| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Badea, Silviu, et al.
(författare)
-
The influence of soil composition on the leachability of selected hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from soils using a batch leaching test
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 254, s. 26-35
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of soil composition (peat and clay content) on the leachability was investigated in batch leaching experiments for chemically diverse hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs: PCP, PAHs, HCB, HCHs, PCBs, and TCDD/Fs). An experimental design was applied to generate 8 diverse soil matrices, and the results were evaluated by orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS), as well as compound specific response surface models. Overall, the distribution coefficients (log Kd) of model HOCs were in the range of approx. 2.0–5.7. The Kd-values of HCHs, phenanthrene and PCP were positively correlated with the peat content. Kd-values of benzo(a)anthracene, HCB, and PCB 47 were positively correlated with both peat and clay content. The Kd-values of 1,3,6,8-TCDD and 1,3,6,8-TCDF were positively correlated with peat content but negatively correlated with clay content, while for PCB 153 and PCB 155 the correlations were reversed. The correlation between the Kd-values and the compounds’ Kow-values was linearly for compounds with log Kow <6. For HOCs with log Kow > 6, the Kd-values were leveling off, possibly due to small particles in the leachates. Our study demonstrated how complex interaction between both the organic matter and clay components influences the leachability of HOCs in a compound-specific manner.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bidleman, Terry F., et al.
(författare)
-
Bromoanisoles and Methoxylated Bromodiphenyl Ethers in Macroalgae from Nordic Coastal Regions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science. - London : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; , s. 881-892
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method (p < 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑2BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑5MeO-BDEs < 10 to 476 pg g−1 wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑2BAs >1000 pg g−1 ww were Ascophyllum nodosum, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ceramium virgatum, Fucus radicans, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, and Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha sp. Species A. nodosum, C. tenuicorne, Chara virgata, F. radicans and F. vesiculosus (Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑5MeO-BDEs >100 pg g−1ww. Profiles of individual compounds showed distinct differences among species and locations.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bidleman, Terry F., et al.
(författare)
-
Drosophilin a methyl ether (DAME) and other chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes in fungi and forest litter from Sweden
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 347
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungi and substrates undergoing fungal decomposition were collected from forests in northern and southernSweden and analyzed for chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes (DMBs). Specimens were fungi fruiting bodies, rottingwood, forest litter and underlying humus. Targeted compounds were DAME (1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-DMB) andrelated fungal secondary metabolites. A screening procedure was developed which involved soaking the speci-mens in ethyl acetate followed by analysis by capillary gas chromatography – mass spectrometry with mass selec-tive detection (GC-MSD). DAME was the most frequently found (62% of 47 specimens) and often the most abun-dant target compound, with range and mean ± SD concentrations of <0.0017–3.81 and 0.21 ± 0.63 mg kg−1ww. Based on log-log correlations of partition coefficients of hydrophobic compounds between fungal biomass/water (KD) and octanol/water (KOW), five species of fungi are suggested to produce DAME de novo versus bioaccu-mulation from forest runoff water. Full-scan mass spectra of some high-concentration specimens indicated thepresence of a Cl2DMB and a Cl3DMB, which could not be identified further due to lack of standards, anddrosophilin A (DA = 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol), the precursor to DAME. Tetrachloroveratrole(TeCV = 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-DMB) was found in only a few specimens. This study supports our hypothesis offungi as a source of DAME in terrestrial runoff and indicates that other chlorinated secondary metabolites arepresent. DAME is widely distributed globally, and it would be good to have a better understanding of its sourcesand pathways as a marker of terrestrial organochlorines and their availability for bioaccumulation
|
|
| 5. |
- Bidleman, Terry F., et al.
