| 1. |
- Dolberg Anderson, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Fetal hemoglobin and alpha(1)-microglobulin as first- and early second-trimester predictive biomarkers for preeclampsia
- 2011
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Ingår i: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6868 .- 0002-9378. ; 204:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and alpha(1)-microglobulin (A1M) in maternal serum as first-trimester biomarkers for preeclampsia (PE). STUDY DESIGN: The design was a case-control study. We included 96 patients in the first trimester of pregnancy (60 with PE and 36 controls). Venous serum samples were analyzed for HbF and total hemoglobin (Hb) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for A1M by radioimmunoassay. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The HbF/Hb ratio and A1M concentration were significantly elevated in serum from women with subsequent development of PE (P < .0001). The optimal sensitivity and specificity was obtained using the biomarkers in combination; 69% sensitivity for a 5% screen positive rate and 90% sensitivity for a 23% screen positive rate. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that HbF/Hb ratio in combination with A1M is predictive biomarkers for PE.
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| 2. |
- Hagevi, Magnus, 1965-
(författare)
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Riksdagen utifrån : en gahrtonsk teori synas i sömmarna
- 1995
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Riksdagen utifrån är en bok om riksdagens ledamöter. Den handlar om Per Gahrtons kontroversiella teori: tvingas riksdagsledamöterna att ge upp sina egna målsättningar och anpassa sig till partiledningen? Frågan besvaras genom att riksdagsledamöternas åsikter, status och roller undersöks. Hur förhållanderna inom riksdagen påverkar riksdagsledamöterna jämförs med andra förhållanden utanför riksdagen som också kan tänkas inverka på riksdagsledamöternas arbete. Boken bygger på frågeundersökningar som riksdagsledamöterna har besvarat.
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| 3. |
- Bodin, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Deterioration of intraoral hole size identification after treatment of oral and pharyngeal cancer.
- 1999
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 119:5, s. 609-616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thirty-one patients with a diagnosed malignant tumour of the oral cavity or pharynx were tested in hole size identification on four test occasions: before all treatment, after radiotherapy and 6 months and 1 year after surgical treatment. They were compared within groups as well as with a group of healthy reference individuals of the same age who underwent the same test procedure at a 2 months' interval. The oral group did not decline in hole size identification after radiotherapy, but did after surgery. The deterioration was persistent 1 year after surgery. The pharyngeal group did not change performance in hole size identification after radiotherapy, nor after surgery. It is obvious that surgery of the oral structures causes the deterioration. No correlation with damage to the lingual nerve could be registered. The oral cavity reacts as one unit, despite sensory input from two sides. The non-operated side does not compensate for the operated side. It is plausible that decreased oral sensory acuity, in recognizing hole size of the bolus, contributes to postoperative swallowing problems.
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| 4. |
- Bodin, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Deterioration of intraoral recognition of shapes after treatment of oral and pharyngeal cancer.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Otolaryngology and head and neck surgery. - 0194-5998 .- 1097-6817. ; 122:4, s. 584-589
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thirty patients with diagnosed malignant tumors of the oral cavity or pharynx were tested in regards to intraoral shape recognition at 4 test occasions: before all treatment, after radiotherapy, 6 months after surgery, and 1 year after surgery. They were compared within groups as well as with a group of healthy reference individuals of the same age who underwent the same test procedure at a 2-month interval. The tumor itself did not influence the capability of shape recognition. The reference individuals demonstrated significantly better results on the second test occasion, which is known as a learning effect. Learning improvement was not seen in the patients whose second test occasions were after radiotherapy, implying an impediment amounting to the magnitude of the learning effect. At 6 months after surgery the patients' capabilities of shape recognition had deteriorated significantly with no difference between the oral cancer group and the pharyngeal cancer group. No spontaneous rehabilitation had taken place 1 year after surgery. The presence or absence of surgical lingual nerve damage did not influence the results. The nonoperated side does not compensate for the operated one. It is plausible that decreased oral sensory acuity in recognizing the shape of the bolus contributes to postoperative swallowing problems.
