| 1. |
- Victor, Trent, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Study Data: Safer Glances, Driver Inattention, and Crash Risk
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work was sponsored by the secondStrategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which isadministered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. This project wasmanaged by Ken Campbell, Chief Program Officer for SHRP 2 Safety, and Jim Hedlund,SHRP 2SafetyCoordinator.The research reported on herein was performed by the main contractor SAFER Vehicle and TrafficSafety Centre at Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden. SAFER is a joint research unit where 25 partnersfrom the Swedish automotive industry, academia and authoritiescooperate to make a center ofexcellence within the field of vehicle and traffic safety (seewww.chalmers.se/safer). The host andlegal entity SAFER is Chalmers University of Technology. Principle Investigator Trent Victor is AdjunctProfessor at Chalmers and worked on the project as borrowed personnel to Chalmers but his mainemployer is Volvo Cars. The other authors of this report are Co-PI Marco Dozza, Jonas Bärgman, andChristian-Nils Boda of Chalmers University of Technology(as a SAFER partner); Johan EngströmandGustav Markkulaof Volvo Group Trucks Technology(as a SAFER partner); John D. Lee of Universityof Wisconsin-Madison (as a consultant to SAFER); and Carol Flannagan of University of MichiganTransportation Research Institute (UMTRI) (as a consultant to SAFER). The authors acknowledge thecontributions to this research from Ines Heinig, Vera Lisovskaja, Olle Nerman, Holger Rootzén,Dmitrii Zholud, Helena Gellerman, Leyla Vujić, Martin Rensfeldt,Stefan Venbrant, Akhil Krishnan,Bharat Mohan Redrouthu, Daniel Nilssonof Chalmers; Mikael Ljung-Aust of Volvo Cars; Erwin Boer;Christer Ahlström and Omar Bagdadi of VTI.
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| 2. |
- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A simulation environment for analysis and optimization of driver models
- 2011
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642217982 ; 6777, s. 453-462
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation environment for evaluation and optimization of driver models is introduced and described. The simulation environment features models of vehicles and drivers, as well as a representation of the traffic environment (roads, buildings etc.). In addition, an optimization framework based on stochastic optimization algorithms has been implemented as an integral part of the simulation environment. Given observed (time series) data of driver behavior and, possibly, vehicle dynamics, the optimization framework can be used for inferring driver model parameters. The simulation environment has been evaluated in two scenarios, one involving emergency braking and one involving a double lane change.
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| 3. |
- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Driver behaviour in unexpected critical events and in repeated exposures – a comparison
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 6:1, s. 51-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThis paper aims to determine how truck driver steering behaviour seen in repeated exposures to acritical event correlates to the behaviour resulting from an unexpected exposure to the same event.MethodsTest subjects were exposed to an unexpected critical event in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Next, a slightly modified version of the scenario was repeated several times for each subject. The driver behaviour was then analysed using standard statistical tests.ResultsIt was found that, in general, drivers keep most of their steering behaviour characteristics between test settings (unexpected and repeated). This is particularly interesting sincea similar kind of behaviour preservation is generally not found in the case of braking behaviour. In fact, onlyone significant difference was found between the two test settings, namely regarding time-to-collision at steering initiation.ConclusionsIn experiments involving both an unexpected event and several repeated events one can,at least in some cases, design the repeated event such that behavioural data collected from that setting can beused along with data from the unexpected setting. Using this procedure, one can significantly increase the amount of collected data, something that can strongly benefit, for example, driver modelling.
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| 4. |
- Benderius, Ola, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for a fundamental property of steering
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. - 9780945289456 ; 58:1, s. 884-888
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a general and fundamental property of steering is demonstrated: It is shown that steering corrections generally follow bell-shaped profiles of steering rate. The finding is strongly related to what is already known about reaching movements. Also, a strong linear relationship was found between the maximum steering wheel rate and the steering wheel deflection, something that indicates a constant movement time for the correction. Furthermore, by closer examination of those corrections that cannot be described by a single bell-shaped rate profile, it was found that they typically can be described using two or, in some cases three or four, overlapping profiles, something which relates to superposition of motor primitives.
