| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Williams, John N., et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive second language acquisition: An overview
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cognitive second language acquisition (The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics; Ed. C. Chapelle). - Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 9781405198431 ; , s. 1-4
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Alferink, Inge, et al.
(författare)
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French-Dutch bilinguals do not maintain obligatory semantic distinctions: Evidence from placement verbs
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 17:1, s. 22-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is often said that bilinguals are not the sum of two monolinguals but that bilingual systems represent a third pattern. This study explores the exact nature of this pattern. We ask whether there is evidence of a merged system when one language makes an obligatory distinction that the other one does not, namely in the case of placement verbs in French and Dutch, and whether such a merged system is realised as a more general or a more specific system. The results show that in elicited descriptions Belgian French-Dutch bilinguals drop one of the categories in one of the languages, resulting in a more general semantic system in comparison with the non-contact variety. They do not uphold the obligatory distinction in the verb nor elsewhere despite its communicative relevance. This raises important questions regarding how widespread these differences are and what drives these patterns.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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An ERP study of the relationship between verb semantics and events
- 2016
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Ingår i: The 8th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages differ in how events are described, but little is known about how semantics interacts with online event processing. This study targets this question examining placement events in Swedish. Swedish has three obligatory placement verbs for events where objects have support from below: sätta ’set’, ställa ’stand’, and lägga ’lay’. Swedish lacks a superordinate general term like English put (Gullberg & Burenhult, 2011). For every placement event the verb choice depends on object properties, and the direction of the object’s extension from the ground. We use event-related potentials (ERPs) and appropriateness ratings of verb usage to investigate the interaction between verb semantics and event properties. Typically violations of semantic congruency positively affect the amplitude of the N400 (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). Studies also report a centro-parietal positivity (P600) when real-world knowledge is violated and verbs are incongruous to preceding contexts (Kuperberg, 2007, for a review). Previous ERP studies of visually presented images or movies of actions and events have reported an N400 followed by a P600 when the function of an object is violated (e.g., using a screwdriver as a key, Bach, et al., 2009; Balconi & Caldiroli, 2011).Method: Native speakers (N = 24, 18-35 years) watched still images of placement events followed by sentences visually presented word by word. Sentences described the depicted events while ERPs were recorded and time-locked to the placement verbs. Participants also did an appropriateness rating offline. Object properties (Base/Without base), symmetry (Sym/Asym), and orientation from the ground (Vertical/Horizontal) were varied and sentences with the three different placement verbs were combined with each image in a cross-subject design.Results: Base was important for appropriateness ratings of verb usage with symmetric objects while orientation was important for asymmetric objects. In contrast, there were no ERP effects to base (Base/Without) for symmetric objects. Asymmetric-base objects showed increased N400s and P600s with verbs incongruent with the depicted events (orientation, e.g., ‘lay’ with vertical glass). Asymmetric-Without base elicited an increased P600 when verbs were incongruent to depicted events when horizontally oriented (e.g., ‘set’ with horizontal avocado), but an increased N400 when verbs were incongruent to the atypical vertical placement of the objects (e.g., ‘lay’ with a vertical avocado).Discussion: Results showed an increased amplitude of both ERP effects (N400/P600) when placement verbs were incongruent with typical placement scenarios of objects that in the real-world are placed vertically or horizontally (Asymmetric-Base, e.g., a candle; cf. Bach et al., 2009). However, for objects without a base the anterior negativity was increased with a mismatch between the verb and the presented images (the depicted events), while the P600 increased for mismatches between the verb and typical real-world events. These results suggest the anterior N400 and the P600 indeed index different relationships with event processing as previously suggested for images (Sitnikova, et al., 2008). Our results agree with previous studies suggesting that the processing of verb meaning in language cannot be separated from knowledge of object handling in the real world (cf., Van Berkum, et al., 2008).
