| 1. |
- Alikhani, Nyosha, et al.
(författare)
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Decreased proteolytic activity of the mitochondrial amyloid-β degrading enzyme, PreP peptidasome, in Alzheimer's disease brain mitochondria
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 27:1, s. 75-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), the neurotoxic peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been shown in brain mitochondria of AD patients and of AD transgenic mouse models. The presence of Aβ in mitochondria leads to free radical generation and neuronal stress. Recently, we identified the presequence protease, PreP, localized in the mitochondrial matrix in mammalian mitochondria as the novel mitochondrial Aβ-degrading enzyme. In the present study, we examined PreP activity in the mitochondrial matrix of the human brain's temporal lobe, an area of the brain highly susceptible to Aβ accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We found significantly lower hPreP activity in AD brains compared with non-AD age-matched controls. By contrast, in the cerebellum, a brain region typically spared from Aβ accumulation, there was no significant difference in hPreP activity when comparing AD samples to non-AD controls. We also found significantly reduced PreP activity in the mitochondrial matrix of AD transgenic mouse brains (Tg mAβPP and Tg mAβPP/ABAD) when compared to non-transgenic aged-matched mice. Furthermore, mitochondrial fractions isolated from AD brains and Tg mAβPP mice had higher levels of 4-hydroxynonenal, an oxidative product, as compared with those from non-AD and nonTg mice. Accordingly, activity of cytochrome c oxidase was significantly reduced in the AD mitochondria. These findings suggest that decreased PreP proteolytic activity, possibly due to enhanced ROS production, contributes to Aβ accumulation in mitochondria leading to the mitochondrial toxicity and neuronal death that is exacerbated in AD. Clearance of mitochondrial Aβ by PreP may thus be of importance in the pathology of AD.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Alikhani, Nyosha, et al.
(författare)
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Mitochondria and Alzheimer's disease : amyloid-beta peptide uptake and degradation by the presequence protease, hPreP
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0145-479X .- 1573-6881. ; 41:5, s. 447-451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several lines of evidence suggest mitochondrial dysfunction as a possible underlying mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), a neurotoxic peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, has been detected in brain mitochondria of AD patients and AD transgenic mouse models. In vitro evidence suggests that the Abeta causes mitochondrial dysfunction e.g. oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased activity of cytochrome c oxidase and TCA cycle enzymes. Here we review the link between mitochondrial dysfunctions and AD. In particular we focus on the mechanism for Abeta uptake by mitochondria and on the recently identified Abeta degrading protease in human brain mitochondria.
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| 5. |
- Alikhani, Nyosha, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting Capacity and Conservation of PreP Homologues Localization in Mitochondria of Different Species
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 410:3, s. 400-410
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mitochondrial presequences and other unstructured peptides are degraded inside mitochondria by presequence proteases (PrePs) identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPreP), humans (hPreP), and yeast (Cym1/Mop112). The presequences of A. thaliana and human PreP are predicted to consist of 85 and 29 amino acids, respectively, whereas the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cym1/Mop112 presequence contains only 7 residues. These differences may explain the reported targeting of homologous proteins to different mitochondrial subcompartments. Here we have investigated the targeting capacity of the PreP homologues' presequences. We have produced fusion constructs containing N-terminal portions of AtPreP(1-125), hPreP(1-69), and Cym1(1-40) coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and studied their import into isolated plant, mammalian, and yeast mitochondria, followed by mitochondrial subfractionation. Whereas the AtPreP presequence has the capacity to target GFP into the mitochondrial matrix of all three species, the hPreP presequence only targets GFP to the matrix of mammalian and yeast mitochondria. The Cym1/Mop112 presequence has an overall much weaker targeting capacity and only ensures mitochondrial sorting in its host species yeast. Revisiting the submitochondrial localization of Cym1 revealed that endogenous Cym1/Mop112 is localized to the matrix space, as has been previously reported for the plant and human homologues. Moreover, complementation studies in yeast show that native AtPreP restores the growth phenotype of yeast cells lacking Cym1, demonstrating functional conservation.
