| 1. |
- Kervyn, Matthieu, et al.
(författare)
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Voluminous lava flows at Oldoinyo Lengai in 2006 : chronology of events and insights into the shallow magmatic system
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0258-8900 .- 1432-0819. ; 70:9, s. 1069-1086
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The largest natrocarbonatite lava flow eruption ever documented at Oldoinyo Lengai, NW Tanzania, occurred from March 25 to April 5, 2006, in two main phases. It was associated with hornito collapse, rapid extrusion of lava covering a third of the crater and emplacement of a 3-km long compound rubbly pahoehoe to blocky aa-like flow on the W flank. The eruption was followed by rapid enlargement of a pit crater. The erupted natrocarbonatite lava has high silica content (3% SiO2). The eruption chronology is reconstructed from eyewitness and news media reports and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, which provide the most reliable evidence to constrain the eruption’s onset and variations in activity. The eruption products were mapped in the field and the total erupted lava volume estimated at 9.2 +/- 3.0x10(5) m(3). The event chronology and field evidence are consistent with vent construct instability causing magma mixing and rapid extrusion from shallow reservoirs. It provides new insights into and highlights the evolution of the shallow magmatic system at this unique natrocarbonatite volcano.
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| 2. |
- Smets, Benoît, et al.
(författare)
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Detailed multidisciplinary monitoring reveals pre- and co-eruptive signals at Nyamulagira volcano (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0258-8900 .- 1432-0819. ; 76:787, s. 1-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a thorough description of Nyamulagira’s January 2010 volcanic eruption (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo), based on a combination of field observation and ground-based and space-borne data. It is the first eruption in the Virunga Volcanic Province that has been described by a combination of several modern monitoring techniques. The 2010 eruption lasted 26 days and emitted ∼45.5 × 106 m3 of lava. Field observations divided the event into four eruptive stages delimited by major changes in effusive activity. These stages are consistent with those described by Pouclet (1976) for historical eruptions of Nyamulagira. Co-eruptive signals from ground deformation, seismicity, SO2 emission and thermal flux correlate with the eruptive stages. Unambiguous pre-eruptive ground deformation was observed 3 weeks before the lava outburst, coinciding with a small but clear increase in the short period seismicity and SO2 emission. The 3 weeks of precursors contrasts with the only precursory signal previously recognized in the Virunga Volcanic Province, the short-term increase of tremor and long period seismicity, which, for example, were only detected less than 2 h prior to the 2010 eruption. The present paper is the most detailed picture of a typical flank eruption of this volcano. It provides valuable tools for re-examining former—mostly qualitative—descriptions of historical Nyamulagira eruptions that occurred during the colonial period.
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| 3. |
- De Schutter, Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Ash fall impact on vegetation: a remote sensing approach of the Oldoinyo Lengai2007–08 eruption
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2191-5040. ; 4:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impacts from ash fallout on the environment can be widespread and long lasting, even from moderate-sizeeruptions. Assessing ash impact on vegetation and the indirect impacts for people is often difficult in the field. Hereit is assessed how satellite data can help to map vegetation affected by ash and how temporal analysis enablescharacterization of vegetation recovery rate. The 2007–08 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai, north Tanzania, is here usedas a case study. An 8 year-long (2005–2012) time series of half-monthly average of the Normalized DifferentialVegetation Index (NDVI) is constructed at 250 m spatial resolution from the Moderate Resolution ImageSpectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor. Interpolated rainfall data is used to isolate NDVI values departing from the normalseasonal cycles. Month-to-month NDVI comparison, linear temporal trend analysis and Principal Component Analysisenable to identify a 11 × 4 km area over which ash fallout significantly affected the state of the vegetation. After theeruption’s end, time series of various recovery indices highlight a circumferential pattern in vegetation recovery. Theestimated recovery time varies from more than 5 years to less than 6 months with increasing distance from thevolcano. A non-linear moderate, but statistically significant, relationship is found between the recovery indices and thespatial variation of ash thicknesses measured in the field. Combining field and remote sensing constraints enable tore-assess the volume of the eruption to ~2 × 107 m3. The spatial pattern of the ash-affected area matches with thespatial contrast in the impact experienced by the local communities. The method applied here opens the scope todocument impact and intensity of ash fallout in areas where systematic field work is not possible and to supportrecovery plans for populations affected by ash fallout.
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| 4. |
- Keller, Joerg, et al.