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-linguistic influence and fine-grained placement verb semantics: Evidence from ERPs and appropriateness ratings : part of the symposium Cross-linguistic similarities in language learning and use
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Second language (L2) learners experience challenges when word-meanings differ across L1 and L2, and often display cross-linguistic influence (CLI) effects in speech production (Jarvis & Pavlenko, 2008). In contrast, comprehension studies show more mixed results. Specifically, ERP studies of semantic processing mainly report effects related to proficiency but surprisingly not CLI. This could be because they typically examine the processing of gross semantic violations, such as comparing socks and butter in the sentence He spread the bread with socks/butter (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980), rather than more fine-grained semantics. We therefore explored how L2 learners process fine-grained L2 verb semantics that are either similar or not to their L1, predicting positive effects when semantics are similar. Specifically, we examined online neurophysiological processing and offline appropriateness ratings of three obligatory Swedish placement verbs, sätta ‘set’, ställa ‘stand’, and lägga ‘lay’. Verb choice in Swedish depends on the located object’s properties (shape, orientation, presence of a base; Gullberg & Burenhult, 2012). In contrast, English has one general placement verb (put), whereas German has specific verbs similar to Swedish (Berthele, 2004). ERPs were recorded while English (18) and German (19) learners of L2 Swedish (matched for proficiency) and native Swedish speakers (17) watched images of objects being placed on a table and listened to sentences describing the placement with verbs that matched or not. In addition, participants performed an offline appropriateness rating task. Both tasks revealed CLI effects. German learners’ appropriate ratings were more similar to native Swedish speakers’ than those of English learners. Similarly, German learners’ ERP effects were more similar to native Swedish speakers’ than those of English learners. The results thus reveal CLI both offline and online, in line with production findings, but critically in contrast to previous ERP studies of semantic processing.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Ditt förstaspråks grammatik påverkar hur din hjärna bearbetar dina andraspråk
- 2015
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Ingår i: Grammatikdagen 2015, Lund.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neurokognitiva studier av hjärnans bearbetning av första- och andraspråksgrammatik relaterar skillnader till inlärningsålder och andraspråksfärdighet. Dessa studier undersöker typiskt inte hur skillnader och likheter i språkens strukturer påverkar bearbetningen. Vi utforskade hur andraspråkstalare med goda språkfärdigheter i Svenska bearbetade svenskans verbplacering beroende på om deras första språk hade samma verbplacering som svenskan (tyska) eller inte (engelska). Denna studie visar att hjärnans bearbetning av ett andra språk inte kan begränsas till en diskussion om ålder vid inlärande eller språkfärdighet.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Event processing is affected by an interaction between actual and canonical event properties and language : a visual ERP study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cognitive Neuroscience Society : 23rd Annual Meeting, April 2-5, 2016, New York Hilton Midtown, New York City, New York. - Davis, CA : Cognitive Neuroscience Society. ; , s. 94-94
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages differ in how events are described, but little is known about how language interacts with online event processing. To explore this question we examined placement events in Swedish. Swedish has three obligatory placement verbs, sätta, ‘set’, ställa ‘stand’, lägga, ‘lay’, and lacks a superordinate general term like English put (Gullberg & Burenhult, 2011; Viberg, 1999). Every placement event in Swedish must be labelled by one of the three verbs, whose choice depends on object properties, and the object's relationship to the ground. The current study investigates how sensitive Swedes are to the relationship between event properties and verb labels. Native speakers (N = 20, 18-35-years) watched images of a hand placing an object on a table followed by visually presented sentences that were either congruent or incongruent with the images while event-related potentials were recorded and time-locked to the placement verbs. We varied object properties such as ± base (e.g., glass/orange), spatial extension (e.g., tall/short glass), and orientation (vertical/horizontal). The three verbs were combined with each image in a cross-subject design. The results showed that, as expected, incongruent picture-verb combinations elicited an increased centro-medial N400 modulated by verb appropriateness. Congruent picture-verb combinations also elicited an N400 when objects were placed in non-canonical positions (e.g. laying a glass on its side), suggesting that native placement event processing may depend on an interaction between actual and canonical event properties and language. A follow up study presenting auditory sentences simultaneously with images will explore this hypothesis further.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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First Language Matters : Event-Related Potentials Show Crosslinguistic Influence on the Processing of Placement Verb Semantics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 13, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Second language (L2) learners experience challenges when word meanings differ across L1 and L2, and often display crosslinguistic influence (CLI) in speech production. In contrast, studies of online comprehension show more mixed results. Therefore, this study explored how L2 learners process fine-grained L2 verb semantics in the domain of caused motion (placement) and specifically the impact of having similar vs. non-similar semantics in the L1 and L2. Specifically, we examined English (20) and German (21) L2 learners of Swedish and native Swedish speakers (16) and their online neurophysiological processing and offline appropriateness ratings of three Swedish placement verbs obligatory for placement supported from below: satta "set," stalla "stand," and lagga "lay." The learners' L1s differed from Swedish in that their placement verbs either shared or did not share semantic characteristics with the target language. English has a general placement verb put, whereas German has specific verbs similar but not identical to Swedish, stellen "set/stand" and legen "lay." Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants watched still frames (images) of objects being placed on a table and listened to sentences describing the event with verbs that either matched the image or not. Participants also performed an offline appropriateness rating task. Both tasks suggested CLI. English learners' appropriateness ratings of atypical verb use differed from those of both native Swedish speakers' and German learners, with no difference in the latter pair. Similarly, German learners' ERP effects were more similar to those of the native Swedish speakers (increased lateral negativity to atypical verb use) than to those of the English learners (increased positivity to atypical verb use). The results of this explorative study thus suggest CLI both offline and online with similarity between L1 and L2 indicating more similar processing and judgments, in line with previous production findings, but in contrast to previous ERP work on semantic L2 processing.
