| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Bruzzi, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Radiation-hard semiconductor detectors for SuperLHC
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5087 .- 0168-9002. ; 541:1-2, s. 189-201
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An option of increasing the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN to 1035 cm-2 s-1 has been envisaged to extend the physics reach of the machine. An efficient tracking down to a few centimetres from the interaction point will be required to exploit the physics potential of the upgraded LHC. As a consequence, the semiconductor detectors close to the interaction region will receive severe doses of fast hadron irradiation and the inner tracker detectors will need to survive fast hadron fluences of up to above 1016cm-2. The CERN-RD50 project "Development of Radiation Hard Semiconductor Devices for Very High Luminosity Colliders" has been established in 2002 to explore detector materials and technologies that will allow to operate devices up to, or beyond, this limit. The strategies followed by RD50 to enhance the radiation tolerance include the development of new or defect engineered detector materials (SiC, GaN, Czochralski and epitaxial silicon, oxygen enriched Float Zone silicon), the improvement of present detector designs and the understanding of the microscopic defects causing the degradation of the irradiated detectors. The latest advancements within the RD50 collaboration on radiation hard semiconductor detectors will be reviewed and discussed in this work.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Novak, R., et al.
(författare)
-
Robotic fluidic coupling and interrogation of multiple vascularized organ chips
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nature Biomedical Engineering. - : Nature Research. - 2157-846X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organ chips can recapitulate organ-level (patho)physiology, yet pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses require multi-organ systems linked by vascular perfusion. Here, we describe an ‘interrogator’ that employs liquid-handling robotics, custom software and an integrated mobile microscope for the automated culture, perfusion, medium addition, fluidic linking, sample collection and in situ microscopy imaging of up to ten organ chips inside a standard tissue-culture incubator. The robotic interrogator maintained the viability and organ-specific functions of eight vascularized, two-channel organ chips (intestine, liver, kidney, heart, lung, skin, blood–brain barrier and brain) for 3 weeks in culture when intermittently fluidically coupled via a common blood substitute through their reservoirs of medium and endothelium-lined vascular channels. We used the robotic interrogator and a physiological multicompartmental reduced-order model of the experimental system to quantitatively predict the distribution of an inulin tracer perfused through the multi-organ human-body-on-chips. The automated culture system enables the imaging of cells in the organ chips and the repeated sampling of both the vascular and interstitial compartments without compromising fluidic coupling.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Tabakov, S, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of educational image databases and e-books for medical physics training
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Medical Engineering & Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4030 .- 1350-4533. ; 27:7, s. 591-598
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medical physics education and training requires the use of extensive imaging material and specific explanations. These requirements provide an excellent background for application of e-Learning. The EU projects Consortia EMERALD and EMIT developed five volumes of such materials, now used in 65 countries. EMERALD developed e-Learning materials in three areas of medical physics (X-ray diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy). EMIT developed e-Learning materials in two further areas: ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. This paper describes the development of these e-Learning materials (consisting of e-books and educational image databases). The e-books include tasks helping studying of various equipment and methods. The text of these PDF e-books is hyperlinked with respective images. The e-books are used through the readers' own Internet browser. Each Image Database (IDB) includes a browser, which displays hundreds of images of equipment, block diagrams and graphs, image quality examples, artefacts, etc. Both the e-books and IDB are engraved on five separate CD-ROMs. Demo of these materials can be taken from www.emerald2.net.
|
|
| 13. |
- Jönsson, Bo-Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
EMERALD & EMIT – worldwide computer aided education and training packages in medical physics
- 2005
-
Ingår i: CAL-laborate. - 1443-4482. ; 13:June, s. 10-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the development of two web based education and training packages EMERALD and EMIT designed to meet the training needs of professional medical physicists. The programme has been developed over a number of years by collaboration between hospitals and universities across Europe. The programme concentrates on assisting competence development in five initial areas; diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound and radiotherapy. Each of the topic areas includes around 50 training tasks in 5 hypertext workbooks, which are supplemented by an image database relevant to each topic. The training materials have been extensively refereed during their development and are now in use in 65 countries across the globe. Initial evaluation has shown that the material enhances the training experience and produces a more consistent output.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
- Dale, Virginia H., et al.