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| 5. |
- Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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How Do Drivers Respond to Silent Automation Failures? Driving Simulator Study and Comparison of Computational Driver Braking Models
- 2020
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, USA.; University of Leeds, UK.; VTI, Gothenburg, Sweden. : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 62:7, s. 1212-1229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This paper aims to describe and test novel computational driver models, predicting drivers’ brake reaction times (BRTs) to different levels of lead vehicle braking, during driving with cruise control (CC) and during silent failures of adaptive cruise control (ACC). Background: Validated computational models predicting BRTs to silent failures of automation are lacking but are important for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving. Method: Two alternative models of driver response to silent ACC failures are proposed: a looming prediction model, assuming that drivers embody a generative model of ACC, and a lower gain model, assuming that drivers’ arousal decreases due to monitoring of the automated system. Predictions of BRTs issued by the models were tested using a driving simulator study. Results: The driving simulator study confirmed the predictions of the models: (a) BRTs were significantly shorter with an increase in kinematic criticality, both during driving with CC and during driving with ACC; (b) BRTs were significantly delayed when driving with ACC compared with driving with CC. However, the predicted BRTs were longer than the ones observed, entailing a fitting of the models to the data from the study. Conclusion: Both the looming prediction model and the lower gain model predict well the BRTs for the ACC driving condition. However, the looming prediction model has the advantage of being able to predict average BRTs using the exact same parameters as the model fitted to the CC driving data. Application: Knowledge resulting from this research can be helpful for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.
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| 6. |
- Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Attention selection and multitasking in everyday driving: A conceptual model
- 2013
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Ingår i: Driver Distraction and Inattention: Advances in Research and Countermeasures. - 9781409425854 ; 1, s. 27-54
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter outlines a conceptual model of attention selection and multitasking in everyday driving. While existing theoretical and empirical work on attention in driving has mainly focused on dual-task interference in experimental settings, the present model aims to account for attention selection in natural driving situations. The model starts from the view of attention as a form of adaptive behaviour and emphasises the key role of expectancy, the dynamic interplay between top-down and bottom-up selection, the often habitual nature of attention selection in real driving and how attention selection is driven by perceived and expected value. However, the model also offers a novel characterisation of dual-task interference mechanisms and more precise definitions of key concepts such as driver inattention and driver distraction. Based on the model, a general conceptualisation of the relation between attention selection and crash causation is proposed and implications for the design of driver support systems and automotive human-machine interfaces are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Great expectations: A predictive processing account of automobile driving
- 2018
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - 1464-536X .- 1463-922X. ; 19:2, s. 156-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictive processing has been proposed as a unifying framework for understanding brain function, suggesting that cognition and behaviour can be fundamentally understood based on the single principle of prediction error minimisation. According to predictive processing, the brain is a statistical organ that continuously attempts get a grip on states in the world by predicting how these states cause sensory input and minimising the deviations between the predicted and actual input. While these ideas have had a strong influence in neuroscience and cognitive science, they have so far not been adopted in applied human factors research. The present paper represents a first attempt to do so, exploring how predictive processing concepts can be used to understand automobile driving. It is shown how a framework based on predictive processing may provide a novel perspective on a range of driving phenomena and offer a unifying framework for traditionally disparate human factors models.
