| 1. |
- Alegria Zufia, Javier, Ph.D. 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth and mortality rates of picophytoplankton in the Baltic Sea Proper
- 2024
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - Oldendorf : Inter-Research. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 735, s. 63-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Picophytoplankton (<2 µm diameter), a diverse group of picocyanobacteria and photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, are significant contributors to primary production. Predatory mortality controls picophytoplankton biomass and thereby energy transfer in the marine food web. The 2 major pathways of picophytoplankton mortality are grazing and viral lysis. Grazing passes carbon directly to higher trophic levels, while lysis products are passed into the viral loop. Picophytoplankton are abundant in the Baltic Sea but little is known about their predatory mortality. Using a modification of the dilution approach, we calculated growth and mortality rates of picophytoplankton and studied the effect of predation on community structure during late August and September. The experiments were conducted coinciding with the peak in picophytoplankton abundance (similar to 10(5) cells ml(-1)) at the Linnaeus Microbial Observatory in the Baltic Sea Proper. The results showed that grazing is an important controller of picocyanobacteria and photosynthetic picoeukaryote populations, while no significant viral lysis effect was detected. Grazing on picocyanobacteria was proportional to growth rates, while grazing on photosynthetic picoeukaryotes exceeded growth. Selective grazing of phylogenetically distinct picocyanobacterial clades had a significant effect on community structure, suggesting that grazing has an impact on the seasonal dynamics of co-occurring clades. Picocyanobacteria had a higher carbon transfer contribution to higher trophic levels than photosynthetic picoeukaryotes at the time of the experiments. The study shows that picophytoplankton are important contributors to carbon cycling in the Baltic Sea microbial food web and should be considered for future ecological models.
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| 2. |
- Amnebrink, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal dynamics and life cycle strategies of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon in the Baltic proper
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aphanizomenon, together with Dolichospermum and Nodularia, constitute the major genera of bloom forming filamentous nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Like the other genera, Aphanizomenon displays summer blooms that are highly variable in magnitude and duration but unlike the others it is considered a holoplanktonic species. Still, the molecular mechanisms enabling Aphanizomenon year-round presence in surface waters are currently unknown. Here we combine analysis of Aphanizomenon population dynamics at the Linnaeus Microbial Observatory (LMO) station in the Baltic Proper over nine years (2011-2019) with associated gene expression patterns during 2016-2017 to identify annual abundance, and metabolic and life cycle strategies. Aphanizomenon biomass showed large annual variability and a consistent biovolume peak in summer, with bloom intensity ranging from 78-1334 mm3 m-3. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data showed that one Aphanizomenon amplicon sequence variant (ASV) dominated, and its relative abundance correlated with biovolume measurements. Metatranscriptomic reads that mapped to an Aphanizomenon metagenome- assembled genome (MAG) revealed annually repeating gene expression patterns, resulting in distinct gene expression profiles during different meteorological seasons. Genes encoding proteins involved in several important functional classes, e.g. carbon fixation, photosynthesis, and associated photopigments showed seasonal variation, but were detected year round. Other genes, particularly those involved in nitrogen fixation, were highly expressed in summer, while absent in winter. Vitamin metabolism and phosphorus scavenging genes were preferentially expressed during the colder periods of the annual cycle. Together, these data show that Aphanizomenon regulates the molecular machinery on the seasonal scale, providing context to the observed dynamics of Aphanizomenon in the Baltic Proper and a foundation for understanding the ecology of these cyanobacteria.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Projected future climate change and Baltic Sea ecosystem management
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 44:Supplement 3, s. S345-S356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is likely to have large effects on the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Simulations indicate 2-4 degrees C warming and 50-80 % decrease in ice cover by 2100. Precipitation may increase similar to 30 % in the north, causing increased land runoff of allochthonous organic matter (AOM) and organic pollutants and decreased salinity. Coupled physical-biogeochemical models indicate that, in the south, bottom-water anoxia may spread, reducing cod recruitment and increasing sediment phosphorus release, thus promoting cyanobacterial blooms. In the north, heterotrophic bacteria will be favored by AOM, while phytoplankton production may be reduced. Extra trophic levels in the food web may increase energy losses and consequently reduce fish production. Future management of the Baltic Sea must consider the effects of climate change on the ecosystem dynamics and functions, as well as the effects of anthropogenic nutrient and pollutant load. Monitoring should have a holistic approach, encompassing both autotrophic (phytoplankton) and heterotrophic (e.g., bacterial) processes.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Anonym, .
