| 1. |
- Zhang, X., et al.
(författare)
-
Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature
- 2022
-
Ingår i: iScience. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2589-0042. ; 25:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lower ambient temperature (Ta) requires greater energy expenditure to sustain body temperature. However, effects of Ta on human energetics may be buffered by environmental modification and behavioral compensation. We used the IAEA DLW database for adults in the USA (n = 3213) to determine the effect of Ta (−10 to +30°C) on TEE, basal (BEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level (PAL). There were no significant relationships (p > 0.05) between maximum, minimum and average Ta and TEE, BEE, AEE and PAL. After adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass and age, statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships between TEE, BEE and Ta emerged in females but the effect sizes were not biologically meaningful. Temperatures inside buildings are regulated at 18–25°C independent of latitude. Hence, adults in the US modify their environments to keep TEE constant across a wide range of external ambient temperatures.
|
|
| 2. |
- Speakman, John R., et al.
(författare)
-
Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nature Metabolism. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2522-5812. ; 5:4, s. 579-588
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance(1,2). Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated(3,4). Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Sion, L., et al.
(författare)
-
MASC: Modelling Architectural Security Concerns
- 2015
-
Ingår i: 2015 IEEE/ACM 7th International Workshop on Modeling in Software Engineering. - : IEEE.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Security decisions are an important part of software architecture design, and thus deserve to be explicitly represented in the design documentation. While UML is the best-known language for creating such documentation, it lacks security specific notations, which makes it difficult to represent the effect of the security decisions. Several security extensions for UML exist in the literature, but they represent security concerns at a lower level of abstraction, or only support a limited subset of security concerns. We propose a new notation, MASC, to model security concerns at the architectural level. It has been designed as an extension of UML, and is based on recurring security concepts that have been distilled from well-known security principles, goals, and patterns. By using our notation, a designer obtains a technique to express security concerns more explicitly in the architectural design documentation.
|
|
| 5. |
- van den Berghe, A., et al.
(författare)
-
A Model for Provably Secure Software Design
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IEEE/ACM 5th International FME Workshop on Formal Methods in Software Engineering (FormaliSE), 27-27 May 2017, Buenos Aires, Argentina. - : IEEE. - 9781538604229
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both academia and industry advocate the security by design principle to stress the importance of dealing with security from the earliest stages in software development. Nevertheless, designers often have to resort to their own knowledge and experience to pro-actively identify and mitigate potential security problems. Moreover, research shows that correctly applying security solutions is a much more significant challenge for designers, rather than finding an adequate solution. Therefore, there is a need for techniques that ensure a correct application of a security design solution. The contribution of this paper is a model in which the security-relevant aspects of a design can be precisely expressed in an integrated manner, enabling thorough reasoning about these aspects. We illustrate this model with a sizeable model of a banking system and show how the precise semantics of this model enables the tool-supported construction of proofs about the correctness of the applied design solutions. Our proposal thus enables designers to obtain stronger guarantees, ensuring the correctness of their solutions. The presented model can serve as the foundation for security by design, in time enabling automated security verification throughout the software development cycle.
|
|