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| 11. |
- Andersson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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First language matters : ERPs show crosslinguistic influence on the processing of placement verb semantics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Second language (L2) learners experience challenges when word meanings differ across L1 and L2, and often display crosslinguistic influence in speech production. In contrast, studies of online comprehension show more mixed results. Therefore, this study explored how L2 learners process fine-grained L2 verb semantics in the domain of caused motion (placement), and specifically the impact of having similar vs. non-similar semantics in the L1 and L2. Specifically, we examined English (20) and German (21) L2 learners of Swedish and native Swedish speakers (16) and their online neurophysiological processing and offline appropriateness ratings of three Swedish placement verbs obligatory for placement supported from below: sätta ‘set’, ställa ‘stand’, and lägga ‘lay’. The learners’ L1s differed from Swedish in that their placement verbs either shared or did not share semantic characteristics with the target language. English has a general placement verb put, whereas German has specific verbs similar but not identical to Swedish, stellen ‘set/stand’, and legen ‘lay’.ERPs were recorded while participants watched still frames (images) of objects being placed on a table and listened to sentences describing the event with verbs that either matched the image or not. Participants also performed an offline appropriateness rating task. Both tasks suggested crosslinguistic influence. English learners’ appropriateness ratings of atypical verb use differed from those of both native Swedish speakers’ and German learners, with no difference in the latter pair. Similarly, German learners’ ERP effects were more similar to those of the native Swedish speakers (increased lateral negativity to atypical verb use) than to those of the English learners (increased positivity to atypical verb use). The results from this explorative study thus suggest crosslinguistic influence both offline and online with similarity between L1 and L2 indicating more similar processing and judgements, in line with previous production findings, but in contrast to previous ERP work on semantic L2 processing.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Language background affects online word order processing in a second language but not offline
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 22:4, s. 802-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines possible crosslinguistic influence on basic word order processing in a second language (L2). Targeting Swedish V2 word order we investigate adult German learners (+V2 in the L1) and English learners (-V2 in the L1) of Swedish who are matched for proficiency. We report results from two offline behavioural tasks (written production, metalinguistic judgments), and online processing as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). All groups showed sensitivity to word order violations behaviourally and neurocognitively. Behaviourally, the learners differed from the native speakers only on judgements. Crucially, they did not differ from each other. Neurocognitively, all groups showed a similar increased centro-parietal P600 ERP-effect, but German learners (+V2) displayed more nativelike anterior ERP-effects than English learners (-V2). The results suggest crosslinguistic influence in that the presence of a similar word order in the L1 can facilitate online processing in an L2-- even if no offline behavioural effects are discerned.