(författare)
-
Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenylethers in the Northern Baltic
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 112:1-2, s. 58-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
|
|
| 6. |
- Brorström-Lundén, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
Screening of benzothiazoles, benzenediamines, dicyclohexylamine and benzotriazoles 2009
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En screeningundersökning av bensotiazoler, bensendiaminer, dicyclohexylamin och bensotriazoler har genomförts inom ramen för Naturvårdsvekets screeningprogram. Avsikten med en screeningundersökning är att bestämma koncentrationer av de utvalda substanserna i olika delar av den svenska miljön och därigenom belysa viktiga emissions- och transportvägar. Denna undersökning har genomförts i sammarbete med forskningsprogrammet ChEmiTecs “Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles" (www.chemitecs.se) finansierat av Naturvårdsverket. Målet med Chemitecs är att öka kunskapen om emissioner av organiska ämnen från varor. Resultaten ska stödja utvecklingen av svenska och europeiska handlingsprogram som ska minska riskerna med särskilt farliga ämnen. Bensotiazolerna MBT, CBS, DBS och DBD fanns i en eller flera av de undersökta provtyperna. Detektionsfrekvenserna varierade både mellan substanserna och provtyperna. Fördelningsmönstret påverkades troligen både av föreningarnas egenskaper, såsom kemisk stabilitet och tendens att fördelas mellan olika faser, och av användningen. MBT hade högst detektionsfrekvens medan de andra bensotiazolerna hittades mera sporadiskt. En viktig spridningsväg till miljön för MBT är via reningsverk vilket pekar på diffusa emissioner från konsumentprodukter. Förekomst i dagvatten indikerar trafik-relaterade emissioner. MBT och övriga bensotiazoler förekom främst i vattenmiljön medan lufttransport verkar vara av mindre betydelse. Bensendiaminen DPP hittades i vissa fall i till exempel ytvatten, dagvatten och reningsverksslam.DCHA var vanligt förekommande i alla provtyper utom i gröda. Att DCHA återfinns i luft och deposition indikerar att substansen emitteras till luft och att lufttransport är en viktig spridningsväg. Förekomsten i dagvatten och i jord visar att trafikrelaterade emissioner är viktiga. DCHA hittades emellertid inte i gröda insamlad i närheten av trafikerade vägar. En annan viktig spridningsväg för DCHA är via reningsverk vilket antyder diffusa emissioner från till exempel konsumentprodukter Bensotriazoler är vanligt förekommande i miljön både i bakgrundsmiljö och i urbana områden. Substanserna förekom i alla analyserade matriser: luft, deposition, ytvatten, sediment, jord och biota. Resultaten visade också att diffus spridning via reningsverk, deponier och dagvatten kan vara viktigt för förekomsten i miljön. Detta indikerar emissioner via användning av produkter. UVP är den bensotriazol som används mest följd av UV 328 och UV 327. Dessa substanser hittades också i högst koncentrationer.I en enkel riskbedömning för vattenmiljöns pelagiska ekosystem identifierades inga större risker, dvs halterna var generellt lägre än PNEC i ytvatten och i avloppsvatten med hänsyn till förväntad utspädning. DPP förekom dock i koncentrationer över PNEC i Viskan. Koncentrationen av DPP och DCHA i outspätt avloppsvatten överskred vid några tillfällen PNEC. Inga toxicitets eller ekotoxicitetsdata har hittats för någon av benzotriazolerna i tillgänglig litteratur. Några riskbedömningar för dessa har därför inte utförts.
|
|
| 7. |
- Cieplik, M.K., et al.
(författare)
-
Formation of dioxins from combustion micropollutants over MSWI fly ash.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X. ; 40:4, s. 1263-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/Fs) from a model mixture of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) representative of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) flue gases, over a fixed bed of MSWI fly ash has been investigated. For comparison, a single model compound (chlorobenzene) was also briefly studied. A newly developed lab-scale system enabled the application of (very) low and stable concentrations of organic substances--of 10(-6) M or less-to approach realistic conditions. Samples taken at several time intervals allowed the observation of changes in rates and patterns due to depletion of the carbon in fly ash. The model flue gas continuously produced PCDDs and PCDFs after the de novo reaction had ceased to occur. Dioxin output levels are comparable to those of "old" MSW incinerators. Replacing the PIC trace constituent phenol by its fully 13C-labeled analogue led to, e.g., PCDD with one labeled ring as prominent product, meaning that the formation is about first order in phenol, contrary to earlier assumptions. The meaning of the results for the formation of dioxins in the MSWI boiler is discussed.
|
|
| 8. |
- Cieplik, Mariusz K, et al.
(författare)
-
On Dioxin Formation in Iron Ore Sintering
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 37:15, s. 3323-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron ore sintering is an important source of "dioxins", polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This paper reports on attempts to identify materials, conditions, and mechanisms responsible for PCDD/F formation (i) by investigating salient properties of ores (viz., with respect to oxidation, condensation, and chlorination of model organics) and (ii) by mimicking the industrial process on a microscale with real-life materials. Principles of Design of Experiments (DOE) are employed. The reactivities of iron ores differ greatly. Limonite/goethite "soft" ore is a very active oxidation catalyst (e.g., for benzene and phenol), a property that may be useful in cleaning up crude sintering process offgases, whereas hematite/magnetite "hard" ore is not. The latter, however strongly promotes condensation of phenol to dibenzofuran. A newly built lab-microscale sintering facility could satisfactorily imitate the large-scale process, in part or as a whole. Results obtained with realistic feed mixtures point at dioxin formation in the sinter bed at levels significant enough to explain a major part of the outputs observed in the real-life process. With ~8 ppm (wt) of chloride added as NaCl, the PCDD/F output doubled, but with the same proportion of chlorine administered as C2Cl4, the dioxin output was over 2 orders of magnitude larger. The use of process reverts, etc. containing chlorinated organics should therefore be avoided. PCDD/F congener patterns are also reported and compared with those observed in practice.
|
|
| 9. |
- Do, Lan, et al.
