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| 2. |
- Allahgholi, A., et al.
(författare)
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AGIPD 1.0 : The high-speed high dynamic range readout ASIC for the adaptive gain integrating pixel detector at the European XFEL
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, NSS/MIC 2014. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781479960972
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AGIPD is a hybrid pixel X-ray detector developed by a collaboration between Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI), University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn. The detector is designed to comply with the requirements of the European XFEL. The radiation tolerant Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is designed with the following highlights: high dynamic range, spanning from single photon sensitivity up to 104 × 12.4 keV photons, achieved by the use of dynamic gain switching, auto-selecting one of 3 gains of the charge sensitive pre-amplifier. To cope with the unique features of the European XFEL source, image data is stored in 352 analogue memory cells per pixel. The selected gain is stored in the same way and depth, encoded as one of 3 voltage levels. These memories are operated in random-access mode at 4.5MHz frame rate. Data is read out on a row-by-row basis via multiplexers to the DAQ system for digitisation during the 99.4ms gap between the bunch trains of the European XFEL. The AGIPD 1.0 ASIC features 64×64 pixels with a pixel area of 200×200 μm2. It is bump-bonded to a 500 μm thick silicon sensor. The principles of the chip architecture were proven in different experiments and the ASIC characterization was performed with a series of development prototypes. The mechanical concept of the detector system was developed in close contact with the XFEL beamline scientists to ensure a seamless integration into the beamline setup and is currently being manufactured. The first single module system was successfully tested at APS1 the high dynamic range allows imaging of the direct synchrotron beam along with single photon sensitivity and burst imaging of 352 subsequent frames synchronized to the source.
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| 3. |
- Allahgholi, A., et al.
(författare)
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AGIPD, the electronics for a high speed X-ray imager at the Eu-XFEL
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The AGIPD (Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector) X-ray imaging camera will be operated at the X-ray Free Electron Laser, Eu-XFEL, under construction in Hamburg, Germany. Key parameters are 1 million 200 μm square pixels, single 12.4 keV photon detection and a dynamic range to 10 000/pixel/image. The developed sensors, ASICs, PCB-electronics and FPGA firmware acquire individual images per bunch at 27 000 bunches/s, packed into 10 bunch-trains/s with a bunch separation of 222 ns. Bunch-trains are handled by 352 analogue storage cells within each pixel of the ASIC and written during the 0.6msec train delivery. Therefore AGIPD can store 3520 images/s from the delivered 27 000 bunches/s. Random addressing provides reusability of each cell after an image has been declared as low-quality, so that good images can be selected. Digitization is performed between trains (99.4 msec). In the paper all functional blocks are introduced. The details concentrate on the DAQ-chain PCB-electronics and the slow control. A dense area of 1024 ADC-channels, each with a pickup-noise filtering and sampling of up to 50 MS/s/ADC and a serial output of 700 Mbit/s/ADC. FPGAs operate the ASICs synchronized to the bunch structure and collect the bit streams from 64 ADCs/FPGA. Pre-sorted data is transmitted on 10 GbE links out of the camera head using the time between trains. The control and monitoring of the camera with 600 A current consumption is based on a micro-controller and I2C bus with an addressing architecture allowing many devices and identical modules. The high currents require planned return paths at the system level. First experimental experience with the constructed components will be presented.
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- Becker, J., et al.
(författare)
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High speed cameras for X-rays : AGIPD and others
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 8:1, s. Art. no. C01042-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments at high pulse rate Free Electron Laser (FEL) facilities require new cameras capable of acquiring 2D images at high rates, handling large signal dynamic ranges and resolving images from individual pulses. The Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector (AGIPD) will operated with pulse rates and separations of 27000/s and 220 ns, respectively at European XFEL. Si-sensors, ASICs, PCBs, and FPGA logic are developed for a 1 Mega-pixel camera with 200 μm square pixels with per-pulse occupancies 104. Data from 3520 images/s will be transferred with 80 Gbits/s to a DAQ-system. The electronics have been adapted for use in other synchrotron light source detectors.