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| 5. |
- Bringselius, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Vem ska bestämma? Dilemman kring effektivitetsrevisorns professionella utrymme - och riksrevisorns roll
- 2014
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Ingår i: Riksrevisionen 10 år: Granskning, ansvar, lärande. - 9789186949525
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Riksrevisionens första tio år har präglats av turbulens. En fråga som har vållat särskild debatt är inskränkningarna av effektivitetsrevisorns utrymme för självständigt utövande av det professionella omdömet. Detta kapitel ägnas åt den frågan. Det baseras på tio års nära forskning om Riksrevisionen. När myndigheten bildades valde riksrevisorerna att öka sitt eget inflytande över granskningarna, samtidigt som revisorns professionella utrymme i stället minskades. Ambitionen var att öka kvaliteten i granskningarna. Kritiken från revisorerna har varit omfattande och handlat om såväl minskad motivation som principiella avvägningar. Kapitlet visar hur frågan om det professionella utrymmet innebär en svår avvägning i dessa avseenden, men också hur det finns tydliga normer i INTOSAI:s riktlinjer och den internationella litteraturen kring revision, som stipulerar att revisorns professionella utrymme bör vara tämligen omfattande. Kapitlet argumenterar att en anledning till utvecklingen och konflikterna i frågan på Riksrevisionen kan vara oklarhet avseende riksrevisorernas roll. Dessa kan antingen vara tillsatta primärt för att säkra granskningens kvalitet eller primärt för att administrativt leda och utveckla verksamheten och dess relationer. Här finns tecken på diskrepans mellan riksrevisorernas egen syn och den syn som riksdagen ger uttryck för.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The acute effects of a short technique-intense training period on side-foot kick performance among elite female soccer players
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. - 0022-4707 .- 1827-1928. ; 59:9, s. 1442-1449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Previously, it was shown that elite soccer teams were 24% more likely to win matches if their passing effectiveness were increased by 1%. However, research interventions aiming to improve passing performance are scarce. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of a short technique-intense training period on side-foot kick performance among elite female soccer players.METHODS: Four side-foot kick tests were completed before and after a training period: kicking a stationary ball using match-relevant (SBRS) and maximal ball speed (SBMS), passing the ball on the move using match-relevant ball speed (RBRS), and repeated side-foot kicks onto a rebound-box with continuously increasing passing distance (RRB). The players were assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The training intervention consisted of six 55-min training sessions with five side-foot kick exercises. Within-group and between-group differences were investigated using paired-samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively.RESULTS: The intervention group improved the performance in the RBRS and RRB tests (both P < 0.05), but no differences were found for the SBRS and SBMS tests (both P > 0.05). No improvements were found for the control group independent of test condition (all P > 0.05). Significant between-group differences were found for the RBRS and RRB tests (both P < 0.05), whereas no differences were found for the SBRS and SBMS tests (both P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The fundamental soccer skill of passing a moving ball was improved in elite female soccer players by a short technique-intense training period.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of training on side foot-kick performance among swedish first league women´s soccer players
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- THE EFFECT OF TRAINING ON SIDE FOOT-KICK PERFORMANCE AMONG SWEDISH FIRST LEAGUE WOMEN’S SOCCER PLAYERSCarlsson, M.1, Isberg, J.1, Nilsson, J.1, Carlsson, T.1 1: Dalarna University (Falun, Sweden)IntroductionA high completion rate for passes is important for success in soccer, because longer passing sequences are related to more scored goals (Hughes & Franks, 2005). In a recent study, it was found that female players had a lower pass-completion rate than male players at the highest competitive standard of European soccer, which suggests that elite female players in general do not have the same technical characteristics as elite male players (Paul S. Bradley et al., 2014). The purpose of the study was investigate the effect of a 2-week training intervention on side foot-kick performance among Swedish first league women’s soccer players. MethodsTo investigate the effect of training on side foot-kick performance, a pre-post-intervention study was implemented where four side foot-kick tests were performed before and after a 2-week training period. The side foot-kick accuracy were investigated when kicking a stationary ball using match-relevant ball speed (SBRS) and maximal ball speed (SBMS) as well as subsequent to a 5-m run with the ball from different approach angles (0°, 30°, and 60°) to a predetermined position, where passing of the ball on the move was executed using match-relevant ball speed (RBRS). The fourth test comprised repeated side-foot kicks onto a rebound-box with continuously increasing passing distance (RRB).Based on the results from the pre-tests, the players were assigned to either the intervention group (INT) or the control group (CON). The training intervention consisted of six 55-min training sessions. In each session, two rounds of five exercises focusing on improvement of side foot-kick accuracy were executed. Within-group and between-group differences were investigated using paired samples Student’s t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively.ResultsPrior to the training intervention, there were no significant differences between the groups for any of the investigated test variables. The INT group improved RBRS (P = 0.036) and RRB (P = 0.010) during the training intervention, whereas no significant within-group changes were found for either SBRS or SBMS (both P > 0.05). No within-group differences were found for any of the test variables in the CON group (all P > 0.05). Significant between-group differences were found for RBRS (P = 0.040) and RRB (P = 0.005), whereas no differences were found for either SBRS or SBMS (both P > 0.05).ConclusionThe fundamental soccer skill of passing a moving ball could be improved in elite women players by a 2-week training period focusing on improving side foot-kick performance.ReferencesBradley PS, Carling C, Diaz AG, Hood P, Barnes C, Ade J, Boddy M, Krustrup P, Mohr M (2013) Hum Mov Sci, 32, 808-821.Hughes M, Franks I (2005) J Sports Sci, 23, 509-514.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Elvstam, O., et al.