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| 6. |
- Alikhani, Nyosha, 1978-
(författare)
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The Mitochondrial Peptidasome, PreP, relation to Alzheimer Disease
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the toxic peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Accumulation of Aβ has been shown in brain mitochondria from AD patients and AD mice models. The occurrence of Aβ in the mitochondrial matrix leads to free radical generation and apoptosis in neurons.In our studies, Aβ was found in brain mitochondria of living patients with plaque pathology. Extracellular Aβ was taken up by neuroblastoma cells and was found in the mitochondria. Moreover, we showed that Aβ40 and Aβ42 are transported into mitochondria via the Translocase of the Outer Membrane, the TOM machinery.We have identified the mitochondrial Aβ-degrading protease hPreP, in human brain mitochondrial matrix. PreP is a metalloprotease, originally identified as presequence protease, but was also shown to degrade other unstructured peptides including Aβ. Immunoinactivation of PreP in human brain mitochondria revealed PreP to be the protease responsible for Aβ degradation in mitochondria.Also, we have investigated if genetic variation in the gene encoding hPreP is associated with AD by genotyping 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Swedish population. The study did not show a genetic association between any of the genotyped SNPs and the risk to AD. However, the biochemical analysis of four SNPs selected on the basis of their location within a structural homology model of hPreP revealed a decreased activity compared to wildtype.Interestingly, the activity of PreP in human brain mitochondrial matrix in AD individuals was significantly lower compared to non-dement aged-matched controls. These findings were also confirmed in brain mitochondrial matrix of AD mouse models. These results suggest that a decreased PreP activity may contribute to Aβ aggregation and accumulation inside mitochondria leading to neuronal death in AD. In summary, our findings show that the degradation of Aβ by hPreP may be of importance in the pathology of AD.
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| 7. |
- Berglund, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Defining the Determinants for Dual Targeting of Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 393:4, s. 803-814
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the organellar amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are dually targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts using dual targeting peptides (dTPs). We have investigated the targeting properties and domain structure of dTPs of seven aaRSs by studying the in vitro and in vivo import of N-terminal deleted constructs of dTPs fused to green fluorescent protein. The deletion constructs were designed based on prediction programs, TargetP and Predotar, as well as LogoPlots derived from organellar proteomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In vitro import was performed either into a single isolated organelle or as dual import (i.e., into a mixture of isolated mitochondria and chloroplasts followed by reisolation of the organelles). In vivo import was investigated as transient expression of the green fluorescent protein constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. Characterization of recognition determinants showed that the N-terminal portions of TyrRS-, ValRS- and ThrRS-dTPs (27, 22 and 23 amino acids, respectively) are required for targeting into both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Surprisingly, these N-terminal portions contain no or very few arginines (or lysines) but very high number of hydroxylated residues (26–51%). For two aaRSs, a domain structure of the dTP became evident. Removal of 20 residues from the dTP of ProRS abolished chloroplastic import, indicating that the N-terminal region was required for chloroplast targeting, whereas deletion of 16 N-terminal amino acids from AspRS-dTP inhibited the mitochondrial import, showing that in this case, the N-terminal portion was required for the mitochondrial import. Finally, deletion of N-terminal regions of dTPs for IleRS and LysRS did not affect dual targeting. In summary, it can be concluded that there is no general rule for how the determinants for dual targeting are distributed within dTPs; in most cases, the N-terminal portion is essential for import into both organelles, but in a few cases, a domain structure was observed.
