| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Törnkvist, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Interference of the electrospray voltage on chromatographic separations using porous graphitic carbon columns
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Wiley. - 1076-5174 .- 1096-9888. ; 39:2, s. 216-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrospray ionization (ESI) voltage is shown to interfere with liquid chromatographic separations performed with packed porous graphitic carbon (PGC) capillary columns. This interference is ascribed to the presence of an electric field over the conductive column in the absence of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter. The current evolved alters the chromatographic behavior of the catecholamine metabolite 3-O-methyl-DOPA significantly, as both peak splitting and a dramatic decrease in the retention time were observed. Furthermore, the response from the mass spectrometer was decreased by 33% at the same time. A related compound, tyrosine, exhibited decreased retention times but no peak splitting, whereas no shifts in the retention times (or peak splitting) were seen for the less retained dopamine and noradrenaline. When the current through the PGC column was eliminated by the use of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter, the chromatographic behavior of the column was found to return slowly to normal after hours of equilibration with 60 : 40 (v/v) methanol-ammonium formate buffer of pH 2.9. The behavior of the PGC column with and without the earth point was found to be highly reproducible during a period of 1 month. We propose that the effect of the ESI voltage on the chromatographic behavior of the PGC column is due to associated redox reactions affecting both the PGC particles and the analytes. It is concluded that (for analytical reasons), care should be taken to ensure that no current is flowing through the chromatographic system when interfacing PGC columns, and conducting parts in general, to ESI mass spectrometry.
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| 3. |
- Zettersten, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of the thin-layer flow cell design on the mass spectra when coupling electrochemistry to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0728 .- 1873-2569 .- 1572-6657. ; 590:1, s. 90-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of the flow cell configuration on the mass spectra obtained when coupling an electrochemical thin-layer flow cell to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been investigated. It is shown that interferences due to the electrochemical reaction on the counter electrode and/or the absence of 100% conversion efficiency can alter the mass spectra when conventional thin-layer flow cells are used in conjunction with ESI-MS. The effects, which affect the intensities and distribution of the peaks in the mass spectra, can result in the inability to detect products formed at the working electrode. Comparisons of mass spectra, generated after the electrochemical oxidation of a dinuclear Mn complex (where bpmp = 2,6-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl) amino]methyl-4-methylphenol) using two different thin-layer flow cells clearly show that the potential dependence and appearance of the mass spectra depend on the flow cell configuration used. The use of a modified thin-layer flow cell, in which the counter electrode had been separated from the working electrode, gave rise to significantly increased intensities for the oxidised MnIII,IV state of the complex. With the conventional unmodified cell, the corresponding complex was only seen for considerably higher oxidation potentials. The different results can be explained by the reduced risk of redox cycling and interferences due to species generated at the counter electrode with the modified cell. As interferences due to the counter electrode reactions likewise may be expected with many coulometric flow cells, the electrochemical cell design clearly needs to be considered when using electrochemistry coupled to ESI-MS to study electrochemical reactions.
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| 4. |
- Andersen, Jesper N, et al.
(författare)
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Strong Phonon Replicas in Be 1 s Photoemission Spectra
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 86:19, s. 4398-4401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Be 1s core level photoemission line from metallic Be is shown to contain unexpected internal fine structure. We argue that this fine structure is caused by intrinsic excitation of a narrow band of optical phonons in the 1s photoemission process. The general importance of the present results for high resolution core level photoemission investigations of metals is pointed out.
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| 5. |
- Andersen, J. N., et al.
(författare)
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Strong phonon replicas in Be 1s photoemission spectra
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 86:19, s. 4398-4401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strong phonon replicas in Be 1s photoemission spectra were investigated. The fine structure caused by intrinsic excitation of a narrow band of optical phonons was discussed in the 1s photoemission proces. The excitations of the optical Be phonons in the photoemission process caused fine structures. It was found that the phonon replicas in Be metal were strong due to large size misfit between neutral and core-ionized Be.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Claes-Henrik, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and characterization of a ferrocene-linked bis-fullerene[60] dumbbell
- 2012
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Ingår i: Dalton Transactions. - 1477-9226 .- 1477-9234. ; 41:8, s. 2374-2381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new [60]fullerene dumbbell consisting of two fulleropyrrolidines connected to a central ferrocene unit by amide linkages has been prepared and fully characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, UV/Vis, fluorescence and mass spectrometry. The electrochemical properties as determined by cyclic voltammetry show ground state electronic communication between the ferrocene and the fullerene units. In addition, the preparaton of a ferrocene building block for an alternative linking approach is presented.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Deposition and characterization of magnetron sputtered amorphous Cr-C films
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vacuum. - : Elsevier BV. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 86:9, s. 1408-1416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin films in the Cr-C system with carbon content of 25-85 at.% have been deposited using non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering from elemental targets. Analyses with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the films are completely amorphous. Also, annealing experiment show that the films had not crystallized at 500 degrees C. Furthermore, X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that the films consist of two phases, an amorphous CrCx phase and an amorphous carbon (a-C) phase. The presence of two amorphous phases is also supported by the electrochemical analysis, which shows that oxidation of both chromium and carbon contributes to the total current in the passive region. The relative amounts of these amorphous phases influence the film properties. Typically, lower carbon content with less a-C phase leads to harder films with higher Young's modulus and lower resistivity. The results also show that both films have lower currents in the passive region compared to the uncoated 316L steel substrate. Finally, our results were compared with literature data from both reactively and non-reactively sputtered chromium carbide films. The comparison reveals that non-reactive sputtering tend to favour the formation of amorphous films and also influence e.g. the sp(2)/sp(3) ratio of the a-C phase.