(författare)
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Alger sprids med vinden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Barometern. ; :11 Juli, s. 12-
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 6. |
- Brutemark, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon isotope signature variability among cultured microalgae: Influence of species, nutrients and growth
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 372:1-2, s. 98-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we have investigated whether the carbon isotopic signature differs between different groups and species of marine phytoplankton depending on growth phase, nutrient conditions and salinity. The 15 investigated algal species, representing the Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae and Haptophyceae classes were grown in batch monocultures and analysed for delta C-13 in both exponential and stationary phase. For all the cultured species, delta C-13 signatures ranged from -23.5 parts per thousand (Imantonia sp.) to - 12.3 parts per thousand (Nodulania spumigena) in the exponential phase and from - 18.8 parts per thousand (Amphidinium carterae) to - 8.0 parts per thousand (Anabaena lemmermannii) in the stationary phase. Three species (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Rhodomonas sp.. Heterocapsa triquetra) were also grown under nutrient sufficient and nitrogen or phosphorus deficient conditions. Nitrogen limitation resulted in a more negative delta C-13 signature, whereas no effect could be observed during phosphorus limitation compared to nutrient sufficient conditions. Growth of Prymnesium parvum in two different salinities resulted in a more negative delta C-13 signature in the 26 parts per thousand-media compared to growth in 7 parts per thousand-media. Our results show that the carbon isotopic signature of phytoplankton may be affected by salinity, differ among different phytoplankton species, between exponential and stationary phase, as well as between nutrient treatments. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Bunse, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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High Frequency Multi-Year Variability in Baltic Sea Microbial Plankton Stocks and Activities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine bacterioplankton are essential in global nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover. Time-series analyses, often at monthly sampling frequencies, have established the paramount role of abiotic and biotic variables in structuring bacterioplankton communities and productivities. However, fine-scale seasonal microbial activities, and underlying biological principles, are not fully understood. We report results from four consecutive years of high-frequency time-series sampling in the Baltic Proper. Pronounced temporal dynamics in most investigated microbial variables were observed, including bacterial heterotrophic production, plankton biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, substrate uptake rate constants of glucose, pyruvate, acetate, amino acids, and leucine, as well as nutrient limitation bioassays. Spring blooms consisting of diatoms and dinoflagellates were followed by elevated bacterial heterotrophic production and abundances. During summer, bacterial productivity estimates increased even further, coinciding with an initial cyanobacterial bloom in early July. However, bacterial abundances only increased following a second cyanobacterial bloom, peaking in August. Uptake rate constants for the different measured carbon compounds varied seasonally and inter-annually and were highly correlated to bacterial productivity estimates, temperature, and cyanobacterial abundances. Further, we detected nutrient limitation in response to environmental conditions in a multitude of microbial variables, such as elevated productivities in nutrient bioassays, changes in enzymatic activities, or substrate preferences. Variations among biotic variables often occurred on time scales of days to a few weeks, yet often spanning several sampling occasions. Such dynamics might not have been captured by sampling at monthly intervals, as compared to more predictable transitions in abiotic variables such as temperature or nutrient concentrations. Our study indicates that high resolution analyses of microbial biomass and productivity parameters can help out in the development of biogeochemical and food web models disentangling the microbial black box.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial and phytoplankton nutrient limitation in tropical marine waters, and a coastal lake in Brazil
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 418, s. 37-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioassay experiments were performed two times (with 2 years in between) in order to investigate if nitrogen (N, ammonium), phosphorus (P, phosphate) and carbon (C, glucose) additions would stimulate the growth of bacteria and phytoplankton differently in three different tropical aquatic environments. The water and their indigenous microbial communities were taken from a freshwater coastal lake (Cabiunas), a coastal (Anjos), and an offshore marine station (Sonar) in the Atlantic outside Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Ammonium, phosphate and glucose were added alone or in combination to triplicate bottles. In the lake, P seemed to be the primary limiting factor during the first experiment, since both bacterial production and phytoplankton growth was stimulated by the P addition. Two years later, however, addition of P inhibited phytoplankton growth. During both years, C was closely co-limiting for bacteria since CP additions increased the response considerably. For both the coastal and offshore seawater stations, phytoplankton growth was clearly stimulated by N addition in both years and the bacteria responded either to the P, N or C additions (alone or in combination). To conclude, the results from these tropical aquatic systems show that it is possible that phytoplankton and bacteria may compete for a common resource (P) in lakes, but can be limited by different inorganic nutrients in marine waters as well as lakes, suggesting that phytoplankton and bacteria do not necessarily compete for the same growth limiting nutrient in these environments. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- dos Anjos, Talles Bruno Oliveira, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the effects of a mixture of hydrophobic contaminants on the algae Rhodomonas salina using the chemical activity concept