(författare)
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Is low-level HIV-1 viraemia associated with elevated levels of markers of immune activation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease?
- 2019
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Ingår i: HIV Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1464-2662 .- 1468-1293. ; 20:9, s. 571-580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The clinical significance of low-level viraemia (LLV) during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is debated. We retrospectively investigated longitudinal levels of plasma markers associated with inflammation, altered coagulation and cardiovascular disease in Swedish HIV-positive adults in relation to LLV or permanent virological suppression during long-term ART. Methods: Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), soluble CD14 (sCD14), soluble CD163 (sCD163), interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and β-2-microglobulin were measured in 34 individuals with LLV (viral load 50–999 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) and in matched controls with persistent virological suppression. Biomarker levels were analysed in samples obtained during episodes of LLV and follow-up samples obtained 1year later (with similar timing for controls). All biomarkers were analysed using an independent sample t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after logarithmic transformation. Log-rank analysis was applied for markers with concentration values out of range. Results: Compared with controls, patients with LLV had significantly higher levels of GDF-15 [geometric mean 3416 (95% confidence interval (CI) 804–14516) pg/mL versus 2002 (95% CI 355–11295) pg/mL in controls; P=0.026] and D-dimer [mean 1114 (95% CI 125–9917) ng/mL versus 756 (95% CI 157–3626) ng/mL; P=0.038] after adjustment for age, CD4 count nadir and type of ART. In the unadjusted t-test, only GDF-15 was significantly higher and in the log-rank test, both GDF-15 and D-dimer were significantly elevated. No significant differences were observed for the other biomarkers analysed. Conclusions: Although levels of inflammation markers were similar in ART recipients with and without LLV, persons with LLV had significantly higher levels of GDF-15 and D-dimer. These findings suggest a potential link between LLV and cardiovascular outcomes. © 2019 British HIV Association
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| 10. |
- Elvstam, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Virological failure and all-cause mortality in HIV-positive adults with low-level viremia during antiretroviral treatment
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Although most HIV-infected individuals achieve undetectable viremia during antiretroviral therapy (ART), a subset have low-level viremia (LLV) of varying duration and magnitude. The impact of LLV on treatment outcomes is unclear. We investigated the association between LLV and virological failure and/or all-cause mortality among Swedish patients receiving ART. HIV-infected patients from two Swedish HIV centers were identified from the nationwide register InfCare HIV. Subjects aged >= 15 years with triple agent ART were included at 12 months after treatment initiation if >= 2 following viral load measurements were available. Patients with 2 consecutive HIV RNA values >= 1000 copies/mL at this time point were excluded. Participants were stratified into four categories depending on viremia profiles: permanently suppressed viremia (<50 copies/mL), LLV 50-199 copies/mL, LLV 200-999 copies/mL and viremia >= 1000 copies/mL. Association between all four viremia categories and all-cause death was calculated using survival analysis with viremia as a time-varying covariate, so that patients could change viremia category during follow-up. Association between the three lower categories and virological failure >= 2 consecutive measurements >= 1000 copies/mL) was calculated in a similar manner. LLV 50-199 copies/mL was recorded in 70/1015 patients (6.9%) and LLV 200-999 copies/mL in 89 (8.8%) during 7812 person-years of follow-up (median 6.5 years). LLV 200-999 copies/mL was associated with virological failure (adjusted hazard ratio 3.14 [95% confidence interval 1.41-7.03, p<0.01]), whereas LLV 50-199 copies/mL was not (1.01 [0.34-4.31, p = 0.99]; median follow-up 4.5 years). LLV 200-999 copies/mL had an adjusted mortality hazard ratio of 2.29 (0.98-5.32, p = 0.05) and LLV 50-199 copies/mL of 2.19 (0.90-5.37, p = 0.09). In this Swedish cohort followed during ART for a median of 4.5 years, LLV 200-999 copies/mL was independently associated with virological failure. Patients with LLV had higher rates of all-cause mortality, although not statistically significant in multivariate analysis.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Gustafsson, Anna W, et al.