(författare)
-
Comprehensive profiling of 136 tetra- to octa-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans using ionic liquid columns and column combinations
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1311, s. 157-169
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined on six gas chromatography (GC) columns. Three of these columns had ionic liquid stationary phases (SLB-IL111, SLB-IL76 and SLB-IL61; Supelco), one a liquid crystal phase (LC-50; Restek), one a chiral phase (beta DEXcst; Restek) and one a low bleed non-polar phase (DB-XLB; J&W/Agilent). According to our results, the high polarity and multiple solvation interactions of the ionic liquid stationary phases offered superior resolving power to that achieved with previously evaluated columns. The SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns resolved or partially separated 106 and 100 congeners, respectively, of the 136 PCDD/Fs. The SLB-IL61 also resolved 15 and partially separated one of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Additional congeners can be separated by complementary analyses using additional columns in a dual- or triple-column approach. For example, using a combination of the SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns all but 8 congeners would be separated, including all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Two more congeners would be separated using a combination of SLB-IL76 and a liquid crystal (SB-Smectic) column, but in this case the 2,3,7,8-TeCDF would not be resolved. Three-column combinations would give even better separation: the DB-17/Smectic/SLB-IL76 and DB-225/Smectic/SLB-IL111 combinations would separate all but 1 of the 136 PCDD/F congeners. Unfortunately, the smectic column is no longer in production. If only commercially available columns are considered, combinations of SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 with DB-XLB, LC-50, or DB-225 offer the best performance, with 4, 4, and 3 unresolved congeners, respectively. Moreover, in each of these cases, one of the congeners in each unresolved pair is resolved on at least one of the other columns and so a reasonable estimate of the unresolved congeners' concentrations can be obtained by subtraction. The profiling of all 136 PCDD/Fs is thus greatly facilitated by using ionic liquid columns or combinations including such columns. However, there is room for improvement in the technical performance of the evaluated ionic liquid columns: their long-term retention time stability was poor and some highly chlorinated and sterically hindered congeners underwent dehalogenation during separation.(C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 10. |
- Haglund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Hazardous compounds released from textiles and the associated load they place on Swedish sewage treatment plants
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hushållens bidrag av tvättvatten från textiltvätt till de kommunala avloppsreningsverken uppskattas till ca 2% av det totala volymflödet. Registerdata över kemikalier som används vid tillverkning av textilier/kläder samt analyser av tvättvatten visar att textilfibrer, mikroplastfibrer och många miljöstörande ämnen når våra reningsverk via textiltvätt. Dessa fibrer och kemiska ämnen kan bidra till förorening av avloppsreningsslam som används för gödsling av åkermark eller av vattenmiljö nedströms reningsverken.Ett av Sveriges miljömål är En Giftfri Miljö och dess delmål innefattar bl.a. information om farliga ämnen i varor (Ds 2012:23). Textilier är en av de varugrupper som Miljömålberedningen föreslagit (SOU 2012:38) bli föremål för ett regeringsuppdrag avseende innehåll av farliga ämnen och riskbegränsande åtgärder samt frivillig miljömärkning. I det svenska miljömålsystemet ingår också generationsmål om att materialkretsloppen skall vara så fria från farliga ämnen som möjligt och att våra konsumtionsmönster av varor ska ge så små hälso- och miljöproblem som möjligt även i varornas tillverkningsländer utanför Sverige. Generationsmålet innebär att svensk politik behöver ta hänsyn till den miljö- och hälsopåverkan som svensk konsumtion orsakar i andra länder. EU:s ramdirektiv för avfall (2008/96/EG) har vidare slagit fast en avfallshierarki som sätter återanvändning av uttjänta varor, t. ex. kläder, före materialåtervinning av avfall.SyfteSyftet med denna studie var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning som vattentvätt av fem klädtyper (t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, bomullsjeans, arbetsbyxor, fleecetröjor samt allvädersjackor) bidrar till förekomsten av miljögifter i slam samt i utgående vatten från representativt utvalda svenska reningsverk.UtförandeKläder av fem olika klädtyper, enligt specifikation från naturvårdsverket (baserat på en tidigare studie av Swerea) köptes in från affärer i Umeå under januari 2014. Det var 8 st t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, 3 st bomullsjeans, 2 st arbetsbyxor, 8 st fleecetröjor samt 3 st allvädersjackor.Kläderna tvättades i en vanlig tvättmaskin 2 gånger efter varandra utan att torka mellan och allt tvättvatten samlades upp. Delprov av tvättvattnet togs ut och analyserades för 126 utvalda ämnena på tre olika laboratorier (Miljökemiska Laboratoriet, Umeå Universitet, Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och Stockholms