in Sweden’s Norrbotten
- 2020
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Ingår i: Co-creating Actionable Science. - : Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - 9781527548473 ; , s. 158-175
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research about or with local communities entails particular challengesboth in the field and when interpreting empirical results. The purpose of this essay is to reflect on the research process that underpinned the generation of the article “We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herdingin the Swedish Sub-Arctic”. This article discusses the implications of different theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complexsocio-ecological relations by examining four reindeer herding communities (Samebyar) in Norrbotten County. The methodological, ethical and epistemological challenges and tensions we encountered in undertaking this task are discussed, including: 1) developing the research design; 2)formulating the research agenda; 3) deciding on criteria of representation;4) the ethics of paying informants and 5) validating results. By examining these issues through reflecting on our research experience, we hope to contribute to the discussion on the challenges of field studies of communities.
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| 23. |
- Gallardo, Gloria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Efterord – förändringens horisont
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ekonomi för Antropocen. - Stockholm : Carlsson Bokförlag. - 9789173316750 ; , s. 338-349
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 24. |
- Gallardo, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Ecology. - Arizona : The University of Arizona. - 1073-0451. ; 24:1, s. 667-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Reindeer herding (RDH) is a livelihood strategy deeply connected to Sami cultural tradition. This article explores the implications of two theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complex socioenvironmental relationships of RDH in Subarctic Sweden. Based on joint fieldwork, two teams – one that aligns itself with political ecology (PE) and the other with social-ecological systems (SES) – compared PE and SES approaches of understanding RDH. Our purpose was twofold: 1) to describe the situation of Sami RDH through the lenses of PE and SES, exploring how the two approaches interpret the same empirical data; 2) to present an analytical comparison of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of this work, also inferring different courses of action to instigate change for the sustainability of RDH. Key informants from four sameby in the Kiruna region expressed strong support for the continuation of RDH as a cultural and economic practice. Concerns about the current situation raised by Sami representatives centered on the cumulative negative impacts on RDH from mining, forestry and tourism. PE and SES researchers offered dissimilar interpretations of the key aspects of the RDH socio-economic situation, namely: the nature and scale of RDH systems; the ubiquitous role of conflict; and conceptualizations of responses to changing socioenvironmental conditions. Due to these disparities, PE and SES analyses have radically divergent sociopolitical implications for what ought to be done to redress the current RDH situation.
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| 25. |
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