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| 8. |
- Berglund, Anna-Karin, 1979-
(författare)
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Dual Targeting of Proteins to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The vast majority of mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the respective organelle using an N-terminal extension, the targeting peptide (TP). After import into the organelle, the TP is cleaved off and degraded by the Presequence protease (PreP). The import process is thought to be highly specific, however there is a group of proteins that are localised to both mitochondria and chloroplasts, using an ambiguous, dual targeting peptide (dTP). The aim of this thesis was to investigate targeting properties of dTPs. Analysis of the amino acid content of all currently known dually targeted proteins revealed that the dTPs are enriched in hydroxylated, hydrophobic and positively charged residues, lacking acidic residues, whereas the content of serine, arginine and proline is intermediary in comparison to the mitochondrial and chloroplastic TPs. dTPs do not form amphiphilic a-helices, characteristic of the mitochondrial TPs, but the helical structure can be induced in membrane mimetic environment, as revealed by spectroscopic studies of a dTP of an aminoacyl- tRNA-synthetase (aaRS). In vitro and in vivo import experiments of fusion constructs containing N-terminal truncations of seven aaRS-dTPs coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP) demonstrated different organisation of targeting determinants showing that the N-terminal portion of dTPs was crucial for import into both organelles or at least one organelle for different constructs. In addition, studies of targeting capacity of the TPs of PreP homologues from plant, mammal and yeast (AtPreP, hPreP and Mop112) showed species dependent intra-mitochondrial localisation of the coupled GFP and demonstrated functional complementation of an intermembrane space located Mop112 with a matrix located AtPreP. The studies presented here contribute to understanding of the intracellular and intra-mitochondrial sorting process of proteins in the eukaryotic cell.
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| 9. |
- Berglund, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Dual Targeting to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : Characterization of Thr–tRNA Synthetase Targeting Peptide
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular Plant. - Shanghai : Oxford University Press. - 1674-2052. ; 2:6, s. 1298-1309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a group of proteins that are encoded by a single gene, expressed as a single precursor protein and dually targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts using an ambiguous targeting peptide. Sequence analysis of 43 dual targeted proteins in comparison with 385 mitochondrial proteins and 567 chloroplast proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed an overall significant increase in phenylalanines, leucines, and serines and a decrease in acidic amino acids and glycine in dual targeting peptides (dTPs). The N-terminal portion of dTPs has significantly more serines than mTPs. The number of arginines is similar to those in mTPs, but almost twice as high as those in cTPs. We have investigated targeting determinants of the dual targeting peptide of Thr-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS-dTP) studying organellar import of N- and C-terminal deletion constructs of ThrRS-dTP coupled to GFP. These results show that the 23 amino acid long N-terminal portion of ThrRS-dTP is crucial but not sufficient for the organellar import. The C-terminal deletions revealed that the shortest peptide that was capable of conferring dual targeting was 60 amino acids long. We have purified the ThrRS-dTP(2-60) to homogeneity after its expression as a fusion construct with GST followed by CNBr cleavage and ion exchange chromatography. The purified ThrRS-dTP(2-60) inhibited import of pF(1)beta into mitochondria and of pSSU into chloroplasts at mu M concentrations showing that dual and organelle-specific proteins use the same organellar import pathways. Furthermore, the CD spectra of ThrRS-dTP(2-60) indicated that the peptide has the propensity for forming alpha-helical structure in membrane mimetic environments; however, the membrane charge was not important for the amount of induced helical structure. This is the first study in which a dual targeting peptide has been purified and investigated by biochemical and biophysical means.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bhushan, Shashi, et al.
(författare)
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In vitro and in vivo methods to study protein import into plant mitochondria.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Methods Mol Biol. - 1064-3745. ; 390, s. 131-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant mitochondria contain about 1000 proteins, 90-99% of which in different plant species are nuclear encoded, synthesized on cytosolic polyribosomes, and imported into the organelle. Most of the nuclear-encoded proteins are synthesized as precursors containing an N-terminal extension called a presequence or targeting peptide that directs the protein to the mitochondria. Here we describe in vitro and in vivo methods to study mitochondrial protein import in plants. In vitro synthesized precursor proteins can be imported in vitro into isolated mitochondria (single organelle import). However, missorting of chloroplast precursors in vitro into isolated mitochondria has been observed. A novel dual import system for simultaneous import of proteins into isolated mitochondria and chloroplasts followed by reisolation of the organelles is superior over the single import system as it abolishes the mistargeting. Precursor proteins can also be imported into the mitochondria in vivo using an intact cellular system. In vivo approaches include import of transiently expressed fusion constructs containing a presequence or a full-length precursor protein fused to a reporter gene, most commonly the green fluorescence protein (GFP) in protoplasts or in an Agrobacterium-mediated system in intact tobacco leaves.
