| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Patrignani, C., et al.
(författare)
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REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS : Particle Data Group
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chinese Physics C. - : IOP Publishing. - 1674-1137 .- 2058-6132. ; 40:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including new reviews on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov). The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available.
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| 3. |
- Faatz, B., et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous operation of two soft x-ray free-electron lasers driven by one linear accelerator
- 2016
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Ingår i: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extreme-ultraviolet to x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) in operation for scientific applications are up to now single-user facilities. While most FELs generate around 100 photon pulses per second, FLASH at DESY can deliver almost two orders of magnitude more pulses in this time span due to its superconducting accelerator technology. This makes the facility a prime candidate to realize the next step in FELs-dividing the electron pulse trains into several FEL lines and delivering photon pulses to several users at the same time. Hence, FLASH has been extended with a second undulator line and self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) is demonstrated in both FELs simultaneously. FLASH can now deliver MHz pulse trains to two user experiments in parallel with individually selected photon beam characteristics. First results of the capabilities of this extension are shown with emphasis on independent variation of wavelength, repetition rate, and photon pulse length.
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| 4. |
- Adolph, C, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of the eta -> 3 pi(0) Dalitz plot distribution with the WASA detector at COSY
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 677:1-2, s. 24-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the first production run of the WASA experiment at COSY, the eta decay into three neutral pions was measured in proton-proton interactions at a proton beam kinetic energy of 1.4 GeV. The Dalitz plot of the three pious was Studied using 1.2 x 10(5) fully reconstructed events. and the quadratic slope parameter alpha was determined to be -0.027 +/- 0.008(stat) +/- 0.005(syst). The result is consistent with previous measurements and further corroborates the importance of pion-pion final state interactions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Adlarson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Exclusive measurement of the eta -> pi(+) pi(-) gamma decay
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 707:2, s. 243-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An exclusive measurement of the decay eta -> pi(+) pi(-) gamma has been performed at the WASA facility at COSY. The eta mesons were produced in the fusion reaction pd -> He-3 X at a proton beam momentum of 1.7 GeV/c. Efficiency corrected differential distributions have been extracted based on 13 960 +/- 140 events after background subtraction. The measured pion angular distribution is consistent with a relative p-wave of the two-pion system, whereas the measured photon energy spectrum was found at variance with the simplest gauge invariant matrix element of eta -> pi(+) pi(-) gamma. A parameterization of the data can be achieved by the additional inclusion of the empirical pion vector form factor multiplied by a first-order polynomial in the squared invariant mass of the pi(+) pi(-) system.
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| 6. |
- Adlarson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of the eta -> pi(+)pi(-)pi(0) Dalitz plot distribution
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 90:4, s. 045207-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Dalitz plot distribution of the eta -> pi(+)pi(-)pi(0) decay is determined by using a data sample of 1.2 x 10(7) eta mesons from the pd -> He-3 eta reaction at 1 GeV collected by the WASA detector at COSY.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Evers, AWM, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of Placebo and Nocebo Effects for Clinical Practice: Expert Consensus
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0348 .- 0033-3190. ; 87:4, s. 204-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Placebo and nocebo effects occur in clinical or laboratory medical contexts after administration of an inert treatment or as part of active treatments and are due to psychobiological mechanisms such as expectancies of the patient. Placebo and nocebo studies have evolved from predominantly methodological research into a far-reaching interdisciplinary field that is unravelling the neurobiological, behavioural and clinical underpinnings of these phenomena in a broad variety of medical conditions. As a consequence, there is an increasing demand from health professionals to develop expert recommendations about evidence-based and ethical use of placebo and nocebo effects for clinical practice. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A survey and interdisciplinary expert meeting by invitation was organized as part of the 1st Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (SIPS) conference in 2017. Twenty-nine internationally recognized placebo researchers participated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was consensus that maximizing placebo effects and minimizing nocebo effects should lead to better treatment outcomes with fewer side effects. Experts particularly agreed on the importance of informing patients about placebo and nocebo effects and training health professionals in patient-clinician communication to maximize placebo and minimize nocebo effects. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The current paper forms a first step towards developing evidence-based and ethical recommendations about the implications of placebo and nocebo research for medical practice, based on the current state of evidence and the consensus of experts. Future research might focus on how to implement these recommendations, including how to optimize conditions for educating patients about placebo and nocebo effects and providing training for the implementation in clinical practice.