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| 5. |
- Allahgholi, A., et al.
(författare)
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The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector (AGIPD) is a development of a collaboration between Deustsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), the Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI), the University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn. The detector is designed to cope with the demanding challenges of the European XFEL. Therefore it comes along with an adaptive gain stage allowing a high dynamic range, spanning from single photon sensitivity to 10(4) x 12.4 keV photons and 352 analogue memory cells per pixel. The aim of this report is to briefly explain the concepts of the AGIPD electronics and mechanics and then present recent experiments demonstrating the functionality of its key features.
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| 6. |
- Becker, J., et al.
(författare)
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Architecture and design of the AGIPD detector for the European XFEL
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AGIPD is a hybrid pixel detector developed by DESY, PSI, the University of Bonn and the University of Hamburg. The detector is targeted for use at the European XFEL, a source with unique properties: a bunch train of 2700 pulses with > 1012 photons of 12 keV each, only 100 fs long and with a 220 ns spacing, is repeated at a 10Hz rate. This puts up very demanding requirements: dynamic range has to cover the detection of single photons and extend up to > 104 photons/pixel in the same image, and as many images, as possible have to be recorded in the pixel to be read out between pulse trains. The high photon flux impinging on the detector also calls for a very radiation hard design of sensor and ASIC. The detector will consist of 16 Sensor modules arranged around a central hole for the direct beam. Each made of a single sensor bump-bonded to 2 × 8 readout chips of 64 × 64 pixels in a grid of 200 μm pitch. Each pixel of these ASICs contains a charge sensitive preamplifier featuring adaptive gain switching, changing sensitivity in three ranges, and a buffer to provide correlated double sampling (in the highest sensitivity mode). Most of the pixel area, albeit, is used for an analogue memory to record 352 frames. It is operated in random-access mode: data containing bad frames can be overwritten and the memory can be used in the most efficient way. The readout between two bunch trains is arranged via 4 ports: Data from pixels of one row is read in parallel and serialised by 4 multiplexers at the end of the pixel columns and driven off-chip as differential signals. The operation of the ASIC is controlled via a three-line serial interface, using a command based protocol. It is also used to configure the chip's operational parameters and internal timings. © 2012 IEEE.
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| 7. |
- Bianco, L., et al.
(författare)
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The AGIPD System for the European XFEL
- 2013
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Ingår i: ADVANCES IN X-RAY FREE-ELECTRON LASERS II. - : SPIE. - 9780819495808 ; , s. Art. no. UNSP 87780V-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European XFEL will generate extremely brilliant pulses of X-rays organized in pulse trains consisting of 2700 pulses <100 fs long, with >10(12) photons, and with a 220 ns spacing. The pulse trains are running at a 10Hz repetition rate. The detector to be used under these conditions will have to face several challenges: the dynamic range has to cover the detection of single photons and extend up to >10(4) photons/pixel/pulse in the same image, framing rates of 4.5 MHz (220 ns) are required in order to record one image per pulse, and as many images as possible have to be recorded during the pulse trains. Due to the high flux, the detector will have to withstand a dose up to 1GGy integrated over 3 years. To meet these challenges a consortium, consisting of Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), University of Hamburg and University of Bonn, is developing the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD). It is a hybrid-pixel detector, featuring a charge integrating amplifier with dynamic gain switching to cope with the extended dynamic range, and an analogue on-pixel memory for image storage at the required 4.5 MHz frame rate. The readout chip consists of 64x64 pixels of (200 mu m)(2), 8x2 of these readout chips are bump-bonded to a monolithic silicon sensor to form the basic module with 512 x 128 pixels. 4 of these modules are stacked to form a quadrant of the 1k x 1k detector system. Each quadrant is independently moveable in order to adjust a central hole, needed for the direct beam to pass through. Special designs are employed for both the sensor and the readout chip to withstand the integrated dose for 3 years.
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