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| 8. |
- Asfaw, Habtom D., et al.
(författare)
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Boosting the thermal stability of emulsion–templated polymers via sulfonation : an efficient synthetic route to hierarchically porous carbon foams
- 2016
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Ingår i: ChemistrySelect. - : Wiley. - 2365-6549. ; 1:4, s. 784-792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hierarchically porous carbon foams with specific surface areas exceeding 600 m2 g−1 can be derived from polystyrene foams that are synthesized via water-in-oil emulsion templating. However, most styrene-based polymers lack strong crosslinks and are degraded to volatile products when heated above 400 oC. A common strategy employed to avert depolymerization is to introduce potential crosslinking sites such as sulfonic acids by sulfonating the polymers. This article unravels the thermal and chemical processes leading up to the conversion of sulfonated high internal phase emulsion polystyrenes (polyHIPEs) to sulfur containing carbon foams. During pyrolysis, the sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H) are transformed to sulfone (-C-SO2-C-) and then to thioether (-C−S-C-) crosslinks. These chemical transformations have been monitored using spectroscopic techniques: in situ IR, Raman, X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Based on thermal analyses, the formation of thioether links is associated with increased thermal stability and thus a substantial decrease in volatilization of the polymers.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Asfaw, Habtom Desta
(författare)
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Multifunctional Carbon Foams by Emulsion Templating : Synthesis, Microstructure, and 3D Li-ion Microbatteries
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Carbon foams are among the existing electrode designs proposed for use in 3D Li-ion microbatteries. For such electrodes to find applications in practical microbatteries, however, their void sizes, specific surface areas and pore volumes need be optimized. This thesis concerns the synthesis of highly porous carbon foams and their multifunctional applications in 3D microbatteries. The carbon foams are derived from polymers that are obtained by polymerizing high internal phase water-in-oil emulsions (HIPEs).In general, the carbonization of the sulfonated polymers yielded hierarchically porous structures with void sizes ranging from 2 to 35 µm and a BET specific surface area as high as 630 m2 g-1. Thermogravimetric and spectroscopic evidence indicated that the sulfonic acid groups, introduced during sulfonation, transformed above 250 oC to thioether (-C-S-) crosslinks which were responsible for the thermal stability and charring tendency of the polymer precursors. Depending on the preparation of the HIPEs, the specific surface areas and void-size distributions were observed to vary considerably. In addition, the pyrolysis temperature could also affect the microstructures, the degree of graphitization, and the surface chemistry of the carbon foams.Various potential applications were explored for the bespoke carbon foams. First, their use as freestanding active materials in 3D microbatteries was studied. The carbon foams obtained at 700 to 1500 oC suffered from significant irreversible capacity loss during the initial discharge. In an effort to alleviate this drawback, the pyrolysis temperature was raised to 2200 oC. The resulting carbon foams were observed to deliver high, stable areal capacities over several cycles. Secondly, the possibility of using these structures as 3D current collectors for various active materials was investigated in-depth. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, positive active materials like polyaniline and LiFePO4 were deposited on the 3D architectures by means of electrodeposition and sol-gel approach, respectively. In both cases, the composite electrodes exhibited reasonably high cyclability and rate performance at different current densities. The syntheses of niobium and molybdenum oxides and their potential application as electrodes in microbatteries were also studied. In such applications, the carbon foams served dual purposes as 3D scaffolds and as reducing reactants in the carbothermal reduction process. Finally, a facile method of coating carbon substrates with oxide nanosheets was developed. The approach involved the exfoliation of crystalline VO2 to prepare dispersions of hydrated V2O5, which were subsequently cast onto CNT paper to form oxide films of different thicknesses.
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| 11. |
- Asfaw, Habtom D., et al.
