| 1. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Approach, avoidance, and the perception of credibility
- 2020
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Ingår i: Open Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2543-8883. ; 2:1, s. 3-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Gärningsmannaprofilering
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i rättspsykologi (andra upplagan). - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064 ; , s. 304-325
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gärningsmannaprofilering, GMP, syftar till att härleda en gärningspersons egenskaper eller hemvist utifrån vad som är känt om bland annat brottet och brottsoffret. När detta arbete skildras i tv-serier och långfilmer framställs det ofta som snabbt, glamoröst och nästintill ofelbart. Verkligheten är dock en helt annan. GMP är inte någon mirakelmetod och arbetet är oftast mycket tidskrävande och tålamodsprövande. Den potentiella nyttan av en metod som kan hjälpa brottsutredare att snäva in spanings- och utredningsarbetet är dock stor, och därför har poliser världen över länge visat intresse för GMP. Detta kapitel ger en kort historik över områdets utveckling och beskriver olika varianter av GMP. Dessutom beskrivs hur modern forskning kring GMP bedrivs, vad forskningen visar om metodernas effektivitet samt hur GMP används i praktiken, utifrån både ett internationellt och ett svenskt perspektiv.
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| 3. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Human Lie-Detection Performance: Does Random Assignment versus Self-Selection of Liars and Truth-Tellers Matter?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 9:1, s. 128-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception research has been criticized for its common practice of randomly allocating senders to truth-telling and lying conditions. In this study, we directly compared receivers’ lie-detection accuracy when judging randomly assigned versus self-selected truth-tellers and liars. In a trust-game setting, senders were instructed to lie or tell the truth (random assignment; n = 16) or were allowed to choose to lie or tell the truth of their own accord (self-selection; n = 16). In a sample of receivers (N = 200), we tested two alternative hypotheses, predicting opposite effects of random assignment (vs. self-selection) on receivers’ lie-detection accuracy. Accuracy rates did not differ significantly as a function of veracity assignment, failing to support the claim that random assignment of liars and truth-tellers alters the detectability of deception. Equivalence tests indicated that, while a small effect of random assignment cannot be ruled out, moderate (or larger) effect sizes are unlikely.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Do True and False Intentions Differ in Level of Abstraction? A Test of Construal Level Theory in Deception Contexts
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to examine how people mentally represent alleged future actions—their true and false intentions. In two experiments, participants were asked to either tell the truth (i.e., express true intentions) or lie (i.e., express false intentions) about performing future tasks. Drawing on Construal Level Theory, which proposes that psychologically distant events are more abstractly construed than proximal ones, it was predicted that liars would have more abstract mental representations of the future tasks than truth tellers, due to differences in hypotheticality (i.e., the likelihood of the future tasks occurring). Construal level was measured by a video segmentation task (Experiment 1, N = 125) and preference for abstract or concrete descriptions of tasks (Experiment 2, N = 59). Veracity had no effect on construal level. Speaking against our initial predictions, the data indicate that true and false intentions are construed at similar levels of abstraction. The results are discussed in the light of Construal Level Theory and the emerging psycho-legal research on true and false intentions.
