| 1. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and environmental analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Renovation of existing buildings plays an important part in the work towards European climate and energy goals. The present paper treats energy efficiency renovation measures for a district heated Swedish multi-family house, evaluated through dynamic simulation. Five HVAC systems were studied in combination with three renovation levels, starting from basic renovation to maintain functionality and then adding 1) better insulating windows and flow-reducing water taps, and 2) additional insulation on roof and façade. The HVAC systems were based on the existing district heating substation and included mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and different configurations of exhaust air heat pump. Life cycle cost, discounted payback period, primary energy consumption, CO₂ emissions and non-renewable energy use were assessed for all combinations.The system with the lowest cost and environmental impact was, in most cases, the one where district heating and heat pump were combined for both heating and DHW. Low-temperature heating improved the performance factor of the heat pump, but reduced the heat output and increased the need for backup heating. Changing windows and water taps was found to be profitable, while additional insulation reduced the environmental impact but increased the life cycle cost.
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| 2. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 177, s. 108-116
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renovation of existing buildings is important in the work toward increased energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. The present paper treats energy renovation measures for a Swedish district heated multi-family house, evaluated through dynamic simulation. Insulation of roof and façade, better insulating windows and flow-reducing water taps, in combination with different HVAC systems for recovery of heat from exhaust air, were assessed in terms of life cycle cost, discounted payback period, primary energy consumption, CO2 emissions and non-renewable energy consumption. The HVAC systems were based on the existing district heating substation and included mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and different configurations of exhaust air heat pump.Compared to a renovation without energy saving measures, the combination of new windows, insulation, flow-reducing taps and an exhaust air a heat pump gave up to 24% lower life cycle cost. Adding insulation on roof and façade, the primary energy consumption was reduced by up to 58%, CO2 emissions up to 65% and non-renewable energy consumption up to 56%. Ventilation with heat recovery also reduced the environmental impact but was not economically profitable in the studied cases. With a margin perspective on electricity consumption, the environmental impact of installing heat pumps or air heat recovery in district heated houses is increased. Low-temperature heating improved the seasonal performance factor of the heat pump by up to 11% and reduced the environmental impact.
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| 3. |
- Ammenberg, Jonas, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on biomethane as a transport fuel within acircular economy, energy, and environmental system
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The literature indicates that the life cycle costs of biomethane fueled light vehicles may be 15 to 20% highe rthan for similar petrol and diesel fueled vehicles, while liquid biomethane fueled heavy duty trucks may have similar life cycle costs to diesel. However, such an analysis can be two dimensional and limited in the message it conveys. On one hand the acceptance of diesel fueled trucks and buses will be limited due to the climate emergency and air pollution and after 2030 diesel may not be the competition for biomethane anymore. On the otherhand, biomethane production is part of a larger circular economy, energy, and environmental system. It is verydifficult to divorce the energy vector, biomethane, from the system through which it is produced. In essence biomethane can be considered as one of the products or services of a broad biogas system.An advantage of biogas is that it can be produced from most wet organic wastes or by-products, includingfor food waste, animal by-products, (such as manure), agricultural residues, sewage sludge, industrial biowaste (such as from slaughterhouses and food and beverage processing industries). Biogas production is an element in the environmental management of such wastes; biogas plants can also deliver digestate, which contains most ofthe nutrients in the feedstock and can be an excellent biofertilizer. In addition, it is possible to utilize the carbon dioxide removed in upgrading biogas to biomethane as a product with added value. The resource of biomethane is very significant in considering the vast amounts of organic wastes landfilled around the world each year, that instead could be used to produce biogas, biofertilizers and food grade CO2 while improving the environment through reduced fugitive methane emissions and improved water quality. Furthermore, the application of biogas systems in bio-industrial contexts (such as paper mills, food production facilities, or other types of biorefineries) has huge potential to decarbonize industry while significantly increasing the resource of biomethane. Due to the multifunctionality of biomethane solutions, broad assessment methods are needed to grasp thewide spectrum of relevant factors when comparing different technologies:• Biomethane has a competitive performance compared with fossil fuels and other biofuels on a whole lifecycle analysis and is particularly suited to long distance heavy vehicles.• Biomethane from manure, residues, waste & catch crops is estimated to have low GHG emissions ascompared to other renewable fuels.• Biomethane may contribute to reduced air pollution in comparison with diesel, petrol, and other biofuels.• Biomethane can contribute to a substantial reduction in acidification compared with fossil fuels.• Biomethane may contribute to significantly reduced noise levels in comparison with diesel heavy goodsvehicles.• Well-designed and applied biogas systems may be essential to transform conventional farming to moresustainable farming and to organic farming.• Common types of biogas solutions provide essential sociotechnical systems services as components ofsystems for waste and (waste) water management.