- 2023
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production and release of chemicals from human activities are on the rise. Understanding how the aquatic environment is affected by the presence of an unknown number of chemicals is lacking. We employed the chemical activity concept to assess the combined effects of hydrophobic organic contaminants on the phyto-plankton species Rodomonas salina. Chemical activity is additive, and refers to the relative saturation of a chemical in the studied matrix. The growth of R. salina was affected by chemical activity, following a chemical activity-response curve, resulting in an Ea50 value of 0.078, which falls within the baseline toxicity range observed in earlier studies. The chlorophyll a content exhibited both increases and decreases with rising chemical activity, with the increase possibly linked to an antioxidant mechanism. Yet, growth inhibition provided more sensitive and robust responses compared to photosynthesis-related endpoints; all measured endpoints correlated with increased chemical activity. Growth inhibition is an ecologically relevant endpoint and integrates ther-modynamic principles such as membrane disruption. Our study utilized passive dosing, enabling us to control exposure and determine activities in both the medium and the algae. The concept of chemical activity and our results can be extended to other neutral chemical groups as effects of chemical activity remain independent of the mixture composition.
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| 10. |
- Fridolfsson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Multiyear analysis uncovers coordinated seasonality in stocks and composition of the planktonic food web in the Baltic Sea proper
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - London : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The planktonic realm from bacteria to zooplankton provides the baseline for pelagic aquatic food webs. However, multiple trophic levels are seldomly included in time series studies, hampering a holistic understanding of the influence of seasonal dynamics and species interactions on food web structure and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we investigated plankton community composition, focusing on bacterio-, phyto- and large mesozooplankton, and how biotic and abiotic factors correlate at the Linnaeus Microbial Observatory (LMO) station in the Baltic Sea from 2011 to 2018. Plankton communities structures showed pronounced dynamic shifts with recurring patterns. Summarizing the parts of the planktonic microbial food web studied here to total carbon, a picture emerges with phytoplankton consistently contributing > 39% while bacterio- and large mesozooplankton contributed ~ 30% and ~ 7%, respectively, during summer. Cyanophyceae, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were important groups among the prokaryotes. Importantly, Dinophyceae, and not Bacillariophyceae, dominated the autotrophic spring bloom whereas Litostomatea (ciliates) and Appendicularia contributed significantly to the consumer entities together with the more traditionally observed mesozooplankton, Copepoda and Cladocera. Our findings of seasonality in both plankton composition and carbon stocks emphasize the importance of time series analyses of food web structure for characterizing the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and appropriately constraining ecosystem models.
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| 11. |
- Fridolfsson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal variation and species-specific concentrations of the essential vitamin B₁ (thiamin) in zooplankton and seston
- 2019
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Ingår i: Marine Biology. - New York, NY : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 166:6, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thiamin (vitamin B1) is mainly produced by bacteria and phytoplankton and then transferred to zooplankton and higher trophic levels but knowledge on the dynamics of these processes in aquatic ecosystems is lacking. Hence, the seasonal variation in thiamin content was assessed in field samples of copepods and in pico-, nano- and micro-plankton of two size classes (0.7–3 µm and > 3 µm) collected monthly in the Baltic Sea during 3 years and in the Skagerrak during 1 year. Copepods exhibited species-specific concentrations of thiamin and Acartia sp. had the highest carbon-specific thiamin content, at both locations. Even members of the same genus, but from different systems contained different levels of thiamin, with higher thiamin content per specimen in copepods from the Skagerrak compared to congeners from the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, our results show that the small plankton (0.7–3 µm) had a higher carbon-specific thiamin content compared to the large (> 3 µm). Additionally, there was a large seasonal variation and thiamin content was highly correlated comparing the two size fractions. Finally, there was an overall positive correlation between thiamin content in copepods and plankton. However, for periods of high thiamin content in the two size fractions, this correlation was negative. This suggests a decoupling between thiamin availability in pico-, nano- and micro-plankton and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea. Knowledge about concentrations of this essential micronutrient in the aquatic food web is limited and this study constitutes a foundation for further understanding the dynamics of thiamin in aquatic environments.
