| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Benner, S G, et al.
(författare)
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Geochemistry of a permeable reactive barrier for metals and acid mine drainage
- 1999
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 33:16, s. 2793-2799
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A permeable reactive barrier, designed to remove metals and generate alkalinity by promoting sulfate reduction and metal sulfide precipitation, was installed in August 1995 into an aquifer containing effluent from mine tailings. Passage of groundwater through the barrier results in striking improvement in water quality. Dramatic changes in concentrations of SO4 (decrease of 2000−3000 mg/L), Fe (decrease of 270−1300 mg/L), trace metals (e.g., Ni decreases 30 mg/L), and alkalinity (increase of 800−2700 mg/L) are observed. Populations of sulfate reducing bacteria are 10 000 times greater, and bacterial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, is 10 times higher within the barrier compared to the up-gradient aquifer. Dissolved sulfide concentrations increase by 0.2−120 mg/L, and the isotope 34S is enriched relative to 32S in the dissolved phase SO42- within the barrier. Water chemistry, coupled with geochemical speciation modeling, indicates the pore water in the barrier becomes supersaturated with respect to amorphous Fe sulfide. Solid phase analysis of the reactive mixture indicates the accumulation of Fe monosulfide precipitates. Shifts in the saturation states of carbonate, sulfate, and sulfide minerals and most of the observed changes in water chemistry in the barrier and down-gradient aquifer can be attributed, either directly or indirectly, to bacterially mediated sulfate reduction.
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| 4. |
- Bergqvist, Claes, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Accumulation and speciation of arsenic in vegetables cultivated in soils with various As availability
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The toxicity of arsenic (As) in the environment is controlled by its concentration, availability and speciation. The aims of the study were to evaluate the accumulation and speciation of As in three vegetables (carrot, lettuce, spinach) cultivated in both contaminated and natural soils with various As concentrations and to estimate the concomitant health risks associated with the consumption of the vegetables. Arsenic concentration and speciation in plant tissues and soils was analysed by HPLC, AAS and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. To estimate the plants influence in the rhizosphere, organic acids in lettuce root exudates were analysed by ion chromatography. The results showed that the As accumulation was higher in plants cultivated in soil with higher As extractability. Arsenate predominated in the soils, rhizosphere and root exudates of lettuce. Succinic acid was the major organic acid in lettuce root exudates. Arsenite was the predominating As species in the shoots of healthy looking plants. In plants showing signs of phytotoxicity, arsenate was predominating. Ingestion of the tested vegetables may result in an intake of elevated levels of As.
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| 5. |
- Bergqvist, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Plants influence on arsenic availability and speciation in the rhizosphere, roots and shoots of three different vegetables
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 184, s. 540-546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The toxicity of arsenic (As) in the environment is controlled by its concentration, availability and speciation. The aims of the study were to evaluate the accumulation and speciation of As in carrot, lettuce and spinach cultivated in soils with various As concentrations and to estimate the concomitant health risks associated with the consumption of the vegetables. Arsenic concentration and speciation in plant tissues and soils was analysed by HPLC, AAS and XANES spectroscopy. To estimate the plants influence in the rhizosphere, organic acids in lettuce root exudates were analysed by ion chromatography. The results showed that the As accumulation was higher in plants cultivated in soil with higher As extractability. Arsenate predominated in the soils, rhizosphere and root exudates of lettuce. Succinic acid was the major organic acid in lettuce root exudates. Ingestion of the tested vegetables may result in an intake of elevated levels of inorganic As.