• Biogas solutions may importantly contribute to improved energy supply/security and flexibility.Natural gas systems should be a facilitator of the introduction of biomethane for transport, but the sustainability problems associated with natural gas negatively impact the view of biomethane. This is where arguments amongst the renewable sector actors can hinder progress. Biomethane and (power to methane) can utilize the existing gas grid and accelerate progress to decarbonization of the overall energy sector beyond just electricity and also to decarbonize chemical (such as ammonia and methanol) and steel production. This should be advantageous especially when realizing that more energy is procured from the natural gas grid than the electricity gridin the EU and the US; however, suggestions that biomethane is only greenwashing the natural gas industry, and in doing so extending the lifetime of natural gas, greatly impedes this progress.This report provides exemplars of very good biomethane based transport solutions, with a high technologicalreadiness level for all elements of the chain from production to vehicles. Transport biomethane sits well in the broad circular economy, energy, and environmental system providing services across a range of sectors including reduction in fugitive methane emissions from slurries, treatment of residues, environmental protection, provision of biofertiliser, provision of food grade CO2 and a fuel readily available for long distance heavy haulage. What we do not have is time to postpone the sustainable implementation of such circular economy biomethane systems as the climate emergency will not wait for absolutely perfect zero emission solutions; should they exist.
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| 4. |
- Bales, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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D2.1c Simulation Results of Reference Buildings
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is the third part of the deliverable D2.1, where the other two parts report on the energy consumption in the building stock in Europe based on the available energy statistics (D2.1a) and the energy policies related to buildings (D2.1b).The aim of this report is to give complementary information about the heating and cooling demands of residential and office buildings based on simulations, so that the many gaps in the energy statistics can be filled and the statistics can be critically evaluated. The methodology results in a complete and consistent overview of the heating and cooling demands in residential and office buildings for seven different climate regions covering the whole of the EU and six different periods of construction, covering pre-1945 to post 2000. In addition, the data for the residential building stock is split into single family houses, small and large multifamily houses, while for offices the results are given for low and high rise offices with 6 or 12 office units per floor.The simulation models have been benchmarked (calibrated) against the energy statistics for each of the seven climate regions based on the aggregated data for the whole residential building stock and then for the office building stock in that climate region (in D2.1a). The methodology derives the aggregated average using weighted averages of data split into periods of construction and typology for both energy statistics and simulation results. The weighting is done based on heated and cooled floor area. As nearly all of the energy statistics are given in terms of consumption, while simulation results were calculated as demand, the demand data were converted to consumption data. One fixed conversion factor was used for heating (average efficiency 0.8) and one for cooling (average EER 2.5). Since the calculated demands strongly depend on the imposed heating or cooling set temperatures, this simulation parameter was varied so that the aggregated simulation result was the same as that for the consumption derived from the energy statistics. The calibrated models were then used to derive the average heating and cooling consumptions of the building stock in the seven climate regions.The methodology has a number of uncertainties, both in terms of the energy statistics as well as in terms of the simplifications and assumptions in the simulation models. During the calibration process a number of inconsistencies have been detected for individual countries and climate regions between simulation results and energy use from statistic data. The mismatches are analytically assessed, showing improvements necessary both in terms of statistic data necessary for reliable energy estimations and data to be gathered in order to guarantee consistent simulations outcomes.Beside the building stock survey completion and statistic data quality assessment, the work is also the basis for the definition of suitable Energy Renovation Packages and Products within the iNSPiRe project. The simulation results will be used to identify which building typologies, periods of construction and climate region have the largest potential for impact on the European scenario. Such information will be used within the iNSPiRe project to define reference Target buildings, as virtual demonstration cases to prove the potential improvements and impacts following the renovation process of a given share of the European building stock.
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| 5. |
- Birchall, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Survey and simulation of energy use in the European building stock
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Buildings account for around 40% of the final energy consumption in Europe and are central in the work towards increased energy efficiency. In order to plan and perform effective energy renovation of the buildings, it is necessary to have adequate information on the current status of the buildings in terms of architectural features and energy needs. Unfortunately, the official statistics do not include all of the needed information for the whole building stock. This paper aims to fill the gaps in the statistics by gathering data from studies, projects and national energy agencies, and by calibrating TRNSYS models against the existing data to complete missing energy demand data, for countries with similar climate, through simulation. The survey was limited to residential and office buildings in the EU member states (before July 2013). This work was carried out as part of the EU FP7 project iNSPiRe. The building stock survey revealed over 70% of the residential and office floor area is concentrated in the six most populated countries. The total energy consumption in the residential sector is 14 times that of the office sector. In the residential sector, single family houses represent 60% of the heated floor area, albeit with different share in the different countries, indicating that retrofit solutions cannot be focused only on multi-family houses. The simulation results indicate that residential buildings in central and southern European countries are not always heated to 20 °C, but are kept at a lower temperature during at least part of the day. Improving the energy performance of these houses through renovation could allow the occupants to increase the room temperature and improve their thermal comfort, even though the potential for energy savings would then be reduced.