(författare)
-
Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 9:8, s. 1296-1305
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing debate about costs and benefits of wood-pellet based bioenergy production in the southeastern United States (SE USA) requires an understanding of the science and context influencing market decisions associated with its sustainability. Production of pellets has garnered much attention as US exports have grown from negligible amounts in the early 2000s to 4.6 million metric tonnes in 2015. Currently, 98% of these pellet exports are shipped to Europe to displace coal in power plants. We ask, 'How is the production of wood pellets in the SE USA affecting forest systems and the ecosystem services they provide?' To address this question, we review current forest conditions and the status of the wood products industry, how pellet production affects ecosystem services and biodiversity, and what methods are in place to monitor changes and protect vulnerable systems. Scientific studies provide evidence that wood pellets in the SE USA are a fraction of total forestry operations and can be produced while maintaining or improving forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are protected by the requirement to utilize loggers trained to apply scientifically based best management practices in planning and implementing harvest for the export market. Bioenergy markets supplement incomes to private rural landholders and provide an incentive for forest management practices that simultaneously benefit water quality and wildlife and reduce risk of fire and insect outbreaks. Bioenergy also increases the value of forest land to landowners, thereby decreasing likelihood of conversion to nonforest uses. Monitoring and evaluation are essential to verify that regulations and good practices are achieving goals and to enable timely responses if problems arise. Conducting rigorous research to understand how conditions change in response to management choices requires baseline data, monitoring, and appropriate reference scenarios. Long-term monitoring data on forest conditions should be publicly accessible and utilized to inform adaptive management.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Pelkmans, L., et al.
(författare)
-
Monitoring the Impact of Sustainability Certification in Relation to Biomass Use for Energy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: EUBCE 2012 proceedings. - 9788889407547 ; , s. 2013-2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the public has expressed concern about unintended consequences associated with potentially unsustainable biomass production and use for energy (or biofuels), producers of biomass feedstocks in the private sector as well as governmental and non-governmental organisations have initiated many generally unlinked efforts to define 'sustainable' bioenergy production and supply chains. These 'sustainability' standards may be implemented through certification systems involving 3rd party audit, and influence production systems and trade of bioenergy products from producers to consumers of ‘green' energy. At present numerous biomass and biofuel sustainability certification systems are being developed or implemented by a variety of private and public organisations. Systems are applicable to different feedstock production sectors (forests, agricultural crops), different bioenergy products (relatively unprocessed forest residues, ethanol, biodiesel, electricity), and whole or segments of supply chains (production system, chain of custody from growers to energy consumers). It is expected that such a wide range of systems, developed largely without coordination among the organisations involved, could be problematic for all stakeholders along the supply chain in individual sectors and for those involved in deployment of bioenergy systems globally. These are individual feedstock producers, companies and commodity sectors that must comply with these systems either to maintain market access and share or to comply with legislative mandates, and also consumers who prefer to purchase certified green energy, and regulatory agencies and local to national governments that may be involved in enforcing sustainability standards. The potential for confusion among the actors, depression of markets, and unnecessary restrictions on sustainable trade seems high. Within IEA Bioenergy a strategic study was initiated between Task 40, Task 43 and Task 38 to monitor the actual implementation process of sustainability certification of bioenergy, evaluate how stakeholders are affected by certification initiatives, quantify the anticipated impact on worldwide bioenergy trade, assess the level of coordination among schemes, and make recommendations to remove barriers which may depress markets and reduce sustainable trade. Interaction with different stakeholder groups is one of the main objectives of this study, so we anticipate the recommendations being representative of the whole bioenergy certification sector and therefore having high potential to improve an otherwise uncoordinated interest in ensuring bioenergy trade is sustainable.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Leigh, R. S., et al.
(författare)
-
Vibrational modes of sulfur defects in GaP
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 68:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First principles calculations carried out on GaP containing sulfur donors 32SP (95%) and34SP (5%) show that both the neutral and ionized donors are located on substitutional sites and have weak S-Ga bonds. For the sulfur impurity in its positive charge state the calculations give gap modes for 32S and34S at frequencies close to those found experimentally. Modes within the gap are also predicted for neutral sulfur at frequencies within a few cm-1 of their charged-state counterparts. However, the SP0 donor has a very low apparent charge (i.e. oscillator strength), its calculated integrated absorption cross section being only ∼3% of that for the SP+ defect. These results support an earlier explanation of the failure to detect gap modes from SP0 in infrared measurements. Calculated and observed apparent charges for the SP+ donor are compared, and the importance of taking due account of the different geometries that apply to the theoretical calculations and infrared experiments is emphasized.
|
|