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| 6. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080. ; 32:4, s. 518-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine how people mentally represent and depict true and false statements about claimed future actionsso-called true and false intentions. On the basis of construal level theory, which proposes that subjectively unlikely events are more abstractly represented than likely ones, we hypothesized that false intentions should be represented at a more abstract level than true intentions. Fifty-six hand drawings, produced by participants to describe mental images accompanying either true or false intentions, were rated on level of abstractness by a second set of participants (N=117) blind to the veracity of the intentions. As predicted, drawings of false intentions were rated as more abstract than drawings of true intentions. This result advances the use of drawing-based deception detection techniques to the field of true and false intentions and highlights the potential for abstractness as a novel cue to deceit.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic concreteness of statements of true and false intentions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 12:4, s. 531-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to examine how people communicate their true and false intentions. Based on construal-level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), we predicted that statements of true intentions would be more concretely phrased than statements of false intentions. True intentions refer to more likely future events than false intentions, and they should therefore be mentally represented at a lower level of mental construal. This should be mirrored in more concrete language use. Transcripts of truthful and deceptive statements about intentions from six previous experimental studies (total N = 528) were analyzed using two automated verbal content analysis approaches: a folk-conceptual measure of concreteness (Brysbaert et al., 2014) and linguistic category model scoring (Seih et al., 2017). Contrary to our hypotheses, veracity did not predict statements’ concreteness scores, suggesting that automated verbal analysis of linguistic concreteness is not a viable deception detection technique for intentions.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective likelihood and the construal level of future events: A replication study of Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, and Alony (2006)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 119:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006) examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over 7 experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the construal level theory (CLT) literature: Likelihood is considered to be 1 of 4 psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope & Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present 2 close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) that failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for CLT and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 11. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The mental representation of true and false intentions: a comparison of schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent tasks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2365-7464. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- True and false intentions (i.e., lies and truths about one’s future actions) is a relatively new research topic, despite the high societal value of being able to predict future criminal behavior (e.g., in the case of an alleged terrorist attack). The current study examined how true and false intentions are mentally represented - the knowledge of which can aid the development of new deception detection methods. Participants (N = 151) were asked either to form a true intention about a future task (i.e., retrieve objects from an office) or to form a false intention about the same task (i.e., prepare a cover story about retrieving objects from an office) to conceal their actual intention (i.e., leave a secret note in the office). The schema consistency of the task was manipulated by presenting participants with a list of office supplies (schemaconsistent) or random objects (schema-inconsistent) to be retrieved from the office. The abstractness of mental construal was operationalized as the number of categories used by participants to organize the task-relevant objects into thematic groups. We predicted, based on construal level theory (CLT) and action identification theory, that participants would mentally represent true intentions more concretely (i.e., use a larger number of categories) than false intentions, particularly for schema-inconsistent (versus schema-consistent) future tasks. The results of the study lend no support for these predictions. Instead, a Bayesian analysis revealed strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. The findings indicate that predictions from CLT do not readily translate into deception contexts. The results are discussed in light of recent failed attempts to apply CLT to research on true and false intentions, and highlight the need for alternative approaches to the topic.
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| 12. |
- Ekelund, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Does Expertise Reduce Rates of Inattentional Blindness? A Meta-Analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 0301-0066 .- 1468-4233. ; 51:2, s. 131-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inattentional blindness occurs when one fails to notice a fully visible stimulus because one's attention is on another task. Researchers have suggested that expertise at this other task should reduce rates of inattentional blindness. However, research on the topic has produced mixed findings. To gain clarity on the issue, we meta-analyzed the extant studies (K = 14; N = 1153). On average, experts showed only a slight reduction in rates of inattentional blindness: 62% of novices experienced inattentional blindness compared to 56% of experts, weighted odds ratio = 1.33, 95% CI [0.78, 2.28]. The relevance of the stimuli to the experts’ domain of expertise showed no notable moderating effects. The low number of the included studies, and the small sample sizes of the original studies, weaken our conclusions. Nonetheless, when taken together, the available evidence provides little support for any reliable influence of expertise on rates of inattentional blindness. © The Author(s) 2022.