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| 8. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 95, s. 209-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver braking behavior was analyzed using time-series recordings from naturalistic rear-end conflicts (116 crashes and 241 near-crashes), including events with and without visual distraction among drivers of cars, heavy trucks, and buses. A simple piecewise linear model could be successfully fitted, per event, to the observed driver decelerations, allowing a detailed elucidation of when drivers initiated braking and how they controlled it. Most notably, it was found that, across vehicle types, driver braking behavior was strongly dependent on the urgency of the given rear-end scenario's kinematics, quantified in terms of visual looming of the lead vehicle on the driver's retina. In contrast with previous suggestions of brake reaction times (BRTs) of 1.5 s or more after onset of an unexpected hazard (e.g., brake light onset), it was found here that braking could be described as typically starting less than a second after the kinematic urgency reached certain threshold levels, with even faster reactions at higher urgencies. The rate at which drivers then increased their deceleration (towards a maximum) was also highly dependent on urgency. Probability distributions are provided that quantitatively capture these various patterns of kinematics-dependent behavioral response. Possible underlying mechanisms are suggested, including looming response thresholds and neural evidence accumulation. These accounts argue that a naturalistic braking response should not be thought of as a slow reaction to some single, researcher-defined "hazard onset", but instead as a relatively fast response to the visual looming cues that build up later on in the evolving traffic scenario.
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| 9. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Near-Collision Driver Behavior Models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 54:6, s. 1117-1143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This article provides a review of recent models of driver behavior in on-road collision situations.Background: In efforts to improve traffic safety, computer simulation of accident situations holds promise as a valuable tool, for both academia and industry. However, to ensure the validity of simulations, models are needed that accurately capture near-crash driver behavior, as observed in real traffic or driving experiments.Method: Scientific articles were identified by a systematic approach, including extensive database searches. Criteria for inclusion were defined and applied, including the requirement that models should have been previously applied to simulate on-road collision avoidance behavior. Several selected models were implemented and tested in selected scenarios.Results: The reviewed articles were grouped according to a rough taxonomy based on main emphasis, namely avoidance by braking, avoidance by steering, avoidance by a combination of braking and steering, effects of driver states and characteristics on avoidance, and simulation platforms.Conclusion: A large number of near-collision driver behavior models have been proposed. Validation using human driving data has often been limited, but exceptions exist. The research field appears fragmented, but simulation-based comparison indicates that there may be more similarity between models than what is apparent from the model equations. Further comparison of models is recommended.Application: This review provides traffic safety researchers with an overview of the field of driver models for collision situations. Specifically, researchers aiming to develop simulations of on-road collision accident situations can use this review to find suitable starting points for their work.
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| 10. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978
(författare)
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Answering questions about consciousness by modeling perception as covert behavior
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6:803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two main open questions in current consciousness research concern (i) the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) and (ii) the relationship between neural activity and first-person, subjective experience. Here, possible answers are sketched for both of these, by means of a model-based analysis of what is required for one to admit having a conscious experience. To this end, a model is proposed that allows reasoning, albeit necessarily in a simplistic manner, about all of the so called "easy problems" of consciousness, from discrimination of stimuli to control of behavior and language. First, it is argued that current neuroscientific knowledge supports the view of perception and action selection as two examples of the same basic phenomenon, such that one can meaningfully refer to neuronal activations involved in perception as covert behavior. Building on existing neuroscientific and psychological models, a narrative behavior model is proposed, outlining how the brain selects covert (and sometimes overt) behaviors to construct a complex, multi-level narrative about what it is like to be the individual in question. It is hypothesized that we tend to admit a conscious experience of X if, at the time of judging consciousness, we find ourselves acceptably capable of performing narrative behavior describing X. It is argued that the proposed account reconciles seemingly conflicting empirical results, previously presented as evidence for competing theories of consciousness, and suggests that well-defined, experiment-independent NCCs are unlikely to exist. Finally, an analysis is made of what the modeled narrative behavior machinery is and is not capable of. It is discussed how an organism endowed with such a machinery could, from its first-person perspective, come to adopt notions such as "subjective experience", and of there being "hard problems" and "explanatory gaps" to be addressed in order to understand consciousness.