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| 6. |
- Conde, Marcus V., et al.
(författare)
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Lens-to-Lens Bokeh Effect Transformation : NTIRE 2023 Challenge Report
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. - Vancover : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 1643-1659
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present the new Bokeh Effect Transformation Dataset (BETD), and review the proposed solutions for this novel task at the NTIRE 2023 Bokeh Effect Transformation Challenge. Recent advancements of mobile photography aim to reach the visual quality of full-frame cameras. Now, a goal in computational photography is to optimize the Bokeh effect itself, which is the aesthetic quality of the blur in out-of-focus areas of an image. Photographers create this aesthetic effect by benefiting from the lens optical properties. The aim of this work is to design a neural network capable of converting the the Bokeh effect of one lens to the effect of another lens without harming the sharp foreground regions in the image. For a given input image, knowing the target lens type, we render or transform the Bokeh effect accordingly to the lens properties. We build the BETD using two full-frame Sony cameras, and diverse lens setups. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first attempt to solve this novel task, and we provide the first BETD dataset and benchmark for it. The challenge had 99 registered participants. The submitted methods gauge the state-of-the-art in Bokeh effect rendering and transformation.
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| 7. |
- Cordova, Stephanie S., 1988-
(författare)
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Utilizing CO2 from biomethane production : Sustainability and climate performance
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biogas solutions offer many benefits for the environment and society, including organic waste treatment as well as being an enabler for energy and nutrient recovery. The products of anaerobic digestion are a biogas, which contains a share of 30 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50 to 70% methane, and a liquid remanent, rich in nutrients. The biogas can be upgraded by removing the CO2 to increase the energy content, producing biomethane. At present, CO2 is considered a waste in biomethane production systems, and hence it is emitted into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, biogas upgrading technologies separate a pure-grade CO2 and, likewise, carbon capture processes, providing a pure CO2 flow that can be stored or utilized. Compared to storage, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies deliver valuable carbon-based products required to sustain human activities. The valorization of green CO2 could aid the transition towards defossilization of the economy. Indeed, several CO2 utilization technologies could be incorporated into biomethane production systems, but there is still a limited understanding of the available alternatives and their potential impacts on biomethane systems.This thesis aims to investigate the integration of CO2 utilization technologies in biomethane production systems by revealing its potential, identifying alternatives, and assessing the impacts of the integration. Using Sweden as an example, scenarios of future biomethane production were employed to estimate the potential CO2 available for utilization. To complement the analysis, a qualitative approach made possible the identification of aspects that could affect CO2 utilization in biomethane production. Moreover, a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) framework was developed to identify relevant indicators for assessment and available alternatives for CO2 utilization. The research also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the climate performance of relevant CCU alternatives in the biomethane production system.Results show that 160 kt of CO2 could be obtained from biomethane production in Sweden, which could potentially increase threefold from 2020 to 2030. The evaluation of alternatives for CO2 utilization includes environmental, technical, economic, and social criteria with sound indicators within an MCA framework. Indicators to evaluate each criterion provide valuable information to identify feasible and sustainable alternatives that can be integrated into biomethane plants. The identified alternatives with a high readiness level are additional methane through methanation, horticulture, mineral carbonates, fuels, pH control, bulk chemicals, and liquefied CO2 for direct use. The results provide information to decision-makers in relation to considerations to take before implementation, like energy requirements, the existence of regulations and standards, and uncertainty. In terms of the climate performance of biomethane with the inclusion of CCU alternatives, the results show a possible reduction of CO2 emissions that depends on the possibility of substituting fossil-based products. The investigated alternatives all result in lower emissions, but concrete curing and methanation using renewable hydrogen produce the best results.To conclude, the potential future increase of green CO2 from biomethane in Sweden creates opportunities to substitute fossil carbon in current applications and mature conversion pathways. Moreover, the inclusion of CCU in biomethane production contributes to reducing biomethane system emissions and diversifying its products. Possible alternatives of CCU that can be integrated into biomethane production systems in the short term include methanation and concrete curing. Other alternatives could be possible but present lower performance and higher uncertainties at the moment.