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| 13. |
- Ernberg, Emelie, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing witnesses in a second language: A comparison of interpreter-assisted, unaided, and self-administered interviews
- 2023
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 28:1, s. 60-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose With increasing rates of migration worldwide, police are more likely than ever to interview witnesses who do not have the same first language as they do. We examined how to best approach this situation by comparing three different ways of conducting such interviews. Methods Native Arabic speakers (N = 128) living in Sweden witnessed a video of a mock crime and were allocated to one of three interview conditions: a face-to-face interview in Swedish (i.e. their second language), a face-to-face interview with an interpreter translating from Swedish to Arabic or an Arabic language Self-Administered Interview (c) (SAI). Results For total number of details reported, the no interpreter condition resulted in moderately fewer details being reported than the interpreter and SAI conditions. A similar trend was seen for correct details; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Participants in the SAI condition were somewhat less accurate in their reports compared with both the interpreter and no interpreter conditions. Conclusions If interviewing without an interpreter, there is minimal loss of reported detail when the witness speaks the interviewer's language at an intermediate level and the questions posed are few and simple. Moreover, provided that the witness has a sufficient level of literacy, administrating the SAI in the witness's native language can be an alternative for witnesses with no or limited verbal ability in the interviewer's language.
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| 14. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Att förhindra framtida brott
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i Rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Att förhindra framtida brott är ett komplext arbetet som kräver kunskap och insatser från många olika områden; rättspsykologi kan ge vissa bidrag. I detta kapitel uppmärksammar vi hur man (a) kan hålla effektiva förhör i underrättelsesammanhang (t ex med hjälp av Scharff tekniken) och (b) hur man kan skilja äkta intentioner från falska. Både dessa spår är nya inom den rättspsykologiska forskningen.
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| 15. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Counter-Interrogation Strategies among Small Cells of Suspects
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Psychology and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1321-8719 .- 1934-1687. ; 20:5, s. 705-712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study examined the subjective interview strategies of groups of truth-tellers and liars, and compared these strategies with suspects' actual interview performance. Participants (N=126) were evenly divided as truth-tellers or liars, and were further divided into 21 groups of three individuals. Truth-tellers performed a neutral task, while liars performed a mock crime. Participants were then interviewed individually with the goal of convincing the interviewer of their innocence. Three different interview methods were used, spread evenly across veracity condition. Participants disclosed their main subjective strategy in post-interview questionnaires. The most common strategy was be honest for truth-tellers, and be restrictive and be consistent for liars. Truth-tellers' subjective strategies and actual interview performance were rated as more forthcoming than those of liars. Actual interview performance was qualified by interview type. Results are discussed in relation to research on suspect strategies and interview techniques.
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| 16. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Crime on the border: Use of evidence in customs interviews
- 2014
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Ingår i: Archives of Forensic Psychology. - 2334-2749. ; 1:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study is the first to examine customs officers’ interview strategies. Specifically, we examined whether or not customs officers’ (N = 80) planned to use evidence in a strategic manner during an investigative interview. Half the customs officers were members of an investigative unit (more experienced interviewers), half were members of a crime fighting unit (less experienced interviewers). Participants were randomly allocated to two evidence conditions: strong and weak. It was found that out of the self-extracted pieces of evidence only 15% were coded as used in a strategic manner. Officers in the strong and weak evidence conditions did not differ with regards to how much evidence was or was not used in a strategic manner. However, the results show that members of the investigative unit used more of the extracted pieces of evidence in a strategic manner than the members of the crime-fighting unit. There was no correlation between years of experience and the strategic use of evidence. Taken together, these results imply that if customs officers are to improve with regards to their use of evidence in suspect interviews, explicit and systematic training may be more effective than experience.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between statements of true and false intent: The impact of repeated interviews and strategic questioning
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Security Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1936-1610 .- 1936-1629. ; 11:1, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between-statement consistency is regarded as an important cue to deceit. However, research indicates that liars can be as consistent as truth tellers. The consistency of statements of intent in two mock security settings was examined. Truth tellers spoke honestly of their intentions. Liars provided a cover story tomask their criminal intentions. Participants (N=60)were interviewed three times, and their statements were coded for repetitions, omissions, and commissions. The similarities between truth tellers and liars on all threemeasures of consistency were striking. These findings highlight consistency as a pernicious cue to deceit.