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| 11. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing and validating models of driver steering behaviour in collision avoidance and vehicle stabilisation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; 52:12, s. 1658-1680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of driver models were fitted to a large data set of human truck driving, from a simulated near-crash, low-friction scenario, yielding two main insights: steering to avoid a collision was best described as an open-loop manoeuvre of predetermined duration, but with situation-adapted amplitude, and subsequent vehicle stabilisation could to a large extent be accounted for by a simple yaw rate nulling control law. These two phenomena, which could be hypothesised to generalise to passenger car driving, were found to determine the ability of four driver models adopted from the literature to fit the human data. Based on the obtained results, it is argued that the concept of internal vehicle models may be less valuable when modelling driver behaviour in non-routine situations such as near-crashes, where behaviour may be better described as direct responses to salient perceptual cues. Some methodological issues in comparing and validating driver models are also discussed.
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| 12. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978
(författare)
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Driver behavior models for evaluating automotive active safety: From neural dynamics to vehicle dynamics
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main topic of this thesis is how to realistically model driver behavior in computer simulations of safety critical traffic events, an increasingly important tool for evaluating automotive active safety systems. By means of a comprehensive literature review, it was found that current driver models are generally poorly validated on relevant near-crash behavior data. Furthermore, competing models have often not been compared to one another in actual simulation.An applied example, concerning heavy truck electronic stability control (ESC) on low-friction road surfaces (anti-skidding support), is used to illustrate the benefits of simulation-based system evaluation with a driver model, verified to reproduce human behavior. First, a data collection experiment was carried out in a moving-base driving simulator. Then, as a complement to conventional statistical analysis, a number of driver models were fitted to the observed steering behavior, and compared to one another. The best-fitting model was implemented in closed-loop simulation. This approach permitted the conclusion that heavy truck ESC provides a safety benefit in unexpected critical maneuvering, something which has not been previously demonstrated. Furthermore, ESC impact could be analyzed at the level of individual steering behaviors and scenarios, and this impact was found to range from negligible, when the simulated drivers managed well without the system, to large, when they did not. In severe skidding, ESC reduced maximum body slip in the simulations by 73 %, on average. Some specific ideas for improvements to the ESC system were identified as well. As a secondary applied example, an advanced emergency brake system (AEBS) is considered, and a partially novel approach is sketched for its evaluation in what-if resimulation of actual recorded crashes. A number of new insights and hypotheses regarding driver behavior in near-crash situations are presented: When stabilizing a skidding vehicle, drivers were found to employ a rather simple and seemingly suboptimal yaw rate nulling strategy. Collision avoidance steering was found to be best described as an open-loop steering pulse of constant duration, regardless of amplitude. Furthermore, by analysis of data from test tracks as well as real-life crashes and near-crashes, it was found that detection of a collision threat, and also the timing of driver braking or steering in response to it, may be affected by a combination of situation kinematics and processes of neural evidence accumulation.These ideas have been tied together into a modeling framework, describing driving control in general as constructed from intermittent, ballistic control adjustments. These, in turn, are based on overlearned sensorimotor heuristics, which allow near-optimal, vehicle-adapted performance in routine driving, but which may deteriorate into suboptimality in rarely experienced situations such as near-crashes.
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| 13. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of experience and electronic stability control on low friction collision avoidance in a truck driving simulator
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 50, s. 1266-1277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments were carried out in a moving-base simulator, in which truck drivers of varying experience levels encountered a rear-end collision scenario on a low-friction road surface, with and without an electronic stability control (ESC) system. In the first experiment, the drivers experienced one instance of the rear-end scenario unexpectedly, and then several instances of a version of the scenario adapted for repeated collision avoidance. In the second experiment, the unexpected rear-end scenario concluded a stretch of driving otherwise unrelated to the study presented here. Across both experiments, novice drivers were found to collide more often than experienced drivers in the unexpected scenario. This result was found to be attributable mainly to longer steering reaction times of the novice drivers, possibly caused by lower expectancy for steering avoidance. The paradigm for repeated collision avoidance was able to reproduce the type of steering avoidance situation for which critical losses of control were observed in the unexpected scenario and, here, ESC was found to reliably reduce skidding and control loss. However, it remains unclear to what extent the results regarding ESC benefits in repeated avoidance are generalisable to unexpected situations. The approach of collecting data by appending one unexpected scenario to the end of an otherwise unrelated experiment was found useful, albeit with some caveats.