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| 8. |
- Cordova, Stephanie, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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What should we do with CO₂ from biogas upgrading?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of CO2 Utilization. - : Elsevier. - 2212-9820 .- 2212-9839. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon capture and utilization has been proposed as an essential climate change mitigation strategy, but only a few implemented cases exist. During biomethane production from anaerobic digestion, CO₂ is commonly separated and emitted into the atmosphere, which can be utilized as raw material for various products. This research aims to identify and assess CO₂ utilization alternatives for possible integration with biogas upgrading from anaerobic digestion by developing a soft multi-criteria analysis (MCA). A literature review complemented with stakeholder participation enabled the identification of relevant alternatives and criteria for assessment. Potential alternatives for CO₂ utilization include methane, mineral carbonates, biomass production, fuels, chemicals, pH control, and liquefied CO₂. Results show that although no alternative performs well in all indicators, there is an opportunity for short-term implementation for methane, biomass production, mineral carbonates, liquefied CO₂, and pH control. Moreover, the uncertainty analysis reveals that even though the technologies have a high technological development, more information on critical aspects is still required. The soft MCA provides information to decision-makers, practitioners, and the academic community on learning opportunities of the alternatives and indicators to step from development into implementation. For instance, the method can be used to assess more specific systems with different locations and scales or to direct efforts to ease the implementation of CCU.
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| 9. |
- Dermentzis, G., et al.
(författare)
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A comprehensive evaluation of a monthly-based energy auditing tool through dynamic simulations, and monitoring in a renovation case study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 183, s. 713-726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An energy auditing tool (PHPP) was evaluated against a dynamic simulation tool (TRNSYS) and used for the assessment of energy conservation measures in a demo case study. The comprehensive comparison of useful heating and cooling demands and loads included three building types (single-, multi-family house, and office), three building energy levels (before renovation and after renovation with a heating demand of 45 and 25 kWh/(m²·a)) and seven European climates. Dynamic simulation results proved PHPP (monthly energy balance) to be able to calculate heating demand and energy savings with good precision and cooling demand with acceptable precision compared to detailed numerical models (TRNSYS). The average deviation between the tools was 8% for heating and 15% for cooling (considering climates with a relevant cooling load only). The higher the thermal envelope quality was, i.e. in case of good energy standards and in cold climates, the better was the agreement. Furthermore, it was confirmed that PHPP slightly overestimates the heating and cooling loads by intention for system design. The renovation design of a real multi-family house was executed using PHPP as energy auditing tool. Several calculation stages were performed for (a) baseline, (b) design phase, and (c) verification with monitoring in order to calculate the corresponding heating demand. The PHPP model was calibrated twice, before and after the renovation. The necessity for tool calibration, especially for the baseline, was highlighted increasing the confidence with respect to a number of boundary conditions. In this study, PHPP was tested as an energy auditing tool aiming to be a versatile and less error-prone alternative to more complex simulation tools, which require much more expert knowledge and training.
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| 10. |
- Dermentzis, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a versatile energy auditing tool
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy auditing can be an important contribution for identification and assessment of energy conservation measures (ECMs) in buildings. Numerous tools and software have been developed, with varying degree of precision and complexity and different areas of use. This paper evaluates PHPP as a versatile, easy-to-use energy auditing tool and gives examples of how it has been compared to a dynamic simulation tool, within the EU-project iNSPiRe. PHPP is a monthly balance energy calculation tool based on EN13790. It is intended for assisting the design of Passive Houses and energy renovation projects and as guidance in the choice of appropriate ECMs. PHPP was compared against the transient simulation software TRNSYS for a single family house and a multi-family house. It should be mentioned that dynamic building simulations might strongly depend on the model assumptions and simplifications compared to reality, such as ideal heating or real heat emission system. Setting common boundary conditions for both PHPP and TRNSYS, the ideal heating and cooling loads and demands were compared on monthly and annual basis for seven European locations and buildings with different floor area, S/V ratio, U-values and glazed area of the external walls. The results show that PHPP can be used to assess the heating demand of single-zone buildings and the reduction of heating demand with ECMs with good precision. The estimation of cooling demand is also acceptable if an appropriate shading factor is applied in PHPP. In general, PHPP intentionally overestimates heating and cooling loads, to be on the safe side for system sizing. Overall, the agreement with TRNSYS is better in cases with higher quality of the envelope as in cold climates and for good energy standards. As an energy auditing tool intended for pre-design it is a good, versatile and easy-to-use alternative to more complex simulation tools.
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| 11. |
- Dipasquale, C., et al.