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| 9. |
- Guidoboni, G., et al.
(författare)
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How to Reach a Thousand-Second in-Plane Polarization Lifetime with 0.97-GeV/c Deuterons in a Storage Ring
- 2016
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 117:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We observe a deuteron beam polarization lifetime near 1000 s in the horizontal plane of a magnetic storage ring (COSY). This long spin coherence time is maintained through a combination of beam bunching, electron cooling, sextupole field corrections, and the suppression of collective effects through beam current limits. This record lifetime is required for a storage ring search for an intrinsic electric dipole moment on the deuteron at a statistical sensitivity level approaching 10(-29) e cm.
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| 10. |
- Orce, J. N., et al.
(författare)
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Reorientation-effect measurement of the (2+ 1 Eˆ22+ 1) matrix element in 10Be
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics. - 2469-9985 .- 2469-9993. ; 86:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The highly-efficient and segmented TIGRESS gamma-ray spectrometer at TRIUMF has been used to perform a reorientation-effect Coulomb-excitation study of the 2(1)(+) state at 3.368 MeV in Be-10. This is the first Coulomb-excitation measurement that enables one to obtain information on diagonal matrix elements for such a high-lying first excited state from gamma-ray data. With the availability of accurate lifetime data, a value of -0.110 +/- 0.087 eb is determined for the diagonal matrix element, which assuming the rotor model, leads to a negative spectroscopic quadrupole moment of Q(S)(2(1)(+)) = -0.083 +/- 0.066 eb. This result is in agreement with both no-core shell-model calculations performed in this work with the CD-Bonn 2000 two-nucleon potential and large shell-model spaces, and Green's function Monte Carlo predictions with two-plus three-nucleon potentials.
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| 11. |
- Chelban, V., et al.
(författare)
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Neurofilament light levels predict clinical progression and death in multiple system atrophy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0006-8950 .- 1460-2156. ; 145:12, s. 4398-4408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this large multiple system atrophy cohort, Chelban et al. show that plasma NfL correlates with clinical disease severity, progression and prognosis, and could help inform patient stratification and monitor treatment responses in future trials of putative disease-modifying agents. Disease-modifying treatments are currently being trialled in multiple system atrophy. Approaches based solely on clinical measures are challenged by heterogeneity of phenotype and pathogenic complexity. Neurofilament light chain protein has been explored as a reliable biomarker in several neurodegenerative disorders but data on multiple system atrophy have been limited. Therefore, neurofilament light chain is not yet routinely used as an outcome measure in multiple system atrophy. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the role and dynamics of neurofilament light chain in multiple system atrophy combined with cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical and imaging scales and for subject trial selection. In this cohort study, we recruited cross-sectional and longitudinal cases in a multicentre European set-up. Plasma and CSF neurofilament light chain concentrations were measured at baseline from 212 multiple system atrophy cases, annually for a mean period of 2 years in 44 multiple system atrophy patients in conjunction with clinical, neuropsychological and MRI brain assessments. Baseline neurofilament light chain characteristics were compared between groups. Cox regression was used to assess survival; receiver operating characteristic analysis to assess the ability of neurofilament light chain to distinguish between multiple system atrophy patients and healthy controls. Multivariate linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse longitudinal neurofilament light chain changes and correlated with clinical and imaging parameters. Polynomial models were used to determine the differential trajectories of neurofilament light chain in multiple system atrophy. We estimated sample sizes for trials aiming to decrease neurofilament light chain levels. We show that in multiple system atrophy, baseline plasma neurofilament light chain levels were better predictors of clinical progression, survival and degree of brain atrophy than the neurofilament light chain rate of change. Comparative analysis of multiple system atrophy progression over the course of disease, using plasma neurofilament light chain and clinical rating scales, indicated that neurofilament light chain levels rise as the motor symptoms progress, followed by deceleration in advanced stages. Sample size prediction suggested that significantly lower trial participant numbers would be needed to demonstrate treatment effects when incorporating plasma neurofilament light chain values into multiple system atrophy clinical trials in comparison to clinical measures alone. In conclusion, neurofilament light chain correlates with clinical disease severity, progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy. Combined with clinical and imaging analysis, neurofilament light chain can inform patient stratification and serve as a reliable biomarker of treatment response in future multiple system atrophy trials of putative disease-modifying agents.