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| 14. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978
(författare)
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Evaluating vehicle stability support systems by measuring, analyzing, and modeling driver behavior
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents an investigation of near-accident behavior of truck drivers, with and without support from an electronic stability control (ESC) system. A critical scenario, involving both collision avoidance and vehicle stabilization on a low-friction surface, was studied in a driving simulator. The simulator experiment included a novel experimental paradigm, in which several measurements of critical maneuvering were generated per test subject. In this paradigm, ESC was found to provide statistically significant reductions of skidding and control loss, and the drivers were found to employ similar strategies for steering control as when they experienced the same scenario unexpectedly. These findings imply that the system should provide stability improvements also in unexpected maneuvering, something that has not been previously demonstrated for heavy truck ESC.A review of existing driver behavior models that can be used in simulation-based testing of active safety systems (such as, for example, ESC) is also presented. The review showed that, while a wide range of models has been proposed, the generated behavior can sometimes be more similar between models than what the model equations may suggest. Validation of models on actual near-accident behavior of real drivers has so far been very limited.Here, it is shown that an existing model of steering can reproduce the stabilization steering behavior observed in the simulator study. It is also demonstrated how this model can be mathematically linked to vehicle dynamics concepts, increasing its usefulness in applied contexts.
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| 15. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Improving yaw stability control in severe instabilities by means of a validated model of driver steering
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV2015).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment was carried out on a low frictiontest track, where seven truck drivers repeatedly performedcollision avoidance and stabilization with a 4x2 tractor. Aprevious finding from a simulator study was confirmed: Insevere yaw instability, drivers engaged in a yaw rate nullingtype of steering behavior, in conflict with the assumptionsof conventional electronic stability control (ESC), and theexperiment provided indications of conventional ESC behaving suboptimally in these situations. Promising results wereobtained for modified versions of the ESC, based on the yawrate nulling model of steering, but further development workis needed.
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| 16. |
- Markkula, Gustav M, 1978
(författare)
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Modeling driver control behavior in both routine and near-accident driving
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. - 9780945289456 ; 58, s. 879-883
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building on ideas from contemporary neuroscience, a framework is proposed in which drivers’ steering and pedal behavior is modeled as a series of individual control adjustments, triggered after accumulation of sensory evidence for the need of an adjustment, or evidence that a previous or ongoing adjustment is not achieving the intended results. Example simulations are provided. Specifically, it is shown that evidence accumulation can account for previously unexplained variance in looming detection thresholds and brake onset timing. It is argued that the proposed framework resolves a discrepancy in the current driver modeling literature, by explaining not only the short-latency, well-tuned, closed-loop type of control of routine driving, but also the degradation into long-latency, ill-tuned open-loop control in more rare, unexpected, and urgent situations such as near-accidents.
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| 17. |
- Svärd, Malin, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A quantitative driver model of pre-crash brake onset and control
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1071-1813 .- 2169-5067. ; 61:1, s. 339 - 343
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An existing modelling framework is leveraged to create a driver braking model for use in simulations of critical longitudinal scenarios with a slower or braking lead vehicle. The model applies intermittent brake adjustments to minimize accumulated looming prediction error. It is here applied to the simulation of a set of lead vehicle scenarios. The simulation results in terms of brake initiation timing and brake jerk are demonstrated to capture well the specific types of kinematics-dependencies that have been recently reported from naturalistic near-crashes and crashes.
