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- Johnston, B. C., et al.
(författare)
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Microbial Preparations (Probiotics) for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of 6,851 Participants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0899-823X .- 1559-6834. ; 39:7, s. 771-781
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE. To determine whether probiotic prophylaxes reduce the odds of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults and children. DESIGN. Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), adjusting for risk factors. METHODS. We searched 6 databases and 11 grey literature sources from inception to April 2016. We identified 32 RCTs (n=8,713); among them, 18 RCTs provided IPD (n=6,851 participants) comparing probiotic prophylaxis to placebo or no treatment (standard care). One reviewer prepared the IPD, and 2 reviewers extracted data, rated study quality, and graded evidence quality. RESULTS. Probiotics reduced CDI odds in the unadjusted model (n=6,645; odds ratio [OR] 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.55) and the adjusted model (n=5,074; OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23-0.55). Using 2 or more antibiotics increased the odds of CDI (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.11-4.37), whereas age, sex, hospitalization status, and high-risk antibiotic exposure did not. Adjusted subgroup analyses suggested that, compared to no probiotics, multispecies probiotics were more beneficial than single-species probiotics, as was using probiotics in clinical settings where the CDI risk is 5%. Of 18 studies, 14 reported adverse events. In 11 of these 14 studies, the adverse events were retained in the adjusted model. Odds for serious adverse events were similar for both groups in the unadjusted analyses (n=4,990; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89-1.26) and adjusted analyses (n=4,718; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89-1.28). Missing outcome data for CDI ranged from 0% to 25.8%. Our analyses were robust to a sensitivity analysis for missingness. CONCLUSIONS. Moderate quality (ie, certainty) evidence suggests that probiotic prophylaxis may be a useful and safe CDI prevention strategy, particularly among participants taking 2 or more antibiotics and in hospital settings where the risk of CDI is >= 5%.
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- Damgaard, P. D., et al.
(författare)
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137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 557:7705, s. 369-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1x average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century bc, forming the Hun traditions in the fourthfifth century ad, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
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- Sartelli, Massimo, et al.
(författare)
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Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action
- 2023
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Ingår i: WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY. - 1749-7922. ; 18:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
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- Celata, G. P., et al.
(författare)
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Frictional pressure drop in single-phase flow in narrow channels
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannnels, and Minichannels, Pts A and B. - : ASMEDC. ; , s. 717-724
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An evaluation of frictional pressure drop in micro-conduits was carried out, taking into consideration such quantities as channel diameter, shape and aspect ratio, inclination, working fluid and heat input. Experiments took place at three different institutions and results were confronted with classical theory, using a simulation model where necessary. Excellent agreement was verified between the experimental friction factor data and the Hagen-Poiseuille and Blasius equations for all conditions and diameters. The difference in behaviour between circular and rectangular channels is minimal within the aspect ratios considered, but in the case of large temperature variation the effect of viscosity change must not be disregarded. For inclined channels, the frictional contribution to the total pressure drop exceeds the gravitational part only after a given value of the mass flux. This value increases for larger diameter and fluid density.
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- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
- Soares, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation of Apatites as Potential Uranium Reference Materials for Fission-track Dating by LA-ICP-MS
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research. - 1639-4488. ; 39:3, s. 305-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- k crystal (6.9gg(-1)U). The relative standard deviation (1 RSD) of the U concentration determined by ID-ICP-MS of both apatite crystals was 1.5%, whereas 1 RSD for the We report homogeneity tests on large natural apatite crystals to evaluate their potential as U reference materials for apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronology by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The homogeneity tests include the measurements of major element concentrations by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), whereas for U concentration, isotope dilution (ID) ICP-MS and laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS were employed. Two apatite crystals are potential reference materials for LA-ICP-MS analysis: a 1cm(3) fraction of a Durango crystal (7.5gg(-1)U) and a 1cm(3) Mud TanLA-ICP-MS results was better than 4%, providing sufficient homogeneity for fission-track dating. The results on the U homogeneity for two different apatite samples are an important step towards establishing in situ dating routines for AFT analysis by LA-ICP-MS. Nous restituons des tests d'homogeneite sur des grands cristaux d'apatite naturelle afin d'evaluer leur potentiel en tant que materiaux de reference pour l'U en vue d'une application dans le domaine de la thermochronologie par traces de fission sur apatite (AFT) par spectrometrie de masse a plasma induit couplee a l'ablation laser (LA-ICP-MS). Les tests d'homogeneite incluent des mesures des concentrations en elements majeurs par microsonde electronique (EPMA), alors que pour la concentration en U, la dilution isotopique (ID) ainsi que l'ablation laser (LA) ICP-MS ont ete employees. Deux cristaux d'apatite sont des materiaux de reference possibles pour les analyses LA-ICP-MS: une fraction d'1 cm(3) d'un cristal de Durango (7,5 mu gg(-1)U) et un cristal d'1cm(3) de Mud Tank (6,9 mu gg(-1)U). L'ecart type relatif (1RSD) de la concentration en U determinee par ID-ICP-MS des deux cristaux d'apatite est 1,5%, tandis que celui pour les resultats LA-ICP-MS est inferieur a 4%, offrant ainsi une homogeneite suffisante pour les datations par la methode des traces de fission sur apatite. Les resultats concernant l'homogeneite de l'U pour deux echantillons differents d'apatite sont une etape importante vers la possibilite d'envisager des datations AFT in situ en routine par LA-ICP-MS.
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| 16. |
- Soares, CJ, et al.
(författare)
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Novel calibration for LA-ICP-MS-based fission-track thermochronology
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physics and chemistry of minerals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-1791 .- 1432-2021. ; 41:1, s. 65-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a novel age-equation calibration for fission-track age determinations by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This new calibration incorporates the efficiency factor of an internal surface, [ηq]is, which is obtained by measuring the projected fission-track length, allowing the determination of FT ages directly using the recommended spontaneous fission decay constant. Also, the uranium concentrations in apatite samples are determined using a Durango (Dur-2, 7.44 μg/g U) crystal and a Mud Tank (MT-7, 6.88 μg/g U) crystal as uranium reference materials. The use of matrix-matched reference materials allows a reduction in the uncertainty of the uranium measurements to those related to counting statistics, which are ca. 1 % taking into account that no extra source of uncertainty has to be considered. The equations as well as the matrix-matched reference materials are evaluated using well-dated samples from Durango, Fish Canyon Tuff, and Limberg as unknown samples. The results compare well with their respective published ages determined through other dating methods. Additionally, the results agree with traditional fission-track ages using both the zeta approach and the absolute approach, suggesting that the calibration presented in this work can be robustly applied in geological context. Furthermore, considering that fission-track ages can be determined without an age standard sample, the fission-track thermochronology approach presented here is assumed to be a valuable dating tool.
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