(författare)
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Database of energy, environmental and economic indicators of renovation packages for European residential buildings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 203
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing the energy efficiency with a vast impact in the residential building stock requires retrofit solutions that can be exploited with respect to a wide range of different building typologies and climates. Several tools and methodologies are nowadays available both for the assessment of building demands and for the individuation of optimum retrofit solutions. However, they are usually either too complex to be adopted by professionals or, on the contrary, oversimplified to account for the full complexity of a deep envelope and HVAC system retrofit. In this context, this paper describes a methodology developed to generate reliable information on retrofit solutions for typical buildings in different climatic conditions. Detailed numerical models are used to simulate a number of combinations of envelope and HVAC systems retrofit measures and renewable energy integration. Energy performance results are gathered in a database that allows comparing solutions, spanning over a range of more than 250,000 combinations of building types, age of construction, climates, envelope performance levels and HVAC systems configurations. Economic feasibility is also derived for each of the combinations. In this way, the accurateness of a detailed and validated calculation is made available to assist during the decision making process, with minimum computational effort being required by professionals: the variety and density of evaluated combinations allows to easily assess the performance of a specific case by interpolating among instances previously assessed. The applicability of the results to different climates and similar building typologies is verified by a comparison of the database results with a specific case dynamic simulation.
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| 12. |
- Dipasquale, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Energetic, economic and environmental analysis of energy renovation packages for residential and office building stock: methodology
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The high energy consumption in the residential and office sectors requires the individuation of renovation solutions that can be widely applied on different building typologies and climates. Several tools and methodologies are nowadays available both for the assessment of building demands and for individuating the optimal retrofit solution, but usually they are not user-friendly or applicable to a cluster of buildings.In this context, this paper aims at describing a methodology developed to generate a matrix of solutions for typical building and HVAC systems in different climatic conditions. The results are collected in a database. The studied building typologies concern single family houses, multi-family houses and offices. Envelope renovation measures are firstly applied in order to reduce the building demands; afterwards, efficient HVAC systems are implemented. Air-to-water heat pump, ground source heat pump, condensing and pellet boilers are studied. The contribution of solar technologies, thermal panels and PV is also accounted for. Per building typology, climate and renovation package, the database reports energetic, economic and environmental indicators. The database is available on-line, it can be consulted by researchers or technicians of the retrofit sector for comparing different renovation packages and helping during the decision making process.
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| 13. |
- Fedrizzi, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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D6.3a Performance of the Studied Systemic Renovation Packages - Method
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the primary objectives of the iNSPiRe project was to develop a tool that predicts the energy and cost saving impacts of various systemic retrofit interventions. This tool is now available for all those involved in the renovation of older buildings (from consulting offices, moving through construction companies and to decision makers) to use as a means of selecting which retrofit package will deliver the greatest costs savings and most improved energy efficiencies.To this purpose, we have produced three databases that provide valuable information about the energy performance of a variety of buildings in different climates, based on different energy requirements. These are the results of a three stage process:1. Collection of energy use data (statistics) for the whole of EU 27, the structuring of a building stock database and the definition of reference buildings that represent the most typical buildings of the building stock. Data for six different age categories were derived, including typical construction information and insulation standards for these periods. Seven climatic regions were also defined to cover the EU 27. The structured data are available in the Building Stock Statistics database.2. Derivation of a complete and consistent database of heating and cooling demands in residential and office buildings covering the whole of the EU 27 based on the simulation of the defined reference buildings in seven climatic regions. The simulations were calibrated against the energy use statistics, and are thus consistent with these, but offer the full range of heating and cooling demands for all climates and building types for six different age categories. The results are available in the Reference Building Simulation database.3. Definition of a range of retrofit measures for the reference buildings including climatic shell, HVAC system and heating/cooling distribution. The matrix of these measures was then simulated for all building types for the seven different climatic regions to provide data for the third database, the Systemic Renovation Packages database.