Universitet (ACES)). Ämnena var processkemikalier såsom pentaklorfenol, och triklosan, funktionskemikalier såsom ftalater och organofosfater samt oönskade kemikalier såsom dioxiner, klorfenoler och klorbensener.2ResultatStudien visar på att det mängdmässigt främst är funktionskemikalier som släpper från kläderna vid tvätt. Det här var väntat då dessa kemikalier är avsiktligt och oftast inte kemiskt bundet till tyget. Processkemikalier avges i mindre mängd och oönskade kemikalier såsom till exempel klorerade fenoler och bensener hittades i väldigt små mängder i tvättvattnet oavsett vilken typ av klädesplagg som tvättats. Vare sig processkemikalierna eller de oönskade kemikalierna borde finnas i plaggen och därför var det väntat att dessa kemikalier inte skulle hittas i samma utsträckning som funktionskemikalierna.Om man ser till detektionsfrekvensen, d.v.s. hur ofta de ämnen som ingår i en ämnesklass påträffas, blir bilden delvis en annan. Mer än 75% av de funktionskemikalier (38 av 50), ca 50% av funktionskemikalierna (26 av 49) och ca. 30% av processkemikalierna (8 av 27) detekterades i tvättvattenproverna.T-tröjor och skaljackorna var de klädtyper som avgav störst mängd kemikalier per kg 47 mg/kg (0.005% w/w) för t-tröjor följt av 23 mg/kg (0.002% w/w) för skaljackor. Jeans, arbetsbyxor och fleecetröjor släppte mycket mindre mängd kemikalier 0.001, 0.001 and 0.0005% vid tvätt till tvättvattnet.De fem klädtyperna släppte alla bisfenol AF, organofosfater, ftalater, formaldehyd, bromerade och klorerade fenoler samt klorerade bensener till tvättvattnet vid de två första tvättarna. Några föreningar som inte kunde detekteras i tvättvattnet var 4 stycken siloxaner, 9 stycken olika aniliner och majoriteten av de 17 dioxinerna och furanerna som ingick i studien.T-tröjor släppte mer textilfibrer (0,85 mg/kg) jämfört med de andra klädtyperna. De andra klädtyperna släppte betydlig mindre fibrer vid tvätt: jeans 0,46 mg/kg, skaljackor 0,02 mg/kg, arbetsbyxor 0,07 mg/kg och fleecetröjor 0,1 mg/kg.DiskussionOm man tar hänsyn till den årliga användningsvolymen av de olika klädestyperna avger t-tröjorna den största mängden kemikalier (469 kg funktionella kemikalier, 0,5 kg processkemikalier och 0,07 kg oönskade kemikalier) vid de två första tvättarna av plaggen. Arbetsbyxor var den klädestyp som släppte minst kemikalier (30 kg funktionella kemikalier, 7 kg processkemikalier och 0,9 g oönskade kemikalier).Ftalater och organofosfater frigjordes i stora mängder från kläderna (302 kg och 7,6 kg) och bidrar med 50% respektive 5% vardera till vad som återfinns i utgående vatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken. Klorfenoler och perfluorerade ämnen frigjordes i betydligt mindre mängder (430 g och 300 g) men bidrar i teorin med mer (167% respektive 223%) än vad som återfinns i utgåendevatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken för respektive grupp, vilket är orealistiskt. Brister i dataunderlaget eller degradering av föroreningar i reningsprocessen kan vara möjliga orsaker till överskattningen. Det är dock klart att tvätt av kläder ger ett betydande bidrag till vad som återfinns i reningsverksvatten och slam.3SlutsatserKemikalier som är förbjudna enligt t ex Reach ska naturligtvis inte förekomma i kläder. Trots det så hittas de ändå ibland vid inspektion. Det är ett stort problem eftersom kemikalierna fortfarande kan vara lagliga att använda i visa länder. Exempelvis är det förbjudet att använda arylaminer inom EU, ändå återfinner vi en av dessa 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane i tvättvatten från alla typer av kläder i denna studie. Idag sker produktion av kläder över hela världen och det är svårt att få information om vilka kemikalier som har använts för ett visst plagg. Denna spårbarhet skulle behöva förbättras.I den här studien har vi hittat 72 av 126 föreningar, alla icke-naturliga föreningar, i tvättvattnet. De föreningar som frigjordes i störst mängder till tvättvattnet i den här studien var BPS, ftalater (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP), DINCH, organofosfater (TPP, TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, TBEP) och formaldehyd. Med hänsyn taget till nettotillförseln av nya kläder kommer den mängden kemikalier på årlig basis som avges från nya kläder som tvättas de två första gångerna att vara betydande.Även om en del av de föreningar som avges från kläderna kommer att brytas ner under behandlingen av avloppsvattnet i avloppsreningsverken så kommer många av dem att hamna i det utgående vattnet eller i slammet. Dessa kommer hamna i recipienten eller där slam används för att tillföra näringsämnen.Fortsatt arbeteFör att få en ännu bättre bild av hur mycket kemikalier som frigörs från kläder vid tvätt skulle det vara intressant att studera fler klädtyper. Det skulle också vara av intresse att analysera kläderna i sig för att kunna avgöra hur stor andel av det som finns i kläderna som avges vid tvätt, men också vad som finns kvar i kläderna när de så småningom blir textilavfall.Slutligen skulle det vara intressant att genom så kallad "non-target analysis" av både kläder och tvättvatten få veta vilka andra föreningar som förekommer i både kläder och tvättvatten. Rätt använt skulle "non-target anaysis" kunna fånga upp ett brett spektrum av kemikalier och ge en "totalbild" av substansflödet från textilier, via tvättvatten och reningsverk, till olika recipienter.