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| 12. |
- Bhushan, Shashi, 1975-
(författare)
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PresequenceProtease (PreP), a novel Peptidasome in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : Localization, Function, Structure and Mechanism of Proteolysis
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The information for mitochondrial and chloroplastic protein import and targeting generally resides in the N-terminal part of the protein, called a targeting peptide. The targeting peptide is cleaved off by the organellar processing peptidases after import of a precursor protein. Free targeting peptides generated inside the organelle after import are rapidly degraded by proteolysis as their accumulation can have toxic effects on the organelle. The aim of this thesis has been to investigate the newly identified targeting peptide degrading protease, the PresequenceProtease (PreP). We have shown that the two isoforms of Arabidopsis PreP (AtPreP1 and AtPreP1) are dually targeted and localized to both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Dual targeting of the AtPreP1 is due to an ambiguous targeting peptide with a domain organization for mitochondrial and chloroplastic targeting. Both the AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 are expressed in Arabidopsis in an organ specific manner and they have distinct but overlapping substrate specificity. The crystal structure of the recombinant AtPreP1 E80Q was solved at 2.1 Å resolution. The structure represents the first substrate bound, closed conformation of a protease from the pitrilysin family. The PreP polypeptide folds in a unique peptidasome structure, surrounding a huge cavity of more than 10 000 Å3 in which the active site resides. A novel mechanism for proteolysis is proposed involving hinge-bending motions in response to substrate binding. PreP in human mitochondria has a novel function: degradation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). We show that under circumstances when Aβ is present in mitochondria of Alzheimer’s patients, PreP is the protease responsible for degradation of this toxic peptide.
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| 13. |
- Bhushan, Shashi, et al.
(författare)
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Proteolytic mechanism of a novel mitochondrial and chloroplastic PreP peptidasome.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biol Chem. - 1431-6730. ; 387:8, s. 1087-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 2.1-A-resolution crystal structure of the novel mitochondrial and chloroplastic metalloendopeptidase, AtPreP1, revealed a unique peptidasome structure, in which the two halves of the enzyme completely enfold a huge proteolytic cavity. Based on the structure, we proposed a novel mechanism for proteolysis involving hinge-bending motions, which cause the protease to open and close in response to substrate binding. We generated four double-mutants of AtPreP1 by introducing cysteines at positions where disulfide bonds can be formed in order to lock and unlock the protease and tested the activity under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The overall results support the proposed mechanism.
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| 14. |
- Bhushan, Shashi, et al.
(författare)
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The role of the N-terminal domain of chloroplast targeting peptides in organellar protein import and miss-sorting
- 2006
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : Wiley. - 0014-5793 .- 1873-3468. ; 580:16, s. 3966-3972
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have analysed 385 mitochondrial and 567 chloroplastic signal sequences of proteins found in the organellar proteomes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite overall similarities, the first 16 residues of transit peptides differ remarkably. To test the hypothesis that the N-terminally truncated transit peptides would redirect chloroplastic precursor proteins to mitochondria, we studied import of the N-terminal deletion mutants of ELIP, PetC and Lhcb2.1. The results show that the deletion mutants were neither imported into chloroplasts nor miss-targeted to mitochondria in vitro and in vivo, showing that the entire transit peptide is necessary for correct targeting as well as miss-sorting.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Brunetti, Dario, et al.