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| 14. |
- Fedrizzi, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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D6.3b Performance of the Studied Systemic Renovation Packages - Single Family Houses
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the primary objectives of the iNSPiRe project was to develop a tool that predicts the energy and cost saving impacts of various systemic retrofit interventions. This tool is now available for all those involved in the renovation of older buildings (from consulting offices, moving through construction companies and to decision makers) to use as a means of selecting which retrofit package will deliver the greatest costs savings and most improved energy performance.The whole set of Renovation Packages in the published database includes results for a range of SFH typologies, from detached to row houses, with different external surface over building volume ratio.In order to compare the same Envelope Renovation when applied to different SFH typologies and climates, we adopted the detached constructions as the basis to define insulation, windows and mechanical ventilation measures that match the heating demand standards sought (15, 25, 40, 70 kWh/m2y). Since the solutions found are the most conservative, lower heating demands are obtained for semi-detached and row houses.The solutions elaborated in terms of window features, and walls/roof cross sections and materials, are reported in Deliverable 6.3a for the whole range of buildings and the 7 climates analysed.In this document we comment the results relative to the reference buildings built 1945-1970, renovated with four generation systems (AWHP, GWHP, gas boiler and biomass boiler) and three distribution systems (radiant ceilings, radiators and fan coils). In order to limit the number of solutions discussed, here we report results only for the detached SFHs. The full range of solutions is published on the iNSPiRe website.The generation plants are hybrid solutions designed to combine heat pumps or boilers with solar thermal and/or PV technologies. These combinations integrate multiple renewable energy sources, thus allowing to reach in the best cases the 50 kWh/m2y primary energy consumption limit that is the objective of the retrofit packages devised.
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| 15. |
- Fedrizzi, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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D6.3c Performance of the Studied Systemic Renovation Packages - Multi-Family Houses
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report, we comment the results relative to the reference buildings built within the first age (1945-1970), and renovated with 4 generation systems (air to water heat pump, ground water heat pump, gas boiler and biomass boiler) and 3 distribution systems (radiant ceilings, radiators and fan coils).According to the buildings classification (see D2.1a and D2.1c), two different Multi Family Houses typologies are identified, small Multi Family House (s-MFH) and large Multi Family House (l-MFH). In the published database, only s-MFHs are included, varying the number of floors (3, 5 and 7 floors) and, consequently, the surface over volume (S/V) ratio.As well as for the SFHs, we adopted a reference S/V ratio as the basis to define insulation, windows and mechanical ventilation measures to match the sought heating demand targets (15, 25, 45, 70 kWh/m²y), that is 5 floors and 10 apartments.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas policies and production development in Europe : a comparative analysis of eight countries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biofuels. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1759-7269 .- 1759-7277. ; 13:8, s. 931-944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares and analyzes the relations between the biogas development and the national policy frameworks for biogas solutions in eight European countries. The policy frameworks are compared using a biogas policy model, comprising five dimensions: type of policy; administrative area; administrative level; targeted part of the value chain; and continuity and change over time. The studied countries show examples of both increasing and stagnating biogas production, all of which can be associated with changes in national policy frameworks. Many different policy tools?particularly economic instruments?have proven successful for stimulating biogas production, but changing a well-functioning framework risks impeding the development. Therefore, predictability and relevance for targeted actors are key in policymaking. Targeting specific parts of the value chain can however be required to integrate all the benefits of biogas solutions, such as agricultural methane emissions reduction. Moreover, it can be challenging to design policies and policy instruments that are both effective and sustainable over time, without needs for modifications or adjustments. Finally, biogas policies and policy instruments that are effective in one country would not necessarily lead to the same outcome in another country, as they are dependent on the broader context and policy and economic framework.
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| 18. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Biogaslösningar i Norrköping : potential för produktion och marknad
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Norrköpings kommun har i sin Energiplan för 2030 satt som mål att energieffektivisera med minst 30 % jämfört med 2005, samt att 100 % av de energislag och bränslen som används inom kommunens geografiska område (ej inräknat sjöfart och flyg) ska vara förnybara. Lokalt producerad biogas skulle kunna bidra till arbetet mot dessa mål och möjligheten att producera biogas har undersökts i tidigare förstudier på enskilda anläggningar i kommunen. Medan grannkommunen Linköping under många år har haft en kontinuerlig egen biogasproduktion i stor skala har Norrköping endast haft en mindre produktion av biogas, trots ett liknande invånarantal och flera stora industrier vars avfallsströmmar utgör potentiella biogassubstrat.I denna rapport redovisas resultaten från ett projekt med målsättning att kartlägga och kvantifiera potentialerna för produktion och användning av biogas i Norrköpings kommun, att utröna vad som krävs för att dessa ska kunna realiseras, samt vilken betydelse detta skulle ha för Norrköping. Projektet genomfördes i form av en workshopserie med deltagare från BRC:s partners samt Region Östergötland, Östgötautmaningen, Biogas Öst, Norrköping Vatten och Avfall, Holmen Paper och Kolmårdens djurpark. Frågeställningarna angreps med en så kallad ”bottom-up”-metodik, med utgångspunkt i de lokala förutsättningarna, och uppskattningar av den potentiella produktionen och användningen av biogas gjordes med fokus på olika substratströmmar respektive olika marknader.Resultaten visar på en stor outnyttjad potential för biogasproduktion i Norrköping, framförallt inom jordbrukssektorn samt lokala pappers- och massabruk. Samtidigt finns det en stor potentiell lokal marknad för biogas. Den beräknade produktionspotentialen kan, om den uppfylls, täcka i storleksordningen 10 – 15 % av energibehovet för vägtransporter och sjöfart samt det industriella energigasbehovet i Norrköping.Ett av de stora hindren för att utveckla produktionen av biogas i Norrköping är att substraten, förutom vid enskilda industrier, är spridda på ett stort antal anläggningar och aktörer. Många potentiella producenter saknar dessutom nödvändig kunskap om produktion och försäljning av biogas. Detta ställer krav på samverkan mellan olika aktörer, till exempel ägare av substrat och biogasproducenter. Samarbete mellan olika substratägare för storskalig samrötning och centraliserad uppgradering till fordonsgas skulle kunna ge ekonomiska fördelar jämfört med småskaliga anläggningar.Norrköpings kommun kan själva spela en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ökad produktion och användning av biogas genom strategisk infrastrukturplanering, upphandling och förmedling av kunskap om biogas till potentiella producenter och användare. Ett sätt för kommunen att effektivare kunna bedriva arbete inom området kan vara att tillsätta en särskild biogas- eller biobränslesamordnare.
