| 1. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Are Peak Oxygen Uptake and Power Output at Maximal Lactate Steady State Obtained from a 3-Min All-Out Cycle Test?
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Sports Medicine. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0172-4622 .- 1439-3964. ; 32:6, s. 433-437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the study was to examine whether 1) the power output attained in the last 30 s of a 3-min all-out test (P(end)) correlates with the power output at maximal lactate steady state (P(MLSS)) and whether 2) peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) can be obtained from a 3-min all-out test in well-trained cyclists. 18 cyclists (23 +/- 3 years; 186.1 +/- 6.9 cm; 79.1 +/- 8.2kg; VO(2peak) : 63.2 +/- 5.2 mL . kg(-1) . min(-1)) performed a ramp test, a 3-min all-out test and several submaximal constant 30 min-workload tests at + 15, 0, -15, -30, -45, -60, -75, -90 W of P(end) to obtain P(MLSS). P(MLSS) was significantly lower compared to P(END) (p < 0.001; mean difference: 54 +/- 18 W) with a high correlation (r = 0.93; R(2) = 0.87; p < 0.001) but great intra-individual variability (15-90 W). There were no mean differences between the ramp-VO(2)peak and 3-min all-out cycling VO(2peak) (p = 0.29; mean difference: 133 +/- 514 mL . min(-1)) showing significant correlation (r = 0.60; R(2) = 0.37; p = 0.006) but great intra-individual variability (1057-1312 mL . min(-1)). We therefore suggest that in well-trained cyclists a 3-min all-out test is 1) not sufficient to obtain P(MLSS) and 2) should not be applied to assess VO(2peak).
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| 2. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Cardio-respiratory and metabolic responses to different levels of compression during submaximal exercise
- 2011
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In: Phlebology. - London : The Royal Society of Medicine Press. - 0268-3555 .- 1758-1125. ; 26:3, s. 102-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The effects of knee-high socks that applied different levels of compression (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mmHg) on various cardio-respiratory and metabolic parameters during submaximal running were analysed. Methods: Fifteen well-trained, male endurance athletes (age: 22.2 +/- 1.3 years; peak oxygen uptake: 57.2 +/- 4.0 mL/minute/kg) performed a ramp test to determine peak oxygen uptake. Thereafter, all athletes carried out five periods of submaximal running (at approximately 70% of peak oxygen uptake) with and without compression socks that applied the different levels of pressure. Cardiac output and index, stroke volume, arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation, oxygen uptake, arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate and blood lactate were monitored before and during all of these tests. Results: Cardiac output (P = 0.29) and index (P = 0.27), stroke volume (P = 0.50), arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation (P = 0.11), oxygen uptake (P = 1.00), arterial oxygen saturation (P = 1.00), heart rate (P = 1.00) and arterial lactate concentration (P = 1.00) were unaffected by compression (effect sizes = 0.00-0.65). Conclusion: This first evaluation of the potential effects of increasing levels of compression on cardio-respiratory and metabolic parameters during submaximal exercise revealed no effects whatsoever.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Different types of compression clothing do not increase sub-maximal and maximal endurance performance in well-trained athletes
- 2010
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In: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Routledge, Trevor & Francis group. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 28:6, s. 609-614
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of three textiles with increasing compressive surface were compared with non-compressive conventional clothing on physiological and perceptual variables during sub-maximal and maximal running. 15 well-trained endurance athletes (mean ± s, age: 27.1 ± 4.8 years, VO2max 63.7 ± 4.9 ml∙min-1∙kg-1) performed four sub-maximal (~70%VO2max) and maximal tests with and without different compression stockings, tights, and whole body compression suits. Arterial lactate concentration, oxygen saturation and partial pressure, pH, oxygen uptake and ratings of muscle soreness were recorded before, during, and after all tests. Additionally, time to exhaustion was assessed. Sub-maximal (P = 0.22) and maximal oxygen uptake (P = 0.26), arterial lactate concentration (P = 0.16; 0.20), pH (P = 0.23; 0.46), oxygen saturation (P = 0.13; 0.26) and oxygen partial pressure (P = 0.09; 0.20) did not differ between the types of clothing (effect sizes = 0.00-0.45). Ratings of perceived exertion (P = 0.10; 0.15), muscle soreness (P = 0.09; 0.10) and time to exhaustion (P = 0.16) were also unaffected by the different clothing (effect sizes = 0.28-0.85). For the first time, the effect on endurance performance of different types of compression clothing with increasing amount of compressive surface was evaluated. Overall, there were no performance benefits when using the compression garments.
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| 5. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Effects of 5 Weeks High Intensity Interval Training vs. Volume Training in 14-Year Old Soccer Players
- 2011
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In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 25:5, s. 1271-1278
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High intensity interval training (HIIT) in junior and adult soccer has been shown to improve oxygen uptake (VO2) and enhance soccer performance. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the short term effects of a 5-week HIIT vs. high volume training (HVT) program in 14-year-old soccer players regarding the effects on VO2max and 1000m time (T1000) as well as on sprinting and jumping performance. In a 5-week period, 19 male soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 13.5±0.4 years performed HIIT at close to ~90% of maximal heart rate. HVT intensity was set at 60-75% of maximal heart rate. VO2max increased significantly (7.0%) from pre to post in HIIT but not after HVT. T1000 decreased significantly following HIIT (~-10s vs. ~-5s in HVT). Sprint performance increased significantly in both groups from pre to post testing without any changes in jumping performance.