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| 12. |
- Ekroos, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Declines amongst breeding Eider Somateria mollissima numbers in the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ornis Fennica. - 0030-5685. ; 89:2, s. 81-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the status of the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway Eider population based on trends in breeding and wintering numbers throughout the region, supplemented by changes in the sex ratio and proportion of young Eiders as monitored in the Danish hunting bag. At the flyway scale, total numbers of breeding pairs decreased by 48% during 2000-2009, after relatively stable breeding numbers in 1991-2000. The majority of the population nest in Finland and Sweden, where the number of breeding pairs has halved over the same period. After initial declines in winter numbers between 1991 and 2000, during 2000-2009, national wintering numbers increased in the Baltic Sea, but decreased in the Wadden Sea. The annual proportion of adult females in the Danish hunting bag data decreased from ca. 45% (1982) to ca. 25% (2009) and simultaneously the proportion of first-winter birds fell from ca. 70% to ca. 30%, indicating dramatic structural changes in the Danish wintering numbers. These results suggest that the total flyway population will experience further declines, unless productivity increases and the factors responsible for decreasing adult female survival are identified and ameliorated. We discuss potential population drivers and present some recommendations for improved flyway-level monitoring and management of Eiders.
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| 13. |
- Gunton, L. M., et al.
(författare)
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Annelids of the eastern Australian abyss collected by the 2017 RV 'Investigator' voyage
- 2021
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Ingår i: Zookeys. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 1313-2989 .- 1313-2970. ; :1020, s. 1-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Australia, the deep-water (bathyal and abyssal) benthic invertebrate fauna is poorly known in comparison with that of shallow (subtidal and shelf) habitats. Benthic fauna from the deep eastern Australian margin was sampled systematically for the first time during 2017 RV 'Investigator' voyage 'Sampling the Abyss'. Box core, Brenke sledge, and beam trawl samples were collected at one-degree intervals from Tasmania, 42 degrees S, to southern Queensland, 24 degrees S, from 900 to 4800 m depth. Annelids collected were identified by taxonomic experts on individual families around the world. A complete list of all identified species is presented, accompanied with brief morphological diagnoses, taxonomic remarks, and colour images. A total of more than 6000 annelid specimens consisting of 50 families (47 Polychaeta, one Echiura, two Sipuncula) and 214 species were recovered. Twenty-seven species were given valid names, 45 were assigned the qualifier cf., 87 the qualifier sp., and 55 species were considered new to science. Geographical ranges of 16 morphospecies extended along the eastern Australian margin to the Great Australian Bight, South Australia; however, these ranges need to be confirmed with genetic data. This work providing critical baseline biodiversity data on an important group of benthic invertebrates from a virtually unknown region of the world's ocean will act as a springboard for future taxonomic and biogeographic studies in the area.
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| 14. |
- Paul, Dirk S., et al.