(författare)
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Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
- 2010
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0258-8900 .- 1432-0819. ; 72:8, s. 893-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With a paroxysmal ash eruption on 4 September 2007 and the highly explosive activity continuing in 2008, Oldoinyo Lengai (OL) has dramatically changed its behavior, crater morphology, and magma composition after 25 years of quiet extrusion of fluid natrocarbonatite lava. This explosive activity resembles the explosive phases of 1917,1940-1941, and 1966-1967, which were characterized by mixed ashes with dominantly nephelinitic and natrocarbonatitic components. Ash and lapilli from the 2007-2008 explosive phase were collected on the slopes of OL as well as on the active cinder cone, which now occupies the entire north crater having buried completely all earlier natrocarbonatite features. The lapilli and ash samples comprise nepheline, wollastonite, combeite, Na-(a) over circle kermanite, Ti-andradite, resorbed pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxides, and a Na-Ca carbonate phase with high but varying phosphorus contents which is similar, but not identical, to the common gregoryite phenocrysts in natrocarbonatite. Lapilli from the active cone best characterize the erupted material as carbonated combeite- wollastonite-melilite nephelinite. The juvenile components represent a fundamentally new magma composition for OL, containing 25-30 wt.% SiO2, with 7-11 wt.% CO2, high alkalies (Na2O 15-19%, K2O 4-5%), and trace-element signatures reminiscent of natrocarbonatite enrichments. These data define an intermediate composition between natrocarbonatite and nephelinite, with about one third natrocarbonatite and two thirds nephelinite component. The data are consistent with a model in which the carbonated silicate magma has evolved from the common combeite-wollastonite nephelinite (CWN) of OL by enrichment of CO2 and alkalies and is close to the liquid immiscible separation of natrocarbonatite from carbonated nephelinite. Material ejected in April/May 2008 indicates reversion to a more common CWN composition.
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| 5. |
- Kervyn, Matthieu, et al.
(författare)
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Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
- 2010
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0258-8900 .- 1432-0819. ; 72:8, s. 913-931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On September 4,2007, after 25 years of effusive natrocarbonatite eruptions, the eruptive activity of Oldoinyo Lengai (OL), N Tanzania, changed abruptly to episodic explosive eruptions. This transition was preceded by a voluminous lava eruption in March 2006, a year of quiescence, resumption of natrocarbonatite eruptions in June 2007, and a volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm in July 2007. Despite the lack of ground-based monitoring, the evolution in OL eruption dynamics is documented based on the available field observations, ASTER and MODIS satellite images, and almost-daily photos provided by local pilots. Satellite data enabled identification of a phase of voluminous lava effusion in the 2 weeks prior to the onset of explosive eruptions. After the onset, the activity varied from 100 m high ash jets to 2-15 km high violent, steady or unsteady, eruption columns dispersing ash to 100 km distance. The explosive eruptions built up a similar to 400 m wide, similar to 75 m high intra-crater pyroclastic cone. Time series data for eruption column height show distinct peaks at the end of September 2007 and February 2008, the latter being associated with the first pyroclastic flows to be documented at OL. Chemical analyses of the erupted products, presented in a companion paper (Keller et al. 2010), show that the 2007-2008 explosive eruptions are associated with an undersaturated carbonated silicate melt. This new phase of explosive eruptions provides constraints on the factors causing the transition from natrocarbonatite effusive eruptions to explosive eruptions of carbonated nephelinite magma, observed repetitively in the last 100 years at OL.
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| 6. |
- Tomasek, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Naturally occurring potentially toxic elements in groundwater from the volcanic landscape around Mount Meru, Arusha, Tanzania and their potential health hazard
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 807
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The population of the semi-arid areas of the countries in the East African Rift Valley (EARV) is faced with serious problems associatedwith the availability and the quality of the drinkingwater. In these areas, the drinking water supply largely relies on groundwater characterised by elevated fluoride concentration (> 1.5 mg/L), resulting from interactions with the surrounding alkaline volcanic rocks. This geochemical anomaly is often associated with the presence of other naturally occurring potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as As, Mo, U, V, which are known to cause adverse effects on human health. This study reports on the occurrence of such PTEs in the groundwater on the populated flanks of Mt. Meru, an active volcano situated in the EARV.Our results show that the majority of analysed PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, Pb, and Zn) are within the acceptable limits for drinking purpose in samples collected from wells, springs and tap systems, suggesting that there is no immediate health risk associated with these PTEs. However, some of the samples were found to exceed the WHO tolerance limit for U (> 30 μg/L) and Mo (> 70 μg/L). The sample analysis also revealed that in someof the collected samples, the concentrations of total dissolved solids, Na+ and K+ exceed the permissible limits. The concerning levels of major parameters and PTEs were found to be associated with areas covered with debris avalanche deposits on the northeast flank, and volcanic ash and alluvial deposits on the southwest flanks of the volcano. The study highlights the need to extend the range of elements monitored in the regional groundwater and make a more routine measurement of PTEs to ensure drinking water safety and effective water management measures.
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