|
|
| 11. |
- Haglund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Screening av dioxiner och dioxinlika ämnen i bröstmjölk, fet fisk och annan mat
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med studien var att studera människans exponering för polybromerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PBDD/F), polyklorerade naftalener (PCN) och polyklorerade dibenso-tiofener (PCDT) och avgöra i vilken mån denna exponering kan hänföras till föda. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om den sammanlagda belastningen av denna typ av ämnen har ökat eller minskat över tid. Dessutom skulle en uppskattning göras av hur stor andel av dioxinreceptoraktiviteten som kan förklaras av PBDD/F, PCN, PCDT samt polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PCDD/F) och dioxinlika PCBer.Förekomsten av dessa ämnen har undersökts i bröstmjölk insamlad mellan 1997 och 2011, ett antal individuella bröstmjölksprover (för att få en bättre uppfattning om den individuella haltvariationen), matkorgsprover samt vildfångad respektive odlad fisk. Halterna har sedan jämförts med motsvarande för PCDD/F och dioxinlika PCBer. De senare består av PCBer som har ett klor i de sk. orto-positionerna (mono-orto PCB; mo-PCB) eller saknar klor i dessa positioner (non-orto PCB; no-PCB). Den totala dioxinlika toxiciteten (TEQ) beräknades sedan teoretiskt och jämfördes med uppmätta värden från en biotest (DR CALUX).Totalhalten av PCN var relativt hög i modersmjölk, ca 10% av totalhalten av de dioxinlika PCB (dl-PCB). PBDD/F detekterades bara i något enstaka modersmjölksprov och PCDT detekterades inte alls. Vidare var halterna av PCN i princip konstanta över studieperioden (1997-2011) medan dioxinlika PCB och PCDD/F minskade över tid.PCDD/F stod för den största andelen av TEQ (ca 55%) följt av no-PCB (ca 40%) och mo-PCB (3,9 – 5,6%) och PCN (1,2 – 3,0%). PBDD/F återfanns bara över detektionsgränsen i ett prov från 2010 (1,6% av TEQ).TEQ-värden från CALUX-testet stämde mycket väl överens med TEQ-värden beräknade från resultat från kemiska analyser, vilket kan tolkas som att PCDD/F, no-PCB, mo-PCB och PCN bidrar mest till CALUX-TEQ responsen och att övriga dioxin-lika ämnen i proverna står för ett litet bidrag.Den individuella variationen var liknande för samtliga föroreningsgrupper. Totalhalterna av PCN varierade 6,7 gånger (relativ standardavvikelse, RSD 38%), dl-PCB varierade 4,8 gånger (RSD 51%), och PCDD/F varierade 3,1 gånger (RSD 40%).Total- och TEQ-halterna av de dioxinlika ämnena i fet vildfångad fisk följde samma mönster som mjölkproverna med högst halt av dl-PCB följt av PCN, PCDD/F, PBDD/F och PCDT. PBDD/F kunde dock kvantifieras i fler prover (4 av 11) och högst halt, 0,18 pg TEQ/g, uppmättes i sill från Västkusten (vilket motsvarar 14% av total-TEQ). Bidraget från PCN var relativt konstant på ca. 1,5%.Fiskdelen av matkorgen innehöll mest föroreningar följt av kött- och mejeriprodukter samt ägg. De ämnesgrupper som dominerade var dl-PCB och PCN. Dioxinlika PCB förekom i högre halter i fisk medan PCN förekom i högre halter i övriga varugrupper. Något oväntat påträffades PBDD/F i kött- och mejeriprodukter (från ICA) men inte i fisk/fiskprodukter. PBDD/F bidrog med 20% till total-TEQ i kött/köttprodukter och med 6,5% i mejeriprodukter (från en av två leverantörer). Bidragen från PCN var relativt konstant på 1% till 2,5%, dvs ungefär som det för mo-PCB (0,5-4,4%).