(författare)
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En flod av konstitutionsprojekt
- 2009
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Ingår i: Maktbalans och kontrollmakt – 1809 års händelser, idéer och författningsverk i ett tvåhundraårigt perspektiv. - 9789185943524 ; , s. 137-160
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Jensen, Jette Nygaard, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of antibiotic prescribing and antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections at the municipal level among women in two Nordic regions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-7453 .- 1460-2091. ; 73:8, s. 2207-2214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe and compare the prescribing of antibiotics used for urinary tract infections and its correlation with resistance in Escherichia coli in urinary samples across two adjacent regions - the Capital Region and the Skaane Region - and their municipalities in Denmark and Sweden. Methods: The Capital Region consists of 29 municipalities and 725 960 female inhabitants aged ≥18 years and the Skaane Region consists of 33 municipalities and 515 668 female inhabitants aged ≥18 years. Aggregated data from outpatient care on the prescribing of pivmecillinam, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin from both regions were analysed. The Department of Clinical Microbiology in both regions provided data on E. coli resistance in urinary samples from women aged ≥18 years. Data were measured as the number of prescriptions/1000 women/year, number of DDDs/1000 women/year and DDDs/prescription. Correlation analyses between antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance rates were performed. Results: Antibiotic prescribing and resistance rates were significantly higher in the Capital Region compared with the Skaane Region. Large variations in prescription and resistance rates were found at the municipal level, but there were no correlations between the antibiotic prescription and resistance rates when each region was analysed separately. Conclusions: Although closely related, there are large differences in antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance. It is suggested that the regional guidelines are an important driver and explanatory factor for the variations; however, further research is needed in this new field and factors such as the influence of cultural aspects should be the target of further research.
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| 16. |
- Jutell, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation between maternal and umbilical cord 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels over a range of values. A prospective observational study from the United Arab Emirates
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 19:4 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Worldwide vitamin D insufficiency is remarkably prevalent in both children and adults, including pregnant women. The total amount of the vitamin is best measured by 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D), which is a measurement of total serum cholecalciferol 25 (OH)D3 and ergocalciferol 25(OH)D2. There is a known correlation between maternal and umbilical cord blood (UCB) 25(OH)D; however, whether specific maternal demographics or comorbidities influence the correlation remains uncertain. This prospective observational study was designed to study if maternal 25(OH)D levels, maternal age and BMI, amount of supplementation, mode of delivery, diabetes, hypertension/preeclampsia, or sunlight exposure had an impact on the correlation. Women were enrolled in the study at admission to the labor ward. If they agreed to participate, venous blood was directly collected and analyzed for 25(OH)D. The UCB was sampled after delivery from the unclamped cord and immediately analyzed for 25(OH)D. ANOVA, Fisher’s exact test, Pearson’s correlation, and test of the differences between correlations using Fisher’s z-transformation with Bonferroni correction were used accordingly. Of the 298 women enrolled, blood from both the mother and umbilical cord was analyzed successfully for 25(OH)D in 235 cases. The crude correlation between maternal and UCB 25(OH)D was very strong over all values of 25(OH)D (r = 0.905, R2 = 0.821, p <0,001) and remained strong independently of maternal demographics or comorbidities (r ≥ 0.803, R2 ≥ 0.644, p <0.001). For women who delivered by caesarean section in second stage the correlation was strong (r ≥ 0.633, R2 ≥ 0.4, p <0.037). Test of differences between correlations showed significant stronger correlation in women with unknown 25(OH)D3 supplementation compared to women receiving 10.000 IU/week (p = 0.02) and 20.000IU/week (p = 0.01) and that the correlation was significantly stronger for women with a BMI of 25–29.9 compared to women with a BMI of <24.9 (p = 0.004) and 30–34.9 (p = 0.002). 213 (91%) women had lower 25(OH)D compared to the neonate, with a mean difference of -13.7nmol/L (SD = 15.6). In summary, the correlation between maternal and UCB 25(OH)D is very strong throughout low to high maternal levels of 25(OH)D with lower levels in maternal blood. Typical maternal demographics and comorbidities did not affect the transition.