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| 12. |
- Fridolfsson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Species-specific content of thiamin (vitamin B1) in phytoplankton and the transfer to copepods
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Plankton Research. - : Oxford University Press. - 0142-7873 .- 1464-3774. ; 42:3, s. 274-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thiamin (vitamin B1) is primarily produced by bacteria and phytoplankton in aquatic food webs and transferred by ingestion to higher trophic levels. However, much remains unknown regarding production, content and transfer of this water-soluble, essential micronutrient. Hence, the thiamin content of six phytoplankton species from different taxa was investigated, along with the effect of thiamin amendment on thiamin content. Furthermore, thiamin transfer to copepods was estimated in feeding experiments. Prey type, not phytoplankton thiamin content per se, was the most important factor for the transfer of thiamin, as it was lowest from filamentous Cyanophyceae and highest from more easily ingested prey like Dunaliella tertiolecta and Rhodomonas salina. Cyanophyceae had the highest thiamin content of the investigated species, eightfold higher than the lowest. Phytoplankton varied in thiamin content related to the supply of thiamin, where thiamin addition enabled higher thiamin content in some species, while copepod thiamin content was less variable. In all, thiamin transfer is not only dependent on the prey thiamin content, but also the edibility and/or digestibility is of importance. Thiamin is essential for all organisms, and this study constitutes an important building block to understanding the dynamics and transfer of thiamin in the aquatic food web.
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| 13. |
- Fridolfsson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Thiamin (vitamin B1) content in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the presence of filamentous cyanobacteria
- 2018
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Ingår i: Limnology and Oceanography. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 63:6, s. 2423-2435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Top predators in several aquatic food webs regularly display elevated reproductive failure, caused by thiamin(vitamin B1)deficiency. The reasons for these low-thiamin levels are not understood and information about the transfer of thiamin from the producers (bacteria and phytoplankton) to higher trophic levels is limited. One main concern is whether cyanobacterial blooms could negatively affect thiamin transfer in aquatic systems. Laboratory experiments with Baltic Sea plankton communities and single phytoplankton species were used to study the effect of filamentous cyanobacteria on the transfer of thiamin from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Experiments showed that the thiamin content in copepods was reduced when exposed to elevated levels of cyanobacteria, although filamentous cyanobacteria had higher levels of thiamin than any other analyzed phytoplankton species. Filamentous cyanobacteria also had a negative effect on copepod egg production despite high concentrations of non-cyanobacterial food. Phytoplankton species composition affected overall thiamin concentration with relatively more thiamin available for transfer when the relative abundance of Dinophyceae was higher. Finally, phytoplankton thiamin levels were lower when copepods were abundant, indicating that grazers affect thiamin levels in phytoplankton community, likely by selective feeding. Overall, high levels of thiamin in phytoplankton communities are not reflected in the copepod community. We conclude that presence of filamentous cyanobacteria during summer potentially reduces the transfer of thiamin to higher trophic levels by negatively affecting phytoplankton and copepod thiamin content as well as copepod reproduction, thereby lowering the absolute capacity of the food web to transfer thiamin through copepods to higher trophic levels.
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| 14. |
- Granéli, Edna, et al.
(författare)
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Minimizing economical losses with the help of “real-time” algal surveillance
- 2012
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Ingår i: Eco-Tech 2012 Proceedings. ; , s. 550-555
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cyanobacterial blooms covering almost the entire Baltic Sea is a yearly feature during July-August. For the tourism industry at Öland island, SE Sweden, the economical losses during the summer 2005 amounted to 17-23 million euros. Remote sensing satellite images show that all the Öland beaches are covered with decomposing algae. In reality, these blooms rarely reach the western side of the island. To more accurately inform the public on the quality of the water for swimming, with the help of volunteers, a daily real-time surveillance of the algal densities on the beaches was performed. The volunteers (from 15 years old to pensioners) were trained at the Linnaeus University, from simple laboratory techniques, to more complicated ones such as identification and enumeration of the toxic cyanobacteria species. By latest 9.00 a.m., the public had access to information on the algal situation on 17 beaches. We could show that: 1) although remote sensing images showed Öland being surrounded by the blooms, our surveillance showed no algal accumulations on the beaches 2) that the real-time warning system boosted public confidence in the local water quality and during the first “Miss Algae”-summer 2006, the economical losses by the tourism industry turned in profits, the gain amounting to 17 million euros, 3) this kind of real-time surveillance is economical feasible due to low-costs involved, but also, the project has a great social value for the volunteers who mostly were pensioners. The volunteers who participated in “Miss Algae” had a good knowledge about the area they monitored (as their houses are located nearby) and could disseminate knowledge to the public in these areas. This kind of project also render a lot of interest regional, national and international, and can be used in advertising campaigns to increase tourism in the areas affected by algal blooms.