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| 19. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-
(författare)
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Centralized or decentralized? How to exploit Sweden’s agricultural biomethane potential
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biofuels. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1759-7269 .- 1759-7277.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The agricultural sector holds great potential for contributing to European biomethane production, but how to best exploit it is still not clear. This study compares three technical solutions for producing liquefied biomethane from manure in Sweden: centralized biogas production and liquefaction, decentralized biogas production and centralized liquefaction, and decentralized biogas production and liquefaction. Technical and practical aspects of the three configurations are assessed through interviews with professionals, and the economic performance is compared through life cycle cost analysis. Depending on the conditions, the most cost-efficient alternative is either a gas pipeline from decentralized biogas production to a centralized liquefaction, or fully centralized production. The economic benefit of centralization increases with the number of farms involved but decreases with the biogas capacity of the system and the transport distance. The pipeline solution provides simple logistics and operation, although concession for pipe laying can be challenging. Moreover, a partly or fully centralized setup improves the delivery security of the system and reduces downtime. However, decentralized biomethane production can be an option for remote farms where centralization is not possible. For existing biogas plants, small-scale liquefaction or a pipeline to centralized liquefaction can be options for developing more biomethane production.
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Cleaner heavy transports : Environmental and economic analysis of liquefied natural gas and biomethane
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Looking to reduce climate change impact and particle emissions, the heavy-duty transport sector is moving towards a growth within technology and infrastructure for use of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This opens an opportunity for the biogas market to grow as well, especially in the form of liquefied biomethane (LBM). However, there is a need to investigate the economic conditions and the possible environmental benefits of using LBM rather than LNG or diesel in heavy transports. This study presents a comparison of well-to-wheel scenarios for production, distribution and use of LBM, LNG and diesel, assessing both environmental and economic aspects in a life cycle perspective. The results show that while LNG can increase the climate change impact compared to diesel by up to 10%, LBM can greatly reduce the environmental impact compared to both LNG and diesel. With a German electricity mix, the climate change impact can be reduced by 45 – 70% compared to diesel with LBM from manure, and by 50 – 75% with LBM from food waste. If digestate is used to replace mineral fertilizer, the impact of LBM can even be less than 0. However, the results vary a lot depending on the type of feedstock, the electricity system and whether the calculations are done according to RED or ISO guidelines. Economically, it can be hard for LBM to compete with LNG, due to relatively high production costs, and some form of economic incentives are likely required.
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| 21. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Climate performance of liquefied biomethane with carbon dioxide utilization or storage
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the process of upgrading biogas to biomethane for gas grid injection or use as a vehicle fuel, biogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) is separated and normally emitted to the atmosphere. Meanwhile, there are a number of ways of utilizing CO₂ to reduce the dependency on fossil carbon sources. This article assesses the climate performance of liquefied biomethane for road transport with different options for utilization or storage of CO₂. The analysis is done from a life cycle perspective, covering the required and avoided processes from biogas production to the end use of biomethane and CO₂. The results show that all of the studied options for CO₂ utilization can improve the climate performance of biomethane, in some cases contributing to negative CO₂ emissions. One of the best options, from a climate impact perspective, is to use the CO₂ internally to produce more methane, although continuous supply of hydrogen from renewable sources can be a challenge. Another option that stands out is concrete curing, where CO₂ can both replace conventional steam curing and be stored for a long time in mineral form. Storing CO₂ in geological formations can also lead to negative CO₂ emissions. However, with such long-term storage solutions, opportunities to recycle biogenic CO₂ are lost, together with the possibility of de-fossilizing processes that require carbon, such as chemical production and horticulture.
