| 1. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Firm Performance and International Trade
- 2012
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Ingår i: <em>Knowledge and Talent in Regional and Global Context</em>. - : Edward Elgar Publishing.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Multinationals in the Knowledge Economy : A case study of AstraZeneca in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Repositioning Europe and America for Growth. - Berlin : LIT Verlag. - 9783643107763
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report presents a case study of the role of a large R&D intensive multinational company for a small open economy. The case study examines the role of AstraZeneca in the Swedish economy, i.e. an economy dominated by multinational companies. The purpose of the report is to analyze the interaction of AstraZeneca’s units in Sweden with the rest of the Swedish economy, and the Swedish innovation system in particular. We analyze the company’s role as an employer in the private sector, its transaction links with other Swedish firms and its role for Sweden’s exports. In a second perspective we focus on the company’s role in the Swedish knowledge economy and innovation system. The report analyses the company as a node for knowledge flows in the Swedish economy and innovation system, and its role as an employer of highly educated and skilled workers in Sweden.Our analysis of the Swedish units’ interaction with the rest of the Swedish economy shows that ’traditional’ couplings in the form of transactions with Swedish suppliers are limited. It is instead the company’s position in the ‘knowledge economy’ that makes its presence in Sweden important.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Small business innovation : firm level evidence from Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047. ; 37:5, s. 732-754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines innovation among very small firms and provides new insights into both internal and external determinants of patenting. Applying a non-linear panel data approach to about 160,000 observations on manufacturing firms in Sweden for the period 2000-2006, the following facts emerge: (i) in contrast to larger firms, innovation in micro firms with 1-10 employees is not sensitive to variation in internal financial resources, (ii) skilled labour is even more important for innovation among micro firms compared to other firms, (iii) affiliation to a domestically owned multinational enterprise group increases the innovation capacity of small businesses, (iv) small firms' innovation is closely linked to participation in international trade and exports to the G7-countries, and (v) there is no statistically significant evidence that proximity to metropolitan areas, or presence in a specialized cluster, increases the innovativeness of the smallest firm.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cook, Gary, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic Clustering and Outward Foreign Direct Investment
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:6, s. 1112-1121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study addresses an important neglected question: To what extent do geographic clusters promote outward foreign direct investment (ODI)? We find evidence that clusters do promote ODI and so support Porter’s argument that advantages gained in clusters can be the foundations of successful internationalisation. Digging deeper, we find that certain cluster incumbents promote more ODI than others, with more experienced firms and firms with stronger resource bases accounting for more ODI. We also find that firms located in clusters within major global nodes/cities engage in more ODI. Finally, we find that both localisation and urbanisation economies promote ODI. However, the former, within-industry effects, are more important. Overall, this study echoes Dunning’s call for more focus on the ‘L’ component of the OLI paradigm and particularly on the advantages that reside in clusters that make them not only attractive destinations for FDI but also fertile environments from which FDI can spring.
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| 6. |
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Innovation and Growth : From R&D strategies of innovating firms to economy-wide technological change
- 2013
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This volume provides an understanding of firms' R&D and innovation strategies and their economy-wide consequences. It is based on the premise that differences in firm-level returns, as well as economy-wide outcomes, may be linked to the heterogeneous ways in which firms organize and undertake R&D and innovation activities. It emphasizes innovation strategies of innovating firms, and reflects that innovation efforts do not represent a uniform type of expenditure. Organized into three parts the volume moves from the micro to the macro-level. This structure highlights the notion that R&D and innovation and growth are two interdependent perspectives. The first of these is micro-oriented and focuses on innovation processes of firms, where R&D activities and other innovation efforts give rise to consequences such as a strengthening of resource bases, growth of sales and employment, patents, new products, increasing productivity and profits, and improved chances of survival. The second perspective comprises economy-wide effects in the form of overall technological change, growth in total factor productivity, and structural change processes, where certain sectors may benefit from new inputs from other sectors while others experience declining markets and reduced output.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation, R&D and Productivity - assessing alternative specifications of CDM-models