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| 17. |
- Land, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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How do selected crop rotations affect soil organic carbon in boreo-temperate systems? A systematic review protocol
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2382. ; 6:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Soils are important global carbon pools that are under threat from intensive land use through a variety of agricultural practices. Sustainable management of agricultural soils may have the potential to mitigate climate change through increased carbon sequestration and increase their fertility. Among management practices to increase carbon sequestration, crop rotation designs have often been tested on yield effects in long-term agricultural experiments. However, in these studies, soil organic carbon (SOC) was monitored but not always the key objective. Thus, here we provide a method for a systematic review to test the effects of common crop rotations on SOC sequestration to provide evidence on the most sustainable management regimes that can promote SOC storage. Methods: This systematic review incorporates studies concerning selected crop rotations (rotations-vs-monocultures, legumes-vs-no legumes, and perennials-vs-annuals) collated in a recently completed systematic map on the effect of agricultural management on SOC, restricted to boreo-temperate systems (i.e., the warm temperate climate zone). Some 208 studies relevant for this systematic review were identified in the systematic map. An update of the original search (September 2013) will be undertaken to identify newly published academic and grey literature. Studies will be critically appraised for their internal and external validity, followed by full data extraction (meta-data describing study settings and quantitative study results). Where possible, studies will be included in meta-analyses examining the effects of the different rotational practices. Implications of the findings will be discussed in terms of policy, practice and research, and the nature of the evidence base.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Lindén, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The Resilient Public Library: Understanding and Reflecting on Own Practice
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Ingår i: Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. - 1741-6477.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes, discusses, and evaluates an educational program aimed at building resilience in public libraries. The program focuses on personal and organizational resilience and builds upon four themes: trust, stress and uncertainty, group identity, and character-strengths. Eighty-seven Swedish public library professionals participated in it. A mixed-method approach was used to study how the program supported employees in discussing and reflecting on resilience, as well as how they experienced what the program had given them in terms of knowledge and insights. Two main results are addressed; (i) the value of an educational program lies both in its power to make employees jointly discuss and reflect on their own roles and situations and in library-management using this information to change the organization, and (ii) staff gaining new insight and knowledge from the program experienced improvements in a number of outcomes related to the content of the program. Overall, this study implies that locally designed educational programs facilitate both personal and organizational resilience at public libraries
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| 20. |
- Nilsson, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual reality for simulation of radiographic projections: validation of projection geometry
- 2004
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Ingår i: Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0250-832X .- 1476-542X. ; 33:1, s. 44-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To develop a software for virtual reality (VR) simulation of X-ray images based on perspective projections through a patient model derived from data from a CT examination and to evaluate the accuracy in the projection geometry obtained by the software. Methods: A VR software was developed on a personal computer, with models of a patient, an X-ray machine and a detector. The model of the patient was derived from data from a CT examination of a dry skull. Simulated radiographic images of the patient model could be rendered as perspective projections based on the relative positions between the models. The projection geometry of the software was validated by developing an artificial CT data set containing high attenuation points as objects to be imaged. The accuracy in projection geometry was evaluated in a systematic way. The distances between two dots, representing the projected test points in the simulated radiographic images, were measured. They were compared with theoretical calculations of the corresponding distances using traditional mathematical tools. Results: The difference between the simulated and calculated projected distances never exceeded 0.5 mm. The error in simulated projected distances was in most cases within 1%. No systematic errors were revealed. Conclusion: The software, developed for personal computers, can produce simulated X-ray images with high geometric accuracy based on perspective projections through a CT data set. The software can be used for simulation of radiographic examinations.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Wallin, Gunnar, 1923-, et al.
(författare)
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Makthavare i fokus : attityder och verklighetsuppfattningar hos toppskikten inom politik och förvaltning
- 1999
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Redan för 30 år sedan tog ett antal amerikanska statsvetare initiativ till ett forskningsprojekt där man utgick från iakttagelsen att skilda länder på olika sätt och med olika framgång förmått möta och hantera de krav som allt snabbare samhällsförändringar ställt dem inför.Under senare delen av 1980-talet togs nytt initiativ till en upprepning av undersökningen, nu med större utrymme för länderspecifika studier. Författarna till denna bok har utgjort den svenska forskargruppen. De har i sin undersökning velat beskriva politikers och tjänstemäns attitydmönster och, i viss mån, beteenden samt att utröna likheter och olikheter mellan de bägge grupperna.
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| 23. |
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