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Language background affects word order processing in a second language online but not offline
- 2014
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Ingår i: Culture, Brain, Learning : Wallenberg Network Initiative. - Lund : Lund University. ; , s. 15-15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different languages organize information differently, for example in different word orders. A large body of work shows that learning to use word order in a new, second language (L2) is difficult. An example is the production of verb-second (V2) word order, which requires the finite verb in main clauses to appear in second position even when the sentence does not start with a subject. V2 difficulties are ubiquitous and only partially modulated by patterns in thefirst language (L1; e.g., Ganuza, 2008 for an overview). Despite the body of work on L2 production, we know surprisingly little about how word order is processed behaviorally and neurocognitively, and how production relates to comprehension. This study therefore examined how advanced German (n=14) and English (n=14) adult learners, matched for proficiency and age of acquisition, process word order in Swedish compared to native speakers (n=20) depending on L1 background (i.e., ±similar word order in the L1; German [+V2] vs. English [-V2]), sentence-initial adverb frequency (frequent idag ‘today’ vs. infrequent hemma ‘at home’ (1)), and length of the sentence-initial constituent (short vs. long prefield; (2)).(1) Idag/Hemma läste hon tidningen. vs. *Idag/Hemma hon läste tidningen. Today/At home read she paper.def vs. *Today/At home she read paper.def(2) Idag/Hemma hos Maria läste hon tidningen. vs. *Idag/Hemma hos Maria hon läste tidningen. Today/At home at Maria’s read she paper.def vs. *Today/At home at Maria’s she read paper.def.We probed the production of word order in a sentence completion task and examined responses to word order (violations) in a timed acceptability judgment task during which participants were presented with sentences word by word while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. At the end of the sentence participants judged the sentence acceptability.Overall, the results indicated that the two learner groups behaved similarly on behavioral measures of comprehension and production, but crucially differed in online processing. All groups, including learners, showed sensitivity to V2-violations in the ERPs. Swedish native speakers were also sensitive to length of prefield showing the typical biphasic ERP response only to violations with long prefields allowing build up of expectations. Importantly, the learners, who did not differ behaviorally, showed different responses. The German learners [+V2] showed similar ERP patterns to native Swedish speakers, whereas the English learners [-V2] showed more variation in their ERP responses. We discuss these findings in terms of theories of crosslinguistic influence and theories of native-like syntacticprocessing.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Native word order processing is not uniform : An ERP study of verb-second word order
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 22nd Annual Meeting, March 28-31, 2015 Hyatt Regency Hotel, San Francisco, California. - San Fransisco : Cognitive Neuroscience Society. ; , s. 218-218
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most Germanic languages share verb-second (V2) word order: the finite verb occurs in second position in a main clause regardless of whether it starts with a subject (e.g., she; SVO), or an adverbial (e.g., today; AdvVSO). Swedish allows for certain exceptions to V2 resulting in clauses with V3 word order (AdvSVO) (Bohnacker, 2006). Despite the general acknowledgment that V3 occurs, little is known about the factors that license it and about how these structures are processed. This study therefore investigated V2-/V3-processing in 20 adult native Swedish speakers, manipulating initial semantic adverbial type (idag Œtoday¹, hemma Œat home¹, and kanske Œmaybe¹), and subject type (lexical noun, Œthe boy¹, vs. pronoun, Œhe¹) in a sentence completion task and in acceptability judgments made after event-related potentials were recorded. The results showed effects of adverbial- and subject-type across tasks and measures. Behavioral results showed positive effects of pronominal subjects; moreover, idag-sentences were the most accurate, and kanske-sentences the least accurate. Neurocognitively, there was a main effect of V2 reflected in a medial negativity in the N400 time window, a left anterior positivity, and a late posterior negativity. Importantly, the negativities were strongest in amplitude with kanske, while the left anterior positivity was only elicited with hemma and idag. The results thus suggest that V2-violations in Swedish are more acceptable with some adverbials (here kanske Œmaybe¹), and that such sentences are also processed differently from sentences starting with other adverbials. Native word order processing is thus not uniform.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Standing avocados, or when ratings of sentences and brain processing tells different stories
- 2018
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Ingår i: The ASLA Symposium 2018. - Karlstad : Karlstad University.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages differ in how placement events are described. Swedish has three obligatory placement verbs for events where objects have support from below: sätta ’set’, ställa ’stand’, and lägga ’lay’. These verbs are highly frequent yet difficult to acquire for learners of Swedish. The verb choice depends on object properties, and the direction of the object’s extension from the ground. We extend previous findings by introducing event-related potentials (ERPs) and appropriateness ratings of verb usage to investigate the interaction between verb semantics and event properties. Native speakers of Swedish watched still images of placement events followed by visually presented sentences describing these events while ERPs were recorded. Participants also did appropriateness ratings offline. Object properties (Base/Without base), symmetry (Symmetric/Asymmetric), and orientation from the ground (Vertical/Horizontal) were varied and each placement verb was combined with each image across participants. Previous ERP-studies have shown that different types of violations are related to different types of ERP effects. Semantic congruency affect a centro-medial negativity—the N400 (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980) while a centro-parietal positivity—the P600 is affected when real-world knowledge is violated (e.g., using a screwdriver as a key, Balconi & Caldiroli, 2011). Results showed an increased amplitude of both ERP effects when placement verbs were incongruent with the depicted event including objects with a base. For objects without a base the ERP effects were in addition related to incongruency with real world knowledge—e.g., avocados are usually not vertically placed i.e., standing on a table. With the inclusion of the neurophysiological measure sensitivity to event features not captured by ratings was revealed. Combined results corroborate and elucidate existing analyses of the complexity of verb semantics. A better understanding of native speakers’ processing of placement verbs opens new options for probing the difficulties of learning Swedish placement verbs for adult second language learners.