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper applies a CDM-model framework to depict the successive links (correlations) between (i) innovation expenditure, (ii) innovation output, and (iii) firm productivity. The CDM model has become popular in many countries among scholars using data from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). First, the study contrasts a general structural OECD version of the model against a model with country-specific design. Second, the study examines the gains from separating the labour force into ordinary and knowledge labour – as a means to avoid double counting of R&D investments. Third, the paper examines the difference between recognising a firm as a member of an unspecified company group versus a multinational group. Fourth, the paper explores how well sales per employee serves as a proxy for labour productivity proper. Fifth, the paper scrutinises the quality of CIS information by comparing key variables from the voluntary CIS survey with the same variables (for the same firms) recorded in the compulsory and audited register data in Sweden.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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The Global-Local Interplay of MNE and Non-MNE Firms
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During a sequence of decades we can observe a co-evolution of globalization through network formation of multinational (MNE) firms and concentration in specific places due to agglomerative forces. First, innovation ideas arrive at a faster speed to firms with past experience of innovation activities and with established export market contacts. Second, innovativeness is strongly dependent on corporate and ownership structure. Third, the returns to innovation efforts are positively influenced by firms’ capability to exploit extended markets. All these phenomena can be theoretically explained by MNE’s capacity to coordinate global supply chains and orchestrate localized R&D activities and knowledge flows. The paper illuminates how attributes of MNEs and non-MNEs differ, and how these differences affect the productivity and export intensity. It also shows how agglomeration economies affect MNEs and non-MNEs.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration and Productivity – evidence from firm-level data
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Do agglomerations stimulate productivity? An extensive literature on agglomeration economies, or urban increasing returns, has analyzed this question with aggregated spatial data. This paper estimates the relationship between agglomeration and productivity at the firm level using static and dynamic models. It makes use of a rich dataset comprising register information on all manufacturing firms in Sweden with 10 or more employees over the period 1997 - 2004. Three things emerge. First, firms located in larger regions are more productive when controlling for size, human capital, physical capital, ownership structure, import and export, industry classification and time trend. Second, results from dynamic panel estimations suggest a learning effect in that agglomeration enhances firms’ productivity. Third, the role of agglomeration phenomena does not seem to have a clear coupling to firm size.
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| 15. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-
(författare)
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Are Services Different Exporters?
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using an unbalanced panel of about 260,000 Swedish firm-level observations over the period 1997-2006, this paper shows that half of the firms exporting goods are service firms that account for a substantial and increasing share of the total value from exports of goods. Between 1997 and 2006 this fraction increased from 25% to 34%. Previous research provides little systematic evidence of this extension of goods exports among service firms or the benefits of exporting. This paper shows that service firms do become exporters for the same reasons as manufacturing firms. Besides, they are a self-selection of larger, more productive and high-equity firms, with more skilled labour, higher capital intensity and stronger links to multinational groups. However, the export productivity premium is larger for service firms than for manufacturers. No evidence is found to indicate that exporting increases the growth rate of productivity. In contrast, the annual employment growth premium from exporting is substantial for business services, 2% per year, compared to 0.5% for the retail and wholesale business. Employment growth among manufacturing firms also benefits from expanded market opportunities in foreign markets.
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| 16. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-
(författare)
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Are Services Different Exporters?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Economics Quarterly. - Berlin : Duncker & Humblot. - 1611-6607. ; 56:1, s. 99-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 17. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Creating Innovations, Productivity and Growth - the efficiency of Icelandic firms
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Iceland is one of the smallest European economies and the country was hit severely by the 2008-financial crisis. This paper considers the economy in the period preceding the collapse. Applying a Data Envelopment Analysis on 204 randomly selected firms, the results suggest that a substantial fraction of the Icelandic firms can be classified as non-efficient in their production process. The production scale of many manufacturing firms is too small to be technically efficient, while service firms typically use excessive resources in their production process. A remarkably weak performance in transforming R&D and labour efforts into successful innovations is observed.
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| 18. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Exporters, Spin-outs and Firm Performance
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the relationship between exporters, spin-outs and firm performance. A large body of research has shown that exporters perform better than non-exporters. But are also firms spawn out from exporters better than other new firms in terms of survival, productivity and growth? Using a panel of about 2,000 ex-employee starts ups, their parent companies and 10 000 other new firms in Sweden observed over a sequence of 5 years, we provide new evidence on spinouts as a channel of transferring knowledge from exporting firms to new ventures.