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| 18. |
- Svärd, Malin, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Computational modeling of driver pre-crash brake response, with and without off-road glances: Parameterization using real-world crashes and near-crashes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When faced with an imminent collision threat, human vehicle drivers respond with braking in a manner which is stereotypical, yet modulated in complex ways by many factors, including the specific traffic situation and past driver eye movements. A computational model capturing these phenomena would have high applied value, for example in virtual vehicle safety testing methods, but existing models are either simplistic or not sufficiently validated. This paper extends an existing quantitative driver model for initiation and modulation of pre-crash brake response, to handle off-road glance behavior. The resulting models are fitted to time-series data from real-world naturalistic rear-end crashes and near-crashes. A stringent parameterization and model selection procedure is presented, based on particle swarm optimization and maximum likelihood estimation. A major contribution of this paper is the resulting first-ever fit of a computational model of human braking to real near-crash and crash behavior data. The model selection results also permit novel conclusions regarding behavior and accident causation: Firstly, the results indicate that drivers have partial visual looming perception during off-road glances; that is, evidence for braking is collected, albeit at a slower pace, while the driver is looking away from the forward roadway. Secondly, the results suggest that an important causation factor in crashes without off-road glances may be a reduced responsiveness to visual looming, possibly associated with cognitive driver state (e.g., drowsiness or erroneous driver expectations). It is also demonstrated that a model parameterized on less-critical data, such as near-crashes, may also accurately reproduce driver behavior in highly critical situations, such as crashes.
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| 19. |
- Svärd, Malin, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Do Car Drivers Respond Earlier to Close Lateral Motion Than to Looming?
- 2022
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Ingår i: 12th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research and 6th Seminar on Behavioral Methods. - 9789074821940 ; 2
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is essential to understand drivers’ responses to visual stimuli when analyzing or reconstructing driver behavior in critical traffic situations. In a controlled experiment, drivers’ on-road glances relevant to a situation may however be obscured by the presence of check glances which are not induced by the visual input that the experiment intends to study. The purpose of this work is to compare five methods to reduce the influence check glances may have on the results in studies of drivers’ glance responses. We apply the methods to a comparison of driver glance response times in a critical lead vehicle brake event (characterized by strong looming) and a non-critical close cut-in event (characterized by a distinct lateral motion), using data from a previously conducted driving simulator experiment. Without the noise added to the analysis from the check glances, our study shows that drivers look back towards the road in front earlier when exposed to close lateral motion, than when exposed to looming. We conclude that a careful data selection process aiming to minimize the influence of potential check glances is important to ensure relevance of the results in glance response studies.
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| 20. |
- Svärd, Malin, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Using naturalistic and driving simulator data to model driver responses to unintentional lane departures
- 2024
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. - 1369-8478. ; 100, s. 361-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unintentional lane departures on straight roads cause many road fatalities each year. The objective of this study was to explore and model drivers’ recovery steering maneuvers in unintentional drift situations, to enable the prospective safety benefit assessment of lane departure warning and avoidance systems through counterfactual simulations. The timing and amplitude of the steering adjustments drivers make to avoid lane departure were studied over three data sets with different origins, consisting of both naturalistic data and experimental data from a driving simulator study. With respect to timing, the main finding was that visually distracted drivers often initiate the corrective steering response prior to looking back towards the road, demonstrating that lane-keeping information in the visual periphery is sufficient to trigger the response. As for steering amplitude, the observed amplitudes were correlated against different lane departure risk metrics from the literature, resulting in a model capable of accounting for human behavior across all three data sets with good performance. Surprisingly, a very simple model (which describes the steering amplitude as increasing quadratically with the vehicle's orientation to the road) predicted the amplitude of the primary corrective steering adjustment better than models based on more complex lane departure risk metrics. This result indicates that drivers scale the amplitude of their steering adjustment to the steering input needed to get the vehicle back in the lane already at first response. However, it was possible to obtain a similar model fit using a more complex threshold model, with different dynamics depending on the vehicle's current orientation to the road. We discuss how these findings can be applied to models of human steering for safety benefit assessment.
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