| 1. |
- Gultepe, Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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A review on ice fog measurements and modeling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8095 .- 1873-2895. ; 151, s. 2-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rate of weather-related aviation accident occurrence in the northern latitudes is likely 25 times higher than the national rate of Canada. If only cases where reduced visibility was a factor are considered, the average rate of occurrence in the north is about 31 times higher than the Canadian national rate. Ice fog occurs about 25% of the time in the northern latitudes and is an important contributor to low visibility. This suggests that a better understanding of ice fog prediction and detection is required over the northern latitudes. The objectives of this review are the following: 1) to summarize the current knowledge of ice fog microphysics, as inferred from observations and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, and 2) to describe the remaining challenges associated with measuring ice fog properties, remote sensing microphysical retrievals, and simulating/predicting ice fog within numerical models. Overall, future challenges related to ice fog microphysics and visibility are summarized and current knowledge is emphasized.
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| 2. |
- Gultepe, Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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Ice fog in arctic during fram-ice fog project aviation and nowcasting applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 95:2, s. 211-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased understanding of ice fog microphysics can improve frost and ice fog prediction using forecast models and remote-sensing retrievals, thereby reducing potential hazards to aviation
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| 3. |
- Kuhn, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Ice Fog and Light Snow Measurements Using a High-Resolution Camera System
- 2016
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Geophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-4553 .- 1420-9136. ; 173:9, s. 3049-3064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ice fog, diamond dust, and light snow usually form over extremely cold weather conditions, and they affect both visibility and Earth’s radiative energy budget. Prediction of these hydrometeors using models is difficult because of limited knowledge of the microphysical properties at the small size ranges due to measurement issues. These phenomena need to be better represented in forecast and climate models; therefore, in addition to remote sensing accurate measurements using ground-based instrumentation are required. An imaging instrument, aimed at measuring ice fog and light snow particles, has been built and is presented here. The ice crystal imaging (ICI) probe samples ice particles into a vertical, tapered inlet with an inlet flow rate of 11 L min−1. A laser beam across the vertical air flow containing the ice crystals allows for their detection by a photodetector collecting the scattered light. Detected particles are then imaged with high optical resolution. An illuminating LED flash and image capturing are triggered by the photodetector. In this work, ICI measurements collected during the fog remote sensing and modeling (FRAM) project, which took place during Winter of 2010–2011 in Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, are summarized and challenges related to measuring small ice particles are described. The majority of ice particles during the 2-month-long campaign had sizes between 300 and 800 μm. During ice fog events the size distribution measured had a lower mode diameter of 300 μm compared to the overall campaign average with mode at 500 μm.
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