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| 6. |
- Bettoni, Laura Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfate removal from mine drainage at low temperature : Effects of three reactive porous media on microbial sulfate reduction
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association Conference & West Virginia Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium. - : International Mine Water Association. - 9783982529325 ; , s. 50-56
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sulfate removal by microbial sulfate reduction can be promoted in anaerobic treatmentsystems where there is a supply of organic carbon for bacterial growth. This studyevaluates sulfate removal using three organic carbon media (woodchips, woodchipswith biochar and woodchips with potato peels), with and without supplementalorganic carbon (lactate), and at 5 °C. The study highlights the different factors thatcould have affected sulfate reduction and how it can be implemented in a field-basedbioreactor. It concludes that organic carbon media composition and lactate dosingneed to be considered when designing a bioremediation system.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Das, Pallavi, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the Cyclicity of Chemical Weatheringand Associated CO2Consumption in the BrahmaputraRiver Basin (India) : The Role of Major Rivers in ClimateChange Mitigation Perspective
- 2016
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Ingår i: Aquatic geochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1380-6165 .- 1573-1421. ; 22:3, s. 225-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weathering of rocks that regulate the water chemistry of the river has been used to evaluate the CO2 consumption rate which exerts a strong influence on the global climate. The foremost objective of the present research is to estimate the chemical weathering rate (CWR) of the continental water in the entire stretch of Brahmaputra River from upstream to downstream and their associated CO2 consumption rate. To establish the link between the rapid chemical weathering and thereby enhance CO2 drawdown from the atmosphere, the major ion composition of the Brahmaputra River that drains the Himalaya has been obtained. Major ion chemistry of the Brahmaputra River was resolved on samples collected from nine locations in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for two cycles: cycle I (2011-2012) and cycle II (2013-2014). The physico-chemical parameters of water samples were analysed by employing standard methods. The Brahmaputra River was characterized by alkalinity, high concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3 (-) along with significant temporal variation in major ion composition. In general, it was found that water chemistry of the river was mainly controlled by rock weathering with minor contributions from atmospheric and anthropogenic sources. The effective CO2 pressure (log) for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon has been estimated. The question of rates of chemical weathering (carbonate and silicate) was addressed by using TDS and run-off (mm year(-1)). It has been found that the extent of CWR is directly dependent on the CO2 consumption rate which may be further evaluated from the perspective of climate change mitigation The average annual CO2 consumption rate of the Brahmaputra River due to silicate and carbonate weathering was found to be 0.52 (x10(6) mol Km(-2) year(-1)) and 0.55 (x10(6) mol Km(-2) year(-1)) for cycle I and 0.49 (x10(6) mol Km(-2) year(-1)) and 0.52 (x10(6) mol Km(-2) year(-1)) for cycle II, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of other Himalayan rivers. Estimation of CWR of the Brahmaputra River indicates that carbonate weathering largely dominates the water chemistry of the Brahmaputra River.
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| 9. |
- Dimberg, Peter H., 1985-
(författare)
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Predictions Within and Across Aquatic Systems using Statistical Methods and Models
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aquatic ecosystems are an essential source for life and, in many regions, are exploited to a degree which deteriorates their ecological status. Today, more than 50 % of the European lakes suffer from an ecological status which is unsatisfactory. Many of these lakes require abatement actions to improve their status, and mathematical models have a great potential to predict and evaluate different abatement actions and their outcome. Several statistical methods and models exist which can be used for these purposes; however, many of the models are not constructed using a sufficient amount or quality of data, are too complex to be used by most managers, or are too site specific. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to present different statistical methods and models which are easy to use by managers, are general, and provide insights for the development of similar methods and models.To reach the main aim of the thesis several different statistical and modelling procedures were investigated and applied, such as genetic programming (GP), multiple regression, Markov Chains, and finally, well-used criteria for the r2 and p-value for the development of a method to determine temporal-trends. The statistical methods and models were mainly based on the variables chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but some methods and models can be directly transferred to other variables.The main findings in this thesis were that multiple regressions overcome the performance of GP to predict summer chl-a concentrations and that multiple regressions can be used to generally describe the chl-a seasonality with TP summer concentrations and the latitude as independent variables. Also, it is possible to calculate probabilities, using Markov Chains, of exceeding certain chl-a concentrations in future months. Results showed that deep water concentrations were in general closely related to the surface water concentrations along with morphometric parameters; these independent variables can therefore be used in mass-balance models to estimate the mass in deep waters. A new statistical method was derived and applied to confirm whether variables have changed over time or not for cases where other traditional methods have failed. Finally, it is concluded that the statistical methods and models developed in this thesis will increase the understanding for predictions within and across aquatic systems.