(författare)
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Increased DNA methylation variability in type 1 diabetes across three immune effector cell types
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has substantially increased over the past decade, suggesting a role for non-genetic factors such as epigenetic mechanisms in disease development. Here we present an epigenome-wide association study across 406,365 CpGs in 52 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for T1D in three immune effector cell types. We observe a substantial enrichment of differentially variable CpG positions (DVPs) in T1D twins when compared with their healthy co-twins and when compared with healthy, unrelated individuals. These T1D-associated DVPs are found to be temporally stable and enriched at gene regulatory elements. Integration with cell type-specific gene regulatory circuits highlight pathways involved in immune cell metabolism and the cell cycle, including mTOR signalling. Evidence from cord blood of newborns who progress to overt T1D suggests that the DVPs likely emerge after birth. Our findings, based on 772 methylomes, implicate epigenetic changes that could contribute to disease pathogenesis in T1D.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Berthelsen, A., et al.
(författare)
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Recording marine airgun shots at offsets between 300 and 700 km
- 1991
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 18:4, s. 645-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper demonstrates that - under favorable conditions - by using multichannel recording and subsequent stacking of adjacent records marine airgun shots have been detected at offset distances up to 700 km, the maximum offset at which the authors attempted to record data.^Besides a powerful airgun array, a low noise environment at the recording site and the elimination of static shifts are the prerequisites to obtain refracted and reflected arrivals from the crust and upper mantle at such large offsets.^Primary arrivals detected at offsets between 400 and 700 km image the upper mantle from 70 to about 120 km depth.^Stacking of neighboring shots and/or receivers successfully increases the signal-to-noise ratio, if the traces have been corrected for offset differences, which requires knowledge of the apparent phase velocities.^The data presented here were collected in autumn 1989 during the BABEL Project on the Baltic Shield.
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| 19. |
- Bublitz, Sarah K., et al.
(författare)
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Meaning in Life in Late-Stage Parkinson’s Disease : Results from the Care of Late-Stage Parkinsonism Study (CLaSP) in Six European Countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Religion and Health. - 0022-4197. ; 63:3, s. 2140-2154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Care of Late-Stage Parkinsonism (CLaSP) study is a longitudinal, multicentre, prospective cohort study to assess the needs and provision of care for people with late-stage Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers in six European countries. As a cross-sectional study within the CLaSP study, 509 people with Parkinson’s disease completed the “Schedule-for-Meaning-in-Life-Evaluation” (SMiLE) questionnaire. We compared the results to those of a representative sample of healthy participants (n = 856). People with late-stage Parkinson’s disease reported family, partnership and spirituality as the greatest areas of importance. Overall, they had lower SMiLE indices compared to healthy participants. People with late-stage Parkinson’s disease rated the importance of core meaning in life areas (namely family, social relations and health) as significantly lower than the representative cohort and they also rated satisfaction as significantly lower in most areas. In conclusion, people with late-stage Parkinson’s disease do have areas where they can find meaning, such as family, partnership and spirituality. However, they indicate a lack of fulfilment of their individual MiL, reflected by low satisfaction rates in the majority of meaning in life categories. The need for spiritual support for people with Parkinson’s disease indicates the important role of chaplains to help people with Parkinson’s disease maintain meaning in life.
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| 20. |
- Durante, M., et al.
(författare)
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All the fun of the FAIR: fundamental physics at the facility for antiproton and ion research
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP Publishing. - 1402-4896 .- 0031-8949. ; 94:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will be the accelerator-based flagship research facility in many basic sciences and their applications in Europe for the coming decades. FAIR will open up unprecedented research opportunities in hadron and nuclear physics, in atomic physics and nuclear astrophysics as well as in applied sciences like materials research, plasma physics and radiation biophysics with applications towards novel medical treatments and space science. FAIR is currently under construction as an international facility at the campus of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum for Heavy-Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany. While the full science potential of FAIR can only be harvested once the new suite of accelerators and storage rings is completed and operational, some of the experimental detectors and instrumentation are already available and will be used starting in summer 2018 in a dedicated research program at GSI, exploiting also the significantly upgraded GSI accelerator chain. The current manuscript summarizes how FAIR will advance our knowledge in various research fields ranging from a deeper understanding of the fundamental interactions and symmetries in nature to a better understanding of the evolution of the Universe and the objects within.
