| 2. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 3. |
- Kar, Ashish Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Unveiling and understanding the remarkable enhancement in the catalytic activity by the defect creation in UIO-66 during the catalytic transfer hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin with isopropanol
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Catalysis B. - : Elsevier. - 0926-3373 .- 1873-3883. ; 325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The catalytic transfer hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin is generally achieved using noble metal-based catalysts. Herein, we report a mechanistic investigation of the catalytic transfer hydrodeoxygenation (CTHDO) of vanillin over a defect-induced UIO-66 MOF. The remarkable enhancement in the CTHDO of vanillin was due to the unique structural features of the defect-induced UIO-66 MOF. The defect creation was confirmed using PXRD, N2 -sorption, FT-IR, XPS, HRTEM, dissolution 1H NMR, and quantified by TGA. The linker deficiency created Lewis acid and dynamic Bronsted acid and was confirmed by the NH3-TPD and CD3CN drift FT-IR. The periodic density functional theory calculations were conducted to elucidate the reaction pathway and mechanism. Density function theory, poisoning studies, control reactions, and quantified defect sites elucidate the active sites of the UIO-66def involved in the CTHDO of vanillin with isopropanol. The catalyst was efficiently recycled and retained its activity and structural features after multiple recycles.
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