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| 15. |
- Heuschele, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Non-consumptive effects of predator presence on copepod reproduction : insights from a mesocosm experiment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:7, s. 1653-1666
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproduction in planktonic animals depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. One of them is predation pressure, which can have both direct consumptive effects on population density and sex ratio, and non-consumptive effects, for example on mating and migration behaviour. In copepods, predator vulnerability depends on their sex, motility pattern and mating behaviour. Therefore, copepods can be affected at multiple stages during the mating process. We investigated the reproductive dynamics of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis in the presence and absence of its predator the mysid Neomysis integer in a mesocosm experiment. We found that the proportion of ovigerous females decreased in the presence of predators. This shift was not caused by differential predation as the absolute number of females was unaffected by mysid presence. Presence of predators reduced the ratio of males to non-ovigerous females, but not by predation of males. Our combined results suggest that the shift from ovigerous to non-ovigerous females under the presence of predators was caused by either actively delayed egg production or by shedding of egg sacs. Nauplii production was initially suppressed in the predation treatment, but increased towards the end of the experiment. The proportion of fertilized females was similar in both treatments, but constantly fell behind model predictions using a random mating model. Our results highlight the importance of non-consumptive effects of predators on copepod reproduction and hence on population dynamics.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jerney, Jacqueline, et al.
(författare)
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Future temperature and salinity do not exert selection pressure on cyst germination of a toxic phytoplankton species
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7758. ; 9:8, s. 4443-4451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental conditions regulate the germination of phytoplankton resting stages. While some factors lead to synchronous germination, others stimulate germination of only a small fraction of the resting stages. This suggests that habitat filters may act on the germination level and thus affect selection of blooming strains. Benthic “seed banks” of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea are genetically and phenotypically diverse, indicating a high potential for adaptation by selection on standing genetic variation. Here, we experimentally tested the role of climate-related salinity and temperature as selection filters during germination and subsequent establishment of A. ostenfeldii strains. A representative resting cyst population was isolated from sediment samples, and germination and reciprocal transplantation experiments were carried out, including four treatments: Average present day germination conditions and three potential future conditions: high temperature, low salinity, and high temperature in combination with low salinity. We found that the final germination success of A. ostenfeldii resting cysts was unaffected by temperature and salinity in the range tested. A high germination success of more than 80% in all treatments indicates that strains are not selected by temperature and salinity during germination, but selection becomes more important shortly after germination, in the vegetative stage of the life cycle. Moreover, strains were not adapted to germination conditions. Instead, highly plastic responses occurred after transplantation and significantly higher growth rates were observed at higher temperature. High variability of strain-specific responses has probably masked the overall effect of the treatments, highlighting the importance of testing the effect of environmental factors on many strains. It is likely that A. ostenfeldii populations can persist in the future, because suitable strains, which are able to germinate and grow well at potential future climate conditions, are part of the highly diverse cyst population. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c8c83nr. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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| 18. |
- Legrand, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Interannual variability of phyto-bacterioplankton biomass and production in coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic Sea
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 44:supplement 3, s. S427-S438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microbial part of the pelagic food web is seldom characterized in models despite its major contribution to biogeochemical cycles. In the Baltic Sea, spatial and temporal high frequency sampling over three years revealed changes in heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton coupling (biomass and production) related to hydrographic properties of the ecosystem. Phyto- and bacterioplankton were bottom-up driven in both coastal and offshore areas. Cold winter temperature was essential for phytoplankton to conform to the successional sequence in temperate waters. In terms of annual carbon production, the loss of the spring bloom (diatoms and dinoflagellates) after mild winters tended not to be compensated for by other taxa, not even summer cyanobacteria. These results improve our ability to project Baltic Sea ecosystem response to short- and long-term environmental changes.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lindehoff, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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ALGOLAND : Industry and Ecology Together
- 2018
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Ingår i: Presented at the 1st Nordic Algae Symposium 2018 (NAS18), Helsinki, Finland, January 31, 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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