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| 21. |
- Eklof, Bo G., et al.
(författare)
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Revised CEAP classification for chronic verrous disorders
- 2005
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Ingår i: Phlebologie. - 0939-978X. ; 34:4, s. 220-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders (CVD) was developed in 1994 by an international ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, endorsed by the Society for Vascular Surgery, and incorporated into "Reporting Standards in Venous Disease" in 1995. Today most published clinical papers use all or portions of CEAP. Rather than have it stand as a static classification system, an ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, working with an international liaison committee, has recommended a number of practical changes, detailed in this consensus report. These include refinement of several definitions used in describing CVD; refinement of the C classes of CEAP, addition of the descriptor n (no venous abnormality identified); elaboration of the date of classification and level of investigation; and as a simpler alternative to the full (advanced) CEAP classification, introduction of a basic CEAP version. It is important to stress that CEAP is a descriptive classification, whereas venous severity scoring and quality of life scores are instruments for longitudinal research to assess outcomes.
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| 22. |
- Eklof, Bo G., et al.
(författare)
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Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: Consensus statement
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Vascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6809 .- 0741-5214. ; 40:6, s. 1248-1252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders (CVD) was developed in 1994 by an international ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, endorsed by the Society for Vascular Surgery, and incorporated into "Reporting Standards in Venous Disease" in 1995. Today most published clinical papers on CVD use all or portions of CEAP. Rather than have it stand as a static classification system, an ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, working with an international liaison committee, has recommended a number of practical changes, detailed in this consensus report. These include refinement of several definitions used in describing CVD; refinement of the C classes of CEAP; addition of the descriptor n (no venous abnormality identified); elaboration of the date of classification and level of investigation; and as a simpler alternative to the full (advanced) CEAP classification, introduction of a basic CEAP version. It is important to stress that CEAP is a descriptive classification, whereas venous severity scoring and quality of life scores are instruments for longitudinal research to assess outcomes.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Evers, AWM, et al.
(författare)
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What Should Clinicians Tell Patients about Placebo and Nocebo Effects? Practical Considerations Based on Expert Consensus
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0348 .- 0033-3190. ; 90:1, s. 49-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Clinical and laboratory studies demonstrate that placebo and nocebo effects influence various symptoms and conditions after the administration of both inert and active treatments. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> There is an increasing need for up-to-date recommendations on how to inform patients about placebo and nocebo effects in clinical practice and train clinicians how to disclose this information. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Based on previous clinical recommendations concerning placebo and nocebo effects, a 3-step, invitation-only Delphi study was conducted among an interdisciplinary group of internationally recognized experts. The study consisted of open- and closed-ended survey questions followed by a final expert meeting. The surveys were subdivided into 3 parts: (1) informing patients about placebo effects, (2) informing patients about nocebo effects, and (3) training clinicians how to communicate this information to the patients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was consensus that communicating general information about placebo and nocebo effects to patients (e.g., explaining their role in treatment) could be beneficial, but that such information needs to be adjusted to match the specific clinical context (e.g., condition and treatment). Experts also agreed that training clinicians to communicate about placebo and nocebo effects should be a regular and integrated part of medical education that makes use of multiple formats, including face-to-face and online modalities. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The current 3-step Delphi study provides consensus-based recommendations and practical considerations for disclosures about placebo and nocebo effects in clinical practice. Future research is needed on how to optimally tailor information to specific clinical conditions and patients’ needs, and on developing standardized disclosure training modules for clinicians.
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| 25. |
- Gaget, Elie, et al.
(författare)
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Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - : Wiley. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 35:3, s. 834-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.
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