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Kupryianchyk, Darya, et al.
(författare)
-
Industrial and natural compounds in filter-feeding black fly larvae and water in 3 tundra streams
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 37:12, s. 3011-3017
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, novel flame retardants, and naturally occurring bromoanisoles in water and filter-feeding black fly (Simuliidae) larvae in 3 tundra streams in northern Sweden. The results demonstrate that black fly larvae accumulate a wide range of organic contaminants and can be used as bioindicators of water pollution in Arctic streams.
|
|
| 15. |
- Liljelind, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Method for Multiresidue Determination of Halogenated Aromatics and PAHs in Combustion-Related Samples
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 37:16, s. 3680-6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flue gas and fly ash samples have a complex composition. Thus, thorough extraction and selective cleanup prior to analysis are essential. This paper presents an evaluated method for determining halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PXDD), halogenated dibenzofurans (PXDF), chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), chlorobenzenes (CBz), -phenols (CPh), dibenzo-p-dioxins (DD), dibenzofurans (DF), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a single sample. Since these combustion byproducts are ubiquitous, harmful environmental contaminants it is very important to obtain reliable assessments of them: especially specific PCDD/F and PCB congeners with Ah-receptor mediated toxicity. The reported method for this purpose includes techniques such as solid-phase extraction, Soxhlet-Dean-Stark extraction, cleanup using open liquid chromatographic columns, and finally GC/MS analysis/determination with quantification by the isotope dilution technique. The validation results presented here show good reproducibility for PXDD/F and PCB and are satisfactory for CPh, CBz, and PAH. An extraction efficiency test revealed that a nonpolar solvent did not completely extract a few analytes, i.e., diCPh and fluorene, which appear to require a more polar extraction agent. To pinpoint and minimize the loss of analytes, specific studies on reductions of their amounts during sample concentration were performed, showing that traditional rotary evaporation and nitrogen blow-down produce equally good results as a novel technique.
|
|
| 16. |
- Liljelind, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Removal of dioxins and related aromatic hydrocarbons from flue gas streams by adsorption and catalytic destruction
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. ; 42:5-7, s. 615-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dioxin removing capacity of the shell dedioxin system (SDDS – a Ti/V oxidative type catalyst) has been tested using the Umeå lab-scale incinerator over the temperature range 100–230°C and at space velocities of 8000 and 40,000 h−1. Other analogous organic compounds, such as PCBs, PAHs, chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols have also been investigated. Results show a high degree of dioxin removal already at 100°C (82%), which occurs mainly by adsorption. When the temperature is raised a transition towards destruction is seen and at 150°C, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) 8000 and at 230°C, GHSV 40,000 virtually all removal is by destruction. High PCDD/F destruction efficiencies are reported (>99.9%, based on I-TEQ); the other dioxin-related species and PAHs are also removed and destroyed to a significant extent. The SDDS has proved to be an effective means of destroying organic compounds in the gas phase, particularly dioxins, at temperatures as low as 150°C.
|
|
| 17. |
- Marmon, Sofia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Removal of lipids, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls during production of protein isolates from baltic herring (Clupea harengus) using pH-shift processes
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society. - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 57:17, s. 7819-7825
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dioxins and PCBs are toxic, lipophilic, and persistent substances that impose a serious health threat. A major risk of exposure to these toxic substances is consumption of fish from polluted waters, such as the Baltic Sea. The aim of this study was to investigate if pH-shift processing of Baltic herring with elevated toxicity levels could be used to produce a protein isolate with low fat content and, thereby, reduced dioxin and PCB levels. Both acid (pH 2.7) and alkaline (pH 11.2) pH-shift processing were investigated and resulted in efficient reduction of fat, dioxin, and PCB levels. A reduction of 70-80% per amount of protein was determined for all of these parameters. The amounts, and thus the removal, of lipids and dioxins (R(2) = 0.952) as well as lipids and PCBs (R(2) = 0.996) were highly correlated (p < 0.01). A mass balance of the alkaline pH-shift process showed that most of the fat and pollutants were found in the floating fat emulsion layer of the first centrifugation, followed by the pellet of the first centrifugation. These data show that the pH-shift protein isolation technique can be used to process herring with elevated dioxin and PCB levels and thereby increase the usage possibilities of such fish.