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| 6. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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High-intensity interval training improves VO2peak, maximal lactate accumulation, time trial and competition performance in 9–11-year-old swimmers
- 2010
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In: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 110:5, s. 1029-1036
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Training volume in swimming is usually very high when compared to the relatively short competition time. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been demonstrated to improve performance in a relatively short training period. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a 5-week HIIT versus high-volume training (HVT) in 9-11-year-old swimmers on competition performance, 100 and 2,000 m time (T100 m and T2,000 m), VO2peak and rate of maximal lactate accumulation (Lacmax). In a 5-week crossover study, 26 competitive swimmers with a mean (SD) age of 11.5 ± 1.4 years performed a training period of HIIT and HVT. Competition (P < 0.01; effect size = 0.48) and T2,000 m (P = 0.04; effect size = 0.21) performance increased following HIIT. No changes were found in T100 m (P = 0.20). Lacmax increased following HIIT (P < 0.01; effect size = 0.43) and decreased after HVT (P < 0.01; effect size = 0.51). VO2peak increased following both interventions (P < 0.05; effect sizes = 0.46-0.57). The increases in competition performance, T2,000 m, Lacmax and VO2peak following HIIT were achieved in significantly less training time (~2 h/week).
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| 7. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Pre-exposure to hyperoxic air does not enhance power output during subsequent sprint cycling
- 2010
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In: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 110:2, s. 301-305
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous studies have indicated that aerobic pathways contribute to 13-27% of the energy consumed during short-term (10-20-second) sprinting exercise. Accordingly, the present investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that prior breathing of oxygen-enriched air (FinO2=60%) would enhance power output and reduce fatigue during subsequent sprint cycling. Ten well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD, age: 25±3 years, height: 186.1±6.9 cm, body mass: 79.1±8.2 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]: 63.2±5.2 ml·kg-1·min-1) took 25 breaths of either hyperoxic (HE) or normoxic (NO) air before performing 15 sec of cycling at maximal exertion. During this performance, the maximal and mean power outputs were recorded. The concentration of lactate, pH, partial pressure of and saturation by oxygen, [H+] and base excess in arterial blood were assessed before and after the sprint. The maximal (1053±141 W for HE versus 1052±165 W for NO; P = 0.77) and mean power outputs (873±123 versus 876±147 W; P = 0.68) did not differ between the two conditions. The partial pressure of oxygen was approximately 2.3-fold higher after inhaling HE in comparison to NO, while lactate concentration, pH, [H+] and base excess (best P = 0.32) after sprinting were not influenced by exposure to HE. These findings suggest that the peak and mean power outputs of athletes performing short-term intense exercise cannot be improved by pre-exposure to oxygen-enriched air.
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| 8. |
- Sperlich, Billy, et al.
(author)
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Table tennis: Cardio-respiratory and metabolic analysis of match and exercise in elite junior national players
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. - : Human Kinetics. - 1555-0265 .- 1555-0273. ; 6:2, s. 234-242
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the cardiorespiratory and metabolic characteristics during intense and moderate table tennis (TT) training, as well as during actual match play conditions. Methods: Blood lactate concentration (Lac), heart rate (HR, beats per minute [bpm]), oxygen uptake (VO(2)), and energy expenditure (EE) in 7 male participants of the German junior national team (age: 14 +/- 1 y, weight: 60.5 +/- 5.6 kg height; 165 +/- 8 cm) were examined during six training sessions (TS) and during an international match. The VO(2) was measured continuously with portable gas analyzers. Lac was assessed every 1 to 3 min during short breaks. Results: Mean (peak) values for Lac, HR, VO(2), and EE during the TS were 1.2 +/- 0.7 (4.5) mmol.L(-1), 135 +/- 18 (184) bpm, 23.5 +/- 7.3 (43.0) mL.kg(-1).min-(1), and 6.8 +/- 2.0 (11.2) METs, respectively. During match play, mean (peak) values were 1.1 +/- 0.2 (1.6) mmol.L(-1), 126 +/- 22 (189) bpm, 25.6 +/- 10.1 (45.9) mL.kg(-1).min(-1), and 4.8 +/- 1.4 (9.6) METs, respectively. Conclusions: For the first time, cardiorespiratory and metabolic data in elite junior table tennis have been documented demonstrating low cardiorespiratory and metabolic demands during TT training and match play in internationally competing juniors.
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| 9. |
- Sperlich, Paula F., et al.
(author)
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Individual versus Standardized Running Protocols in the Determination of VO2max
- 2015
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In: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (JSSM). - 1303-2968. ; 14:2, s. 386-393
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to determine whether an individually designed incremental exercise protocol results in greater rates of oxygen uptake (VO2max) than standardized testing. Fourteen well-trained, male runners performed five incremental protocols in randomized order to measure their VO2max: i) an incremental test (INCS+I) with pre-defined increases in speed (2 min at 8.64 km.h(-1), then a rise of 1.44 km.h(-1) every 30 s up to 14.4 km.h(-1)) and thereafter inclination (0.5.every 30 s); ii) an incremental test (INCI) at constant speed (14.4 km.h(-1)) and increasing inclination (2 degrees every 2 min from the initial 0 degrees); iii) an incremental test (INCS) at constant inclination (0 degrees) and increasing speed (0.5 km.h(-1) every 30 s from the initial 12.0 km.h(-1)); iv) a graded exercise protocol (GXP) at a 1 degrees incline with increasing speed (initially 8.64 km.h(-1) + 1.44 km.h(-1) every 5 min); v) an individual exercise protocol (INDXP) in which the runner chose the inclination and speed. VO2max was lowest (-4.2%) during the GXP (p = 0.01; d = 0.06 - 0.61) compared to all other tests. The highest rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, ventilation and end-exercise blood lactate concentration were similar between the different protocols (p < 0.05). The time to exhaustion ranged from 7 min 18 sec (INCS) to 25 min 30 sec (GXP) (p = 0.01). The VO2max attained by employing an individual treadmill protocol does not differ from the values derived from various standardized incremental protocols.
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