(författare)
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Defective PITRM1 mitochondrial peptidase is associated with A amyloidotic neurodegeneration
- 2016
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Ingår i: EMBO Molecular Medicine. - : EMBO. - 1757-4676 .- 1757-4684. ; 8:3, s. 176-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered proteostasis are central features of neurodegenerative diseases. The pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 (PITRM1) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, which digests oligopeptides, including the mitochondrial targeting sequences that are cleaved from proteins imported across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial fraction of amyloid beta (A). We identified two siblings carrying a homozygous PITRM1 missense mutation (c.548G>A, p.Arg183Gln) associated with an autosomal recessive, slowly progressive syndrome characterised by mental retardation, spinocerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline and psychosis. The pathogenicity of the mutation was tested invitro, in mutant fibroblasts and skeletal muscle, and in a yeast model. A Pitrm1(+/-) heterozygous mouse showed progressive ataxia associated with brain degenerative lesions, including accumulation of A-positive amyloid deposits. Our results show that PITRM1 is responsible for significant A degradation and that impairment of its activity results in A accumulation, thus providing a mechanistic demonstration of the mitochondrial involvement in amyloidotic neurodegeneration.
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| 17. |
- Bäckman, Hans G, et al.
(författare)
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Binding of divalent cations is essential for the activity of the organellar peptidasome in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtPreP.
- 2009
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : Wiley. - 0014-5793 .- 1873-3468. ; 583:17, s. 2727-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dual-targeted mitochondrial and chloroplastic zinc metallooligopeptidase from Arabidopsis, AtPreP, functions as a peptidasome that degrades targeting peptides and other small unstructured peptides. In addition to Zn located in the catalytic site, AtPreP also contains two Mg-binding sites. We have investigated the role of Mg-binding using AtPreP variants, in which one or both sites were rendered unable to bind Mg(2+). Our results show that metal binding besides that of the active site is crucial for AtPreP proteolysis, particularly the inner site appears essential for normal proteolytic function. This is also supported by its evolutionary conservation among all plant species of PreP.
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| 18. |
- Bäckman, Hans G, 1974-
(författare)
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Functional and structural studies of the Presequence protease, PreP
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AtPreP (Arabidopsis thaliana Presequence Protease) is a zink metallooligopeptidase that is dually targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts. In these organelles it functions as a peptidasome that degrades the N-terminal targeting peptides that are cleaved off from the mature protein after protein import, as well as other unstructured peptides. In A. thaliana there are two isoforms of PreP, AtPreP1 and AtPreP2. We have performed characterization studies of single and double prep knockout plants. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both PreP isoforms are expressed in all tissues with highest expression levels in flowers and siliques. Furthermore, AtPreP1 was shown to be the most abundant isoform of the two. When comparing phenotype, the atprep2 mutant was similar to wild type, whereas the atprep1 mutant had a slight pale-green phenotype in the early developmental stages. The atprep1 atprep2 double knockout plants showed a chlorotic phenotype in true leaves, especially prominent during the early developmental stages. When analysing the first true leaves of double knockout plants, we found a significant decrease in chlorophyll a and b content. Mitochondrial respiratory rates measurements showed partially uncoupled mitochondria. Ultrastructure analysis using electron microscopy on double knockout plants showed aberrant chloroplasts with altered grana stacking and clearly fewer starch granules. Older plants showed less altered phenotype, although there was a significant decrease in the accumulated biomass of about 40% compared to wild type. Peptidolytic activity studies showed no sign of compensatory mechanisms in the absence of AtPreP in mitochondria; in contrast we found a peptidolytic activity in the chloroplast membranes not related to AtPreP.In addition to zinc located in the catalytic site, crystallographic data revealed two Mg-binding sites in the AtPreP structure. To further investigate the role of these Mg-binding sites, we have made AtPreP variants that are unable to bind metal ions. Our data shows that one of these sites located close to the catalytic site is important for the activity of AtPreP.We also measured proteolytic activity of four human PreP-SNP variants and observed that the activity of all the hPreP-SNPs variants was lower; especially the hPreP-SNP (A525D) variant that displayed only 20-30 % of wild type activity. Interestingly, the activity was fully restored for all SNP-variants by addition of Mg2+.