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| 19. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between true and false intentions with an evaluative priming task
- 2011
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Ingår i: NNPL in Oslo, Norway September 16-17 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current study attempts to provide a novel approach to distinguish between true and false intentions by means of an evaluative priming task. The study is based on two assumptions. Firstly, the motivational properties of true and false intentions differ; specifically that true, but not false, intentions are goal directed. Secondly, goal directed behavior results in the automatic (implicit) evaluation of goal related stimuli; where goal facilitative stimuli are more positively evaluated than goal inhibiting stimuli. In addition, evaluative priming tasks are thought to assess automatic evaluations. Therefore, by using an evaluative priming task related to the stated intention, it should be possible to distinguish between true and false intentions. The study will consist of a true and a false intention group. The true intention group will be given a neutral task to plan and perform. The false intention group will be given a mock crime to plan and perform, and will also be told to prepare a cover story similar to the neutral task. The cover story is the false intention. Participants will be asked to perform the evaluative priming task before they implement their plans. The critical primes in this task will be positively related to the neutral task or negatively related to criminal behavior in general. It is hypothesized that there will be differing priming effects between the true and false intention groups.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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'I saw the man who killed Anna Lindh!': A case study of witnesses' offender descriptions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 19:10, s. 921-931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An archival study was conducted using offender descriptions reported to the police by witnesses (N=29) of the murder of Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh in 2003. All descriptions had been collected within a month after the attack, and each witness had been interviewed between one and five times. Description accuracy was established using photographs of the perpetrator, captured by CCTV cameras minutes before the attack. Contrasting previous archival studies, offender descriptions were quite unreliable (42% of reported attributes were incorrect), and this pattern held for both basic features (e.g., height, age) and more detailed attributes (e.g., clothes). The completeness and accuracy of descriptions increased after (vs. before) images of the perpetrator had been published in the media, but only with regard to the perpetrators’ clothes. We acknowledge the potential effects of co-witness influence and post-event information.
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| 22. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing future crimes: Identifying markers of true and false intent
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 19:3, s. 195-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review paper examines the growing body of research on the psycho-legal study of true and false intentions—a typically neglected area within the field of deception detection. The extant studies are thematically grouped into four main topics: (i) physiological measures; (ii) implicit measures; (iii) strategic interviewing; and (iv) studies examining episodic future thought (EFT) and mental images. The benefits and limitations, and underlying theory of the respective approaches are discussed. The paper also provides a note on relevant theory, specific for intention research, and recommendations for future research directions. Findings from experimental research are related to the applied context.
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| 23. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Suspects’ verbal counter-interrogation strategies: Towards an integrative model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Detecting deception. - Chichester : Wiley Blackwell. - 9781118509753 ; , s. 293-310
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter is structured as follows: First we introduce the concept of self-regulatory strategies and the psychology of guilt and innocence as a theoretical backdrop. Second, we review empirical research on guilty and innocent suspects' counter-interrogation strategies.
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| 24. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Vittneskonfrontationer
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i Rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Området 'vittneskonfrontationer' har tilldragit sig stort intresse inom den rättspsykologiska forskningen. I detta kapitel fokuserar vi på faktorer som kan förklara varför det lätt går snett i samband med vittneskonfrontationer och vad man kan göra för att konfrontationsförhör skall bli så objektiva och rättvisa som möjligt. I kapitlet redogör vi för grundläggande begrepp, för olika påverkansfaktorer, samt olika typer av konfrontationsförhör.
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| 25. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Vittnespsykologi
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i rättspsykologi. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vittnespsykologi är ett av rättspsykologin största och viktigaste områden. I kapitlet redogörs för olika faktorer som kan påverka hur vittnen beskriver händelseförlopp, objekt och personer. I kapitlets första del uppmärksammas faktorer som är aktuella i samband med den så kallade inkodningsfasen och därpå redogörs för de faktorer som är aktuella mellan inkodning och framplockning ( t ex förhör). Kapitlet innehåller också redogörelser för hur vårt minne fungerar och vilka betydelser detta har för vittnens möjligheter att minnas och berätta om vad de varit med om.
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