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| 10. |
- Ebenå, G., et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of methods for mine tailings sterilisation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proc. ICARD 2003, 6th Int. Conf. on Acid Rock Drainage, Cairns, Australia, July 14 – 17, 2003. ; , s. 1013-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of microbial sulfide oxidation and oxidation rates of tailings requires the use of sterile control samples in laboratory experiments for comparison purposes. The need for sterile tailings sand is also apparent in the study of microbial communities and processes. This study compares six different methods with regard to sterilisation efficiency and investigates chemical and mineralogical changes in the samples as the result of sample treatment. In addition, the effect of sterilisation on mineral weathering rates is also studied. The efficiency of the different methods with regard to sterility is estimated by most probable numbers (MPN) of both sulfur and iron oxidising bacteria. The sterilisation methods that were compared are: washing with sterile water, washing with ethanol, applying antibiotics, repeated heating to 70°C, autoclaving, and γ-irradiation. There are several possible drawbacks with the different methods, including the risk of an applied chemical acting as a substrate for micro-organisms in the system, and the risk of altering the tailings. The results show a substantial difference in sterilisation efficiency between the treatments. For example, autoclaving, repeated heating, ethanol and irradiation efficiently kill micro-organisms, rendering an undetectable amount of bacteria after one month of incubation, whilst washing with water exhibits virtually no microbiological effect, with a bacterial content comparable to the control. The use of antibiotics for sterilisation ranks intermediate: the lag-phase was twice as long in the antibiotics treatment compared with the controls. X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and mineral magnetism indicate no significant change in the bulk mineralogical composition. However, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show that with some of the treatments, sulfides are partially oxidised, as indicated by the formation of sulfate and partially – oxidised sulfur species at the tailings surfaces. Aerated batch weathering experiments performed on sterilised tailings samples and untreated controls indicated that while the initial rates of element (S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Na, K, Ca) release may differ between the samples, over the course of ~100 days of experiment at pH 2 and room temperature, the rates declined toward a similar value for all samples. To conclude, there does not appear to be one perfect method for tailings sterilisation. Autoclaving and heating damage the mineral grain structure and oxidise the sulfide surfaces. Ethanol, antibiotics and rinsing greatly alter the pore water chemistry through the washing procedure. In addition, ethanol and denatured antibiotics might serve as a substrate and also, in the case of antibiotics, adhere to mineral surfaces thus obstructing chemical reactions. Irradiation seems to be the preferable method on an overall basis, although the formation of surface Fe3+ was suggested by Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Frogner Kockum, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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A diverse ecosystem response to volcanic aerosols
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 231:1-2, s. 57-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unexpectedly high aluminium concentrations beside fluoride and essential elements are released from metal salts adsorbed to volcanic ash. Through simulation of the mixing of pristine volcanic ash leachate with fresh water and seawater using PHREEQC, we found an increased potential toxicity in fresh waters through the combination of high aluminium and fluoride concentrations. Owing to the mixing of acid ash leachate with fresh water, aluminofluoride complexes (AlFx+ 3−x) persist in aqueous systems with low turnover rates, and could be toxic to both plants and animals. In contrast, due to the well-buffered and relatively high pH in seawater, the speciation of the ash leachate/seawater mixture shows that complexes of fluoride and aluminium (i.e. AlFx+ 3−x) will not dominate in a well-mixed marine system; instead, Al(OH)x+ 3−x species will occur at greatest concentration. Consequently, compared with fresh water environments, the mixing of ash leachate with seawater indicates reduced toxic effects due to decreased formation of AlFx+ 3−x complexes and the low solubility of Al-hydroxides. In addition, the deposition of volcanic aerosols may enhance biological activity in the marine environment by providing micronutrients as some oceanic phytoplankton species tolerates extreme concentrations of fluoride (F).