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| 19. |
- Chen, Jue, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism of oxidative inactivation of human presequence protease by hydrogen peroxide
- 2014
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Ingår i: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 77, s. 57-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mitochondrial presequence protease (PreP) is a member of the pitrilysin class of metalloproteases. It degrades the mitochondrial targeting presequences of mitochondria-localized proteins as well as unstructured peptides such as amyloid-beta peptide. The specific activity of PreP is reduced in Alzheimer patients and animal models of Alzheimer disease. The loss of activity can be mimicked in vitro by exposure to oxidizing conditions, and indirect evidence suggested that inactivation was due to methionine oxidation. We performed peptide mapping analyses to elucidate the mechanism of inactivation. None of the 24 methionine residues in recombinant human PreP was oxidized. We present evidence that inactivation is due to oxidation of cysteine residues and consequent oligomerization through intermolecular disulfide bonds. The most susceptible cysteine residues to oxidation are Cys34, Cys112, and Cys119. Most, but not all, of the activity loss is restored by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. These findings elucidate a redox mechanism for regulation of PreP and also provide a rational basis for therapeutic intervention in conditions characterized by excessive oxidation of PreP.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Eriksson, AnnaCarin, et al.
(författare)
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A general processing proteinase of spinach leaf mitochondria is a membrane bound enzyme
- 1993
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Ingår i: Plant Mitochondria. - : VCH Verlag. - 9781560817673 - 9783527300334 ; , s. 233-241
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The book summarizes our current knowledge in the molecular biology of plant mitochondria. It covers such topics as: - RNA editing - mitochondrial gene organization and expression - protein synthesis and transport - cytoplasmic male sterility Specific emphasis is placed on RNA editing. Different systems known to date in mitochondria and plastids are compared. In addition, their connection with the molecular biology involved with the functional analysis is delineated. Another major topic is the molecular biology of mitochondrial genomes of cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) plants. The similarities observed in different cms systems not only promote our understanding of those processes which lead to male sterile plants but are also helpful for breeding strategies. Concise and timely, this book is a unique collaboration of researchers from different fields.
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| 22. |
- Eriksson, AnnaCarin, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of the bifunctional mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP)/bc1 complex in Spinacia oleracea
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. - 0145-479X .- 1573-6881. ; 28:3, s. 285-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mitochondrial general processing peptidase (MPP) in plant mitochondria constitutes an integral part of the cytochromebc 1 complex of the respiratory chain. Here we present a characterization of this bifunctional complex from spinach leaf mitochondria. The purified MPP/bc 1 complex has a molecular mass of 550 kDa, which corresponds to a dimer. Increased ionic strength results in partial dissociation of the dimer as well as loss of the processing activity. Micellar concentrations of nonionic and zwitterionic detergents stimulate the activity by decreasing the temperature optimum of the processing reaction, whereas anionic detergents totally suppress the activity. MPP is a metalloendopeptidase. Interestingly, hemin, a potent regulator of mitochondrial and cytosolic biogenesis and inhibitor of proteosomal degradation, inhibits the processing activity. Measurements of the processing activity at different redox states of the bc 1 complex show that despite bifunctionality of the MPP/bc 1 complex, there is no correlation between electron transfer and protein processing.