|
|
| 18. |
- Remberger, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
Screening of Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) and Polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs)
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) has been carried out. Additional substances in the screening were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs).The overall objective of this screening study was to determine the concentrations of selected BFRs and PBDFs in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. Additional aims were to assess possible emission sources and to highlight important transport pathways in the environment including large scale transport. An issue for the screening was also to investigate the presences of the BFRs in biota to give an indication if they pose an environmental risk. Possible human exposure was investigated by analysing BFRs in human blood samples and PBDFs in human milk samples.Measurements have been carried out both at background- and urban sites. The sampling was mainly performed at the Swedish west coast with Göteborg representing the urban area. Sediment and biota was sampled in the estuary of Göta Älv and in a background area.For identification of pathways to the environment storm water/sludge and samples from WWTPs were collected. Dust samples from different indoor environments were taken both at public spaces and in homes. Air and dust samples were collected at a recycling industry for electronic waste. Fire extinguishing water from a fire at a recycling industry was included in the sampling program.The emerging BFRs, PBDEs and PBDFs occurred in "high" concentrations in air and dust from the recycling industry. The occurrence of BFRs at this electronic waste facility shows that electronic articles contain these chemicals. BDE-209 and DBDPE were found in highest concentrations. DBDPE has similar applications as BDE-209 and it has been marketed as a general substitute for this chemical. The occurrence of PBDFs may indicate that the BFRs are contaminated or that PBDEs are transformed to PBDFs in the recycling processes.The presence of both the emerging BFRs and PBDEs in dust collected in a "new private car" shows that theses flame retardants are used in textiles and plastic details in newly manufactured cars. DBDPE and BDE-209 which are used as flame retardants in textiles occurred in high concentration. The simultaneous occurrence of high levels of PBDFs indicates presence in BFR formulations.The occurrences of the included BFRs in dust from different indoor environments indicates a wide application of these chemicals in articles and household products and that diffuse emissions of BFRs from consumer products may take place in the indoor environment. The differences in the distribution among the BFRs for the different dust samples indicate that tHigher ratios of PBDFs vs. BDE-209 were found in dust from environments that are likely to contain BFR containing plastics (offices and recycling facilities) than in dust from environments containing BFR treated textile products (car and conference center interiors). This may indicate that PBDFs are formed during production or use of flame retarded plastics.The emissions of BFRs and PBDFs will take place both to air and water. BFRs and PBDFs emitted indoors to air and to settled dust may via ventilation be transported to outdoor air. The presence of these pollutants in influent, effluent and sludge from municipal WWTPs also indicate that diffusive emissions from household products occur and that these chemicals may be emitted to the environment from WWTPs. The occurrence of the BFRs and PBDD/Fs in storm water and fire extinguishing water shows that this may also be pathways to the environment.Thus, the emerging BFRs and PBDFs were generally found in samples from WWTPs, storm water, indoor air and dust, indicating that they may be emitted and transported to the environment via these sources and pathways.Several of the emerging BFRs occurred in all the included environmental matrices except in atmospheric deposition. The concentrations in samples at urban sites were higher compared to background samples.Most of the emerging BFRs were detected in urban air, in the same levels or somewhat lower than BDE-47, -100 and -99. BDE-209 occurred in the highest concentrations. One of the emerging BFRs, HBB, was detected in background air, in the same concentration range as the PBDEs. It was found both at the Swedish West coast and in the remote area in Northern Finland, which shows the potential for atmospheric long range transport for HBB.PBDD/Fs were found in all air and deposition samples. There appears to be an annual variation in both PBDD/F and PCDD/F concentrations, with higher levels during winter. Significantly elevated levels were detected in May-June 2011, which coincided with extensive forest fires in southern Russia and Ukraine.In sediments, the emerging BFRs were only detected in a sample from Göta Älv near a former industrial site where they occurred in the same concentration level as the penta-BDEs.The occurrence of emerging BFRs in biota from background sites shows that these chemicals like the PBDEs are further spread to the ecosystem. The distribution of the BFRs differed between the various species as well as among the different sampling sites.The only emerging BFR detected in human sera was PBEB, which occurred in one out of 15 samples. PCDD/Fs were found in all human milk samples, but no PBDD/Fs were detected.
|
|
| 19. |
- Tyskling, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Dioxins and PCBs in soot and ash from biomass burning in Sweden
- 2024
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 on persistent organic pollutants (POP:s-regulation) amended through regulation (EU) 2022/2400, stipulates that the member states are requested to collect data on the levels of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs from biomass combustion units. In the present report, results from a screening study on PCDD/Fs and PCBs in ash and soot from Swedish household small-scale biomass combustion units, are presented. An assessment of toxic equivalents (TEQs) in bottom ash and fly ash from biomass heat and power plants was performed based on existing data. The result shows low levels TEQs, below 0.5 μg TEQ WHO2005/kg in bottom ash and fly ash from larger biomass combustion units, as well as low levels of in wood ash from small-scale units. Soot samples from household small-scale biomass combustion show more variable concentrations with the highest TEQ-levels detected in the range 1-2 μg TEQ/kg soot. The data is in line with results reported from other EU states. The investigated small-scale units were typical and representative for Swedish conditions. Thus, the monitored TEQs from the present study is deemed to be representative for ash and soot from small-scale wood heating units in Sweden. The results indicate that ash and soot should not be classified as POPs-waste since TEQ-levels are significantly lower than the limit value of 5 μg TEQ WHO2005/kg set out in annex IV to the POP:s regulation.