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| 22. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of two HVAC renovation solutions : A case study
- 2013
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Ingår i: CLIMA 2013, Prague, June 16-19, 2013. - : Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the aging building stock of Europe, there is great potential of saving energy through renovation and upgrading to modern standards, and to thereby approach the internationally set goals of lower energy use. This paper concerns the planned renovation of the building envelope and HVAC systems in a multi-family house in Ludwigsburg, Germany. Five systemic HVAC solutions were compared, with special focus on two systems: A) Balanced ventilation with HRC + Micro heat pump, and B) Forced exhaust ventilation + Heat pump with exhaust air HRC + Ventilation radiators. Given the predicted heating demand and ventilation rate of the house after renovation, the performance of the two systems was compared, alongside three common systems for reference. Calculations were made using TMF Energi, a tool developed by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. Both systems A and B were found to have the lowest electrical energy use together with the ground source heat pump system for the assumed conditions. For other assumptions, including different climate and degree of insulation, some differences between these three systems were noted. Most significant is the increased electrical use of system B for higher heating loads due to limitations in the power available from the heat source, exhaust air, which is dependent on the ventilation rate.
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| 23. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensions and characteristics of biogas policies : Modelling the European policy landscape
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biogas solutions typically span across several sectors, such as waste handling, energy and transport. While this can be an advantage in comparison to other alternatives, it also creates an intricate policy structure that is challenging to overview, making it difficult to evaluate consequences of different policy changes that might not be directly related to biogas. This article presents an attempt to describe the institutional conditions for biogas solutions in the EU by defining the dimensions and characteristics of policies and policy instruments influencing biogas. A five-dimensional model of biogas policies is proposed: type of policy; administrative area; administrative level; targeted part of the value chain; and continuity and change over time. This reflects the complexity of the conditions for biogas solutions and constitutes a platform for describing, discussing and developing biogas policies. From the proposed model, it becomes clear that biogas policy is a very dispersed and incoherent policy area. Thus, there is an apparent risk that the responsibility for biogas policy is diffuse and has no obvious owner among the involved actors, making the framework of biogas policies patchy and ineffective. This model can contribute to an improved overview of biogas policies, and can be used as a tool for comparing the policy landscapes in different countries.
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| 24. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and environmental analysis of energy renovation measures for European office buildings
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large share of the buildings in Europe are old and in need of renovation, both in terms of functional repairs and energy efficiency. While many studies have addressed energy renovation of buildings, they rarely combine economic and environmental life cycle analyses, particularly for office buildings. The present paper investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of energy renovation packages for European office buildings. The renovation packages, including windows, envelope insulation, heating, cooling and ventilation systems and solar photovoltaics (PV), were evaluated in terms of life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) through dynamic simulation for different European climates. Compared to a purely functional renovation, the studied renovation packages resulted in up to 77% lower energy costs, 19% lower total annualized costs, 79% lower climate change impact, 89% lower non-renewable energy use, 66% lower particulate matter formation and 76% lower freshwater eutrophication impact over a period of 30 years. The lowest total costs and environmental impact, in all of the studied climates, were seen for the buildings with the lowest heating demand. Solar PV panels covering part of the electricity demand could further reduce the environmental impact and, at least in southern Europe, even reduce the total costs.
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| 25. |
- Gustafsson, Marcus, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and environmental analysis of energy renovation packages for European office buildings
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 148, s. 155-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large share of the buildings in Europe are old and in need of renovation, both in terms of functional repairs and energy efficiency. While many studies have addressed energy renovation of buildings, they rarely combine economic and environmental life cycle analyses, particularly for office buildings. The present paper investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of energy renovation packages for European office buildings. The renovation packages, including windows, envelope insulation, heating, cooling and ventilation systems and solar photovoltaics (PV), were evaluated in terms of life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) through dynamic simulation for different European climates. Compared to a purely functional renovation, the studied renovation packages resulted in up to 77% lower energy costs, 19% lower total annualized costs, 79% lower climate change impact, 89% lower non-renewable energy use, 66% lower particulate matter formation and 76% lower freshwater eutrophication impact over a period of 30 years. The lowest total costs and environmental impact, in all of the studied climates, were seen for the buildings with the lowest heating demand. Solar PV panels covering part of the electricity demand could further reduce the environmental impact and, at least in southern Europe, even reduce the total costs. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
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