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| 23. |
- Falkevall, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation of the amyloid beta-protein by the novel mitochondrial peptidasome, PreP
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 281:39, s. 29096-29104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently we have identified the novel mitochondrial peptidase responsible for degrading presequences and other short unstructured peptides in mitochondria, the presequence peptidase, which we named PreP peptidasome. In the present study we have identified and characterized the human PreP homologue, hPreP, in brain mitochondria, and we show its capacity to degrade the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta). PreP belongs to the pitrilysin oligopeptidase family M16C containing an inverted zinc-binding motif. We show that hPreP is localized to the mitochondrial matrix. In situ immuno-inactivation studies in human brain mitochondria using anti-hPreP antibodies showed complete inhibition of proteolytic activity against Abeta. We have cloned, overexpressed, and purified recombinant hPreP and its mutant with catalytic base Glu(78) in the inverted zinc-binding motif replaced by Gln. In vitro studies using recombinant hPreP and liquid chromatography nanospray tandem mass spectrometry revealed novel cleavage specificities against Abeta-(1-42), Abeta-(1-40), and Abeta Arctic, a protein that causes increased protofibril formation an early onset familial variant of Alzheimer disease. In contrast to insulin degrading enzyme, which is a functional analogue of hPreP, hPreP does not degrade insulin but does degrade insulin B-chain. Molecular modeling of hPreP based on the crystal structure at 2.1 A resolution of AtPreP allowed us to identify Cys(90) and Cys(527) that form disulfide bridges under oxidized conditions and might be involved in redox regulation of the enzyme. Degradation of the mitochondrial Abeta by hPreP may potentially be of importance in the pathology of Alzheimer disease.
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| 24. |
- Fang, Du, et al.
(författare)
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Increased neuronal PreP activity reduces A beta accumulation, attenuates neuroinflammation and improves mitochondrial and synaptic function in Alzheimer disease's mouse model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 24:18, s. 5198-5210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulation of amyloid-beta (A beta) in synaptic mitochondria is associated with mitochondrial and synaptic injury. The underlying mechanisms and strategies to eliminate A beta and rescue mitochondrial and synaptic defects remain elusive. Presequence protease (PreP), a mitochondrial peptidasome, is a novel mitochondrial A beta degrading enzyme. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that increased expression of active human PreP in cortical neurons attenuates Alzheimer disease's (AD)-like mitochondrial amyloid pathology and synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction, and suppresses mitochondrial oxidative stress. Notably, PreP-overexpressed AD mice show significant reduction in the production of proinflammatory mediators. Accordingly, increased neuronal PreP expression improves learning and memory and synaptic function in vivo AD mice, and alleviates A beta-mediated reduction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Our results provide in vivo evidence that PreP may play an important role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function by clearance and degradation of mitochondrial A beta along with the improvement in synaptic and behavioral function in AD mouse model. Thus, enhancing PreP activity/expression may be a new therapeutic avenue for treatment of AD.
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| 25. |
- Ge, Changrong, et al.
(författare)
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Import Determinants of Organelle-Specific and Dual Targeting Peptides of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Plant. - : Elsevier BV. - 1674-2052 .- 1752-9867. ; 7:1, s. 121-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins carrying an N-terminal targeting peptide (TP) directing them specifically to a correct organelle. However, there is a group of proteins that are dually targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts using an ambiguous N-terminal dual targeting peptide (dTP). Here, we have investigated pattern properties of import determinants of organelle-specific TPs and dTPs combining mathematical multivariate data analysis (MVDA) with in vitro organellar import studies. We have used large datasets of mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins found in organellar proteomes as well as manually selected data sets of experimentally confirmed organelle-specific TPs and dTPs from Arabidopsis thaliana. Two classes of organelle-specific TPs could be distinguished by MVDA and potential patterns or periodicity in the amino acid sequence contributing to the separation were revealed. dTPs were found to have intermediate sequence features between the organelle-specific TPs. Interestingly, introducing positively charged residues to the dTPs showed clustering towards the mitochondrial TPs in silico and resulted in inhibition of chloroplast, but not mitochondrial import in in vitro organellar import studies. These findings suggest that positive charges in the N-terminal region of TPs may function as an 'avoidance signal' for the chloroplast import.
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