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Gleisner, M., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of sulfide oxidation in unweathered pyretic mine tailings
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proc. ICARD 2003, 6th Int. Conf. on Acid Rock Drainage, Cairns, Australia, July 14 – 17, 2003. ; , s. 1027-1030
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study focuses on sulfide oxidation processes in unweathered pyrite-rich mine tailings from a soil-covered impoundment in northern Sweden. To simulate the oxygen-limited conditions in water saturated tailings two long-term column experiments were performed. Results are presented for the first 11 months of the experiments at room temperature. The tailings used in the experiments were of two different grain sizes (one coarse grained, in the range 0.02 - 0.6 mm with a grain surface area of 1.86 m2 g-1, and one fine-grained, in the range 0.0015 - 0.06 mm with a grain surface area of 10.00 m2 g-1) and with slightly different mineralogical composition. The S:Fe molar ratio in the leachates (1.0 - 1.5) indicates either that pyrrhotite is the main iron sulfide undergoing oxidation in our experiments, or, alternatively that the S:Fe molar ratio in the leachate is determined by pyrite weathering in conjunction with other processes releasing iron or immobilising sulfate. However, speciation modelling of the leachates indicates that ferrihydrite was close to saturation, suggesting that a ferric oxyhydroxide may have dissolved/ precipitated during the experimental period, thereby affecting the S:Fe molar ratio. Pyrite oxidation rates obtained from the two column experiments during ‘steady-state’ were 2.25 × 10-13 and 8.45 × 10-14 mol m-2 s-1 in the coarse and fine tailings, respectively. Pyrrhotite oxidation rates, as an alternative, were 2.31 × 10-12 and 1.24 × 10-11 mol m-2 s-1 in the coarse and fine tailings, respectively. Natural microbial activity was confirmed in both the tailings and the leachates; therefore, the obtained oxidation rates are not strictly abiotic. It is thus concluded, based on the experimental results, that tailing heterogeneity will result in zones with different oxidation rates, related to their physical and chemical properties.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gleisner, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Pyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 225:1-2, s. 16-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pyrite oxidation rates were examined at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the presence of the sulfur and iron oxidizer Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Five different batch experiments were performed at room temperature for 75 days under various DO levels (273, 129, 64.8, 13.2, and ≤ 0.006 μM), containing pyrite grains (particle size 63–250 μm) and a modified 9K nutrient medium at pH 3. The reactors were inoculated with A. ferrooxidans. In all experiments, pH decreased with time and sulfur and iron were released to the solution, indicating pyrite oxidation at all DO levels. Pyrite oxidation rates (ca. 5 × 10− 10 mol m− 2 s− 1 at 273 μM DO) from all experiments showed positive correlation with DO, Fe(III), and bacterial concentration. These rates were significantly slower than rates presented in other published studies, but this is probably due to the significantly greater Fe(III) concentration at lower pH in these previous studies. The results obtained in this study suggest that ferric iron reduction at the pyrite surface is the primarily mechanism for microbial pyrite oxidation in the presence of DO. The results from our study support the indirect mechanism of sulfide oxidation, where A. ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous iron in the presence of DO, which then oxidizes pyrite.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Gleisner, Magdalena, 1972-
(författare)
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Quantification of mineral weathering rates in sulfidic mine tailings under water-saturated conditions
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tailings are a fine-grained waste product produced during the metal recovery process. Tailings consist mostly of different silicates but also sulfides (e.g. pyrite), since 100 % metal recovery is not possible. Freshly processed tailings are deposited in large impoundments. If the mine tailings in the impoundments are exposed to water and oxygen, the sulfides will oxidize and release acidity and metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The sulfide mineral oxidation reactions are catalyzed by sulfur and iron oxidizing bacteria (principally Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) that oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron, which then oxidizes pyrite. When the leachate produced by this process discharges from the impoundment, it is called acid mine drainage, which may lead to the pollution of adjacent streams and lakes.The intention with this thesis is to investigate and quantify mineral weathering processes and element release rates occurring in water-saturated and soil-covered sulfidic mine tailings. The study was performed in different batch and column experiments in room temperature and in the laboratory. The batch experiments were conducted for ca. three months and investigated: a) microbial and abiotic sulfide oxidation in freshly processed tailings under oxic conditions at pH 2-3 and pH 8, b) microbial oxidation of pure pyrite grains at pH 2-3 under different oxygen concentrations ranging from anoxic to oxic conditions. The column experiments, consisting of unoxidized tailings in water-saturated columns, were conducted for up to three years. In