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| 19. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Economic Crises on Innovation Activity: Firm Level Evidence from Patent Data
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Based on data from of 2,700 Swedish manufacturing firms, observed through the period 1997-2005, this paper shows that internal finance resources, measured by cash-flow, affect the propensity to apply for a patent as well as the number of patent applications. From a business cycle perspective, cash-flow only plays a role during and after economic contractions. In periods of economic expansion there is no significant association between internal finance and patent applications. Further, the sensitivity of patent applications to cash-flow is limited to firms with low equity-ratio. Among high equity firms the pattern of patent applications are robust over the business cycle.
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| 20. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation and Productivity in German and Swedish Manufacturing Firms : Is there a common story?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Problems & Perspectives in Management. - 1727-7051 .- 1810-5467. ; 2, s. 184-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have documented extensive heterogeneity in firm performance within countries, and innovation has been found as an important determinant. This paper addresses the issue of innovation firm performance across countries. A growing number of national firm level studies on the innovation-productivity link have been conducted using new internationally harmonized survey data, known in Europe as Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Mainly due to confidentiality reasons cross-country comparisons of CIS data are still rare. The contribution of this paper is its unique approach of pooling original firm observations from Germany and Sweden. Applying a knowledge production function that gives the relationship between innovation input, innovation output and productivity, we find to a very large extent a common cross-country story for knowledge intensive manufacturing firms. Some interesting country-specific effects are reported as well.
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| 21. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation, Metropolitan and Productivity
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper assesses the contribution to productivity of firms’ internal innovation efforts and spatially-specific factors. A dynamic GMM-estimator is applied to a panel of close to 3,000 firms located in 81 Swedish regions and observed over a 10-year period. The magnitude of benefits from the knowledge milieu of an agglomeration is sizeable, but varies between firms depending on their particular R&D-strategy and location within a metropolitan region.
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| 22. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Innovationer, riskkapital och tillväxt
- 2010
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Ingår i: En innovationsstrategi för Sverige. - Stockholm : Entreprenörskapsforum. - 9189301323 ; , s. 99-118
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Investment and Performance of Firms : Correlation or causality?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Corporate Ownership & Control. - : Virtus InterPress. - 1727-9232 .- 1810-3057. ; 6:2, s. 268-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an empirical analysis of the two-way causal relationship between investment and performance indicators at the firm level. The performance variables include sales, value added, profit, cash flow, capital structure and employment. The investment variables are research and development and physical capital. A multivariate vector autoregressive approach is applied to a panel of Swedish firms observed between 1992 and 2000. Results show evidence of some two-way causal relationships, which are mainly transitory in character. Significant heterogeneity is observed in the firms’ investment and performance behavior by their size.
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| 24. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Key Characteristics of the Small Innovative Firm
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite broad agreement on the strategic role of SMEs (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises) in industrial renewal processes, the lack of systematized and comprehensive information on the nature and level of small innovative firms is striking. This bias is partly explained by an empirical shadow created by the limited availability of good, detailed data for comparable firm-level analyses. Based on extensive matched databases, the purpose of this paper is to provide new insights into the roles of micro and small innovative firms in research-based as well as tradition-based manufacture. The data consists of close to 160 000 observations of manufacturing firms in Sweden over the period 2000- 2006, including information on innovation activities captured by patent applications, firm characteristics, international trade and the regional milieu.
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| 25. |
- Lööf, Hans, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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R&D strategies and Entrepreneurial Spawning
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes how different R&D strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. By examining entrepreneurial ventures of ex-employees of firms with different R&D strategies three things emerge: First, firms with persistent R&D investments with a general superiority in sales, exports, productivity, profitability and wages are less likely to generate entrepreneurs than firm with temporary or no R&D investments. Second, start-ups from knowledge intensive business service (KIBS) firms with persistent R&D investments have a significantly increased probability of survival. No corresponding association between the R&D strategies of incumbents and survival of entrepreneurial spawns is found for incumbents in manufacturing sectors. Third, spin-outs from KIBS-firms are more likely to survive if they start in the same firm, indicating the importance of inherited related knowledge. The findings suggest that R&D intensive firms spur fewer entrepreneurs, but their entrepreneurial spawns tend to be of higher quality.
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