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| 19. |
- Andrén, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Att lära sig språk
- 2013
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Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 20. |
- Andrén, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Att lära sig språk
- 2013
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Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen : människans språk 1-2 - människans språk 1-2. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 73-89
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 21. |
- Andrén, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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On the lower limit of gesture
- 2014
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Ingår i: Visible Utterance in Action.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where, if, and how, should researchers draw the limit between gesture proper and semiotically less complex forms of bodily conduct that do not quite qualify as gesture? This is the question of a lower limit of gesture (Andrén 2010). In accord with a comparative semiotic approach (Kendon 2008) I suggest that the question is best understood, not as a binary distinction between gesture and non-gesture, but as a matter of several different semiotic properties that can vary independently of each other. This involves, in particular, different levels of representational complexity and communicative explicitness. These semiotic properties are both conceptually explicated and applied to empirical examples in this paper, eventually leading me to propose a family resemblance conception of gesture.
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| 22. |
- Arbona, Eléonore, et al.
(författare)
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Semantically related gestures facilitate language comprehension during simultaneous interpreting
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 26:2, s. 425-439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manual co-speech gestures can facilitate language comprehension, but do they influence language comprehension in simultaneous interpreters, and if so, is this influence modulated by simultaneous interpreting (SI) and/or by interpreting experience? In a picture-matching task, 24 professional interpreters and 24 professional translators were exposed to utterances accompanied by semantically matching representational gestures, semantically unrelated pragmatic gestures, or no gestures while viewing passively (interpreters and translators) or during SI (interpreters only). During passive viewing, both groups were faster with semantically related than with semantically unrelated gestures. During SI, interpreters showed the same result. The results suggest that language comprehension is sensitive to the semantic relationship between speech and gesture, and facilitated when speech and gestures are semantically linked. This sensitivity is not modulated by SI or interpreting experience. Thus, despite simultaneous interpreters’ extreme language use, multimodal language processing facilitates comprehension in SI the same way as in all other language processing.
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| 23. |
- Arbona, Eléonore, et al.
(författare)
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The role of manual gestures in second language comprehension : A simultaneous interpreting experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - 1664-1078. ; 14, s. 01-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manual gestures and speech form a single integrated system during nativelanguage comprehension. However, it remains unclear whether this hold forsecond language (L2) comprehension, more specifically for simultaneousinterpreting (SI), which involves comprehension in one language and simultaneousproduction in another. In a combined mismatch and priming paradigm,we presented Swedish speakers fluent in L2 English with multimodal stimuli inwhich speech was congruent or incongruent with a gesture. A picture prime wasdisplayed before the stimuli. Participants had to decide whether the video wasrelated to the prime, focusing either on the auditory or the visual information.Participants performed the task either during passive viewing or during SI intotheir L1 Swedish (order counterbalanced). Incongruent stimuli yielded longerreaction times than congruent stimuli, during both viewing and interpreting.Visual and audio targets were processed equally easily in both activities. However,in both activities incongruent speech was more disruptive for gesture processingthan incongruent gesture was for speech processing. Thus, the data only partlysupports the expected mutual and obligatory interaction of gesture and speechin L2 comprehension. Interestingly, there were no differences between activitiessuggesting that the language comprehension component in SI shares featureswith other (L2) comprehension tasks.
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| 24. |
- Arbona, Eléonore, et al.
(författare)
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The role of semantically related gestures in the language comprehension of simultaneous interpreters in noise
- 2024
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Ingår i: Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. - 2327-3798. ; 39:5, s. 584-608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manual co-speech gestures can facilitate language comprehension, especially in adverse listening conditions. However, we do not know whether gestures influence simultaneous interpreters’ language comprehension in adverse listening conditions, and if so, whether this influence is modulated by interpreting experience, or by active simultaneous interpreting (SI). We exposed 24 interpreters and 24 bilinguals without interpreting experience to utterances with semantically related gestures, semantically unrelated gestures,or without gestures while engaging in comprehension (interpreters and bilinguals) or in SI (interpreters only). Tasks were administered in clear and noisy speech. Accuracy and reaction time were measured, and participants’ gaze was tracked. During comprehension,semantically related gestures facilitated both groups’ processing in noise. Facilitation was not modulated by interpreting experience. However, when interpreting noisy speech,interpreters did not benefit from gestures. This suggests that the comprehension component, and specifically crossmodal information processing, in SI differs from that of other language comprehension.
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| 25. |
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