|
|
| 20. |
- Veenaas, Cathrin, 1989-
(författare)
-
Developing tools for non-target analysis and digital archiving of organic urban water pollutants
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis describes efforts to develop robust methods for the creation and use of digital archives of environmental samples, and proposes guidelines based on the results. Digital archives are repositories that store environmental samples digitally. Traditionally, samples are stored physically in environmental specimen banks over long time periods. However, this has several drawbacks, for example degradation effects and limited accessibility. During the course of my PhD project I developed methods that allow the comprehensive analysis of sewage sludge samples. Sewage sludge is a complex matrix that contains many commercial chemicals. In addition, sewage treatment plants form a link between the human society that generates the sewage and the environment, making sewage sludge a very interesting matrix to analyze. The developed methods enable analysis and subsequent identification of compounds of all sizes and with diverse chemical characteristics. I further explain how unknown compounds can be identified (non-target screening) using mass spectral analysis and several other approaches (e.g. retention indices).The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, Data Generation, I describe the development of sample preparation methods for analyzing sewage sludge with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). For the GC approach, two methods involving use of different extraction techniques, solvents, and matrix reduction techniques are presented while for the LC approach different extraction techniques are compared. The methods have been developed to enable the generation of data suitable for digital archiving. In the second part of the thesis, Data Evaluation, I present ways to find and identify compounds of interest. Firstly, time trend analyses provide a way to prioritize pollutants, for example by focusing on pollutants that are increasing with time. Thousands of compounds with significant time trends were detected and several hundred of them were tentatively identified. Compounds with strong increasing trends included, for example, UV-filters from sunscreens. Secondly, a new retention index system for comprehensive two‑dimensional chromatography (GC×GC) is introduced to characterize compounds in terms of their retention times in the second dimension. The new retention index system is based on co-injection of polyethylene glycols and was validated for various compounds of diverse classes. Thirdly, I tested different ways to predict GC×GC retention times or indices. Those methods include a multivariate prediction (PLS) approach using molecular descriptors, which proved to be the best approach, and use of commercially available software. The last part of my thesis, Data Archiving, discusses requirements to create digital archives and how they can be used. Here I present the current state and options for archiving data files, and give recommendations for each step, from sample collection, through instrumental analysis to storage of the final data.
|
|
| 21. |
- Veenaas, Cathrin, et al.
(författare)
-
Nontarget Screening and Time-Trend Analysis of Sewage Sludge Contaminants via Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:14, s. 7813-7822
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nondestructive sample cleanup and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCXGC) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis generated a massive amount of data that could be used for nontarget screening purposes. We present a data reduction and prioritization strategy that involves time-trend analysis of nontarget data. Sewage sludge collected between 2005 and 2015 in Stockholm (Sweden) was retrieved from an environmental specimen bank, extracted, and analyzed by GCX GC-HRMS. After data alignment features with high blank levels, artifacts and low detection frequency were removed. Features that appeared in four to six out of ten years were reprocessed to fill in gaps. The total number of compounds was reduced by more than 97% from almost 60 000 to almost 1500. The remaining compounds were analyzed for monotonic (log-linear) and nonmonotonic (smoother) time trends. In total, 192 compounds with log-linear trends and 120 compounds with nonmonotonic trends were obtained, respectively. Most compounds described by a log-linear trend exhibited decreasing trends and were traffic-related. Compounds with increasing trends included UV-filters, alkyl-phenols, and flavor and fragrances, which often could be linked to trade statistics. We have shown that nontarget screening and stepwise reduction of data provides a simple way of revealing significant changes in emissions of chemicals in society.
|
|
| 22. |
- Ålander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Levels of chlorinated naphthalenes in mother’s milk from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden: results from year 2012 to 2017.
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POP), i studien POPUP (Persistent Organic Pollutants in Uppsala Primiparas). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av polyklorerade naftalener (PCN) i poolade bröstmjölksprover från 2012 till 2017, ett samlingsprov per år (n=6). Resultaten visar inte på någon statistiskt signifikant trend under tidsperioden. Adderas tidigare analyserad data av polyklorerade naftalener i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala under åren 1997 – 2011 (Haglund, Liljelind et al. 2014) till ovanstående data erhålles en statistiskt signifikant nedgång (p <0,001) för total PCN, med en halveringstid på 14 år.
|
|