these experiments, an oxygen-saturated solution was continually pumped into the column inlet, and investigated: a) differences in oxidation rates between tailings of two different grain sizes, b) factors affecting element discharge rates, acid neutralization, and sulfide oxidation, c) the effect of ions released in a soil cover on release rates in the tailings.Sulfide oxidation processes within the batch experiments were limited by surface kinetics. The microbial oxidation of pure pyrite at atmospheric conditions produced the most rapid rate, while the microbial oxidation of pure pyrite at anoxic conditions was slower by 1.8 orders of magnitude. Microbial and abiotic oxidation of pyrite in freshly-processed tailings resulted in pyrite oxidation rates that were intermediate between these two extremes. The results from the microbial experiments with pure pyrite indicated a positive correlation between the concentration of dissolved oxygen, ferric iron and bacterial cells (at a total cell concentration > 106 cells/mL and a dissolved oxygen concentration ≥ 13.2 µM), which implies an interdependence of these factors. The results from these batch experiments support the indirect mechanism for microbial oxidation by the ferric oxidation pathway. Pyrite oxidation rates estimated from the batch experiments may be comparable with oxidation rates in the unsaturated zone and at the groundwater table in a tailings impoundment.Acid neutralization reactions in the column experiments resulted in the release of base cations to the column leachate. Calcite was the most important neutralizing mineral despite that it was only present in minor amounts in the tailings. It was confirmed that acidity forced the calcite dissolution. Element release rates in the column experiments were controlled by the availability of dissolved oxygen, which was a function of the water flow rate into the column. These column experiments also showed that the results are comparable with results from field studies, justifying the use of column experiments to study processes within tailings impoundments.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Gleisner, M., et al.
(författare)
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Sulfide mineral oxidation in freshly processed tailings : batch experiments
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Geochemical Exploration. - 0375-6742 .- 1879-1689. ; 76:3, s. 139-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work focuses on sulfide mineral oxidation rates under oxic conditions in freshly processed pyrite-rich tailings from the ore concentrator in Boliden, northern Sweden. Freshly processed tailings are chemically treated in the plant to kill bacteria and to obtain increased metal yields, resulting in a high pH level of 10-12 in the process water. Different oxidation experiments (abiotic oxidation in untreated tailings, acid abiotic oxidation and acid microbial oxidation), containing the Boliden tailings, were performed at room temperature with dissolved oxygen (0.21 atm O-2) for 3 months. The different pyrite oxidation rates given from the study were 2.4 x 10(-10) mol m(-2) s(-1) for the microbial, 5.9 x 10(-11) mol m(-2) s(-1) for the acidic abiotic and 3.6 x 10(-11) mol m(-2) s(-1) for the untreated experiments. Because of the potential precipitation of gypsum in the batch solutions, these oxidation rates are considered minimum values. The release rates for copper and zinc from chalcopyrite and sphalerite in the acid experiments were also investigated. These rates were normalized to the metal concentration in the tailings, and then compared to the release rate for iron from pyrite. These normalized results indicated that metal release decreased in the order Cu>Zn>Fe, demonstrating that pyrite is more resistant to oxidation than sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Pyrite was also more resistant to acidic dissolution than to microbial dissolution, while a significant fraction of sphalerite and chalcopyrite dissolved in the acid abiotic solutions.
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| 25. |
- Hawkins, Stephen J., et al.
(författare)
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The Intertidal Zone of the North-East Atlantic Region
- 2019
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Ingår i: Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes (Systematics Association Special Volume Series, pp. 7-46). - : Cambridge university press. - 9781108416085
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rocky shores of the north-east Atlantic have been long studied. Our focus is from Gibraltar to Norway plus the Azores and Iceland. Phylogeographic processes shape biogeographic patterns of biodiversity. Long-term and broadscale studies have shown the responses of biota to past climate fluctuations and more recent anthropogenic climate change. Inter- and intra-specific species interactions along sharp local environmental gradients shape distributions and community structure and hence ecosystem functioning. Shifts in domination by fucoids in shelter to barnacles/mussels in exposure are mediated by grazing by patellid limpets. Further south fucoids become increasingly rare, with species disappearing or restricted to estuarine refuges, caused by greater desiccation and grazing pressure. Mesoscale processes influence bottom-up nutrient forcing and larval supply, hence affecting species abundance and distribution, and can be proximate factors setting range edges (e.g., the English Channel, the Iberian Peninsula). Impacts of invasive non-native species are reviewed. Knowledge gaps such as the work on rockpools and host–parasite dynamics are also outlined.
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