(författare)
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Nanosized LiFePO4-decorated emulsion-templated carbon foam for 3D micro batteries : a study of structure and electrochemical performance
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 6:15, s. 8804-8813
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we report a novel 3D composite cathode fabricated from LiFePO4 nanoparticles deposited conformally on emulsion-templated carbon foam by a sot-gel method. The carbon foam is synthesized via a facile and scalable method which involves the carbonization of a high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) polymer template. Various techniques (XRD, SEM, TEM and electrochemical methods) are used to fully characterize the porous electrode and confirm the distribution and morphology of the cathode active material. The major benefits of the carbon foam used in our work are closely connected with its high surface area and the plenty of space suitable for sequential coating with battery components. After coating with a cathode material (LiFePO4 nanoparticles), the 3D electrode presents a hierarchically structured electrode in which a porous layer of the cathode material is deposited on the rigid and bicontinuous carbon foam. The composite electrodes exhibit impressive cyclability and rate performance at different current densities affirming their importance as viable power sources in miniature devices. Footprint area capacities of 1.72 mA h cm(-2) at 0.1 mA cm(-2) (lowest rate) and 1.1 mA h cm(-2) at 6 mA cm(-2) (highest rate) are obtained when the cells are cycled in the range 2.8 to 4.0 V vs. lithium.
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| 12. |
- Asfaw, Habtom Desta, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Nanosized LiFePO4-decorated emulsion-templated carbon foam for 3D micro batteries : a study of structure and electrochemical performance
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 6:15, s. 8804-8813
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we report a novel 3D composite cathode fabricated from LiFePO4 nanoparticles deposited conformally on emulsion-templated carbon foam by a sol–gel method. The carbon foam is synthesized via a facile and scalable method which involves the carbonization of a high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) polymer template. Various techniques (XRD, SEM, TEM and electrochemical methods) are used to fully characterize the porous electrode and confirm the distribution and morphology of the cathode active material. The major benefits of the carbon foam used in our work are closely connected with its high surface area and the plenty of space suitable for sequential coating with battery components. After coating with a cathode material (LiFePO4nanoparticles), the 3D electrode presents a hierarchically structured electrode in which a porous layer of the cathode material is deposited on the rigid and bicontinuous carbon foam. The composite electrodes exhibit impressive cyclability and rate performance at different current densities affirming their importance as viable power sources in miniature devices. Footprint area capacities of 1.72 mA h cm−2 at 0.1 mA cm−2 (lowest rate) and 1.1 mA h cm−2 at 6 mA cm−2(highest rate) are obtained when the cells are cycled in the range 2.8 to 4.0 V vs. lithium.
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| 13. |
- Asfaw, Habtom Desta, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Over-Stoichiometric NbO2 Nanoparticles for a High Energy and Power Density Lithium Microbattery
- 2017
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Ingår i: ChemNanoMat. - : Wiley. - 2199-692X. ; 3:9, s. 646-655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective utilization of active materials in microbatteries can be enhanced by rational design of the electrodes. There is an increasing trend of using 3D electrodes that are coated in nanosized active materials to boost both energy and power densities. This article focuses on the fabrication of 3D electrodes based on monolithic carbon foams coated in over-stoichiometric NbO2 nanoparticles. The electrodes exhibit remarkable energy and power densities at various current densities when tested in lithium microbatteries. An areal capacity of around 0.7mAhcm(-2) and energy density up to 45mWhcm(-3) have been achieved. More than half of the areal capacity can be accessed at a current density of about 11mAcm(-2), with the corresponding energy and power densities being 21mWhcm(-3) and 1349mWcm(-3). These values are comparable to those of microsupercapacitors containing carbon and MnO2 nanomaterials. Furthermore, the electrochemical reversibility improves progressively upon cycling along with substantial increase in the charge transfer kinetics of the electrode. Based on impedance analyses almost a fourfold decrease in the charge transfer resistance has been observed over 25 cycles. Such enhancement of the electronic properties of NbO2 can account for the high electrochemical rate performance of the 3D electrodes.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Asfaw, Habtom Desta, Dr. 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Tailoring the Microstructure and Electrochemical Performance of 3D Microbattery Electrodes Based on Carbon Foams
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Technology. - : Wiley. - 2194-4288 .- 2194-4296.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three-dimensional (3D) carbon electrodes with suitable microstructural features and stable electrochemical performance are required for practical applications in 3D lithium (Li)-ion batteries. Herein, the optimization of the microstructures and electrochemical performances of carbon electrodes derived from emulsion-templated polymer foams are dealt with. Exploiting the rheological properties of the emulsion precursors, carbon foams with variable void sizes and specific surface areas are obtained. Carbon foams with an average void size of around 3.8 mu m are produced, and improvements are observed both in the coulombic efficiency and the cyclability of the carbon foam electrodes synthesized at 2200 degrees C. A stable areal capacity of up to 1.22 mAh cm(-2) (108 mAh g(-1)) is achieved at a current density of 50 mu A cm(-2). In addition, the areal capacity remains almost unaltered, i.e., 1.03 mAh cm(-2) (91 mAh g(-1)), although the cycling current density increases to 500 mu A cm(-2) indicating that the materials are promising for power demanding applications.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bengtsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Additive manufacturing methods and materials for electrokinetic systems
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fabrication of miniaturized devices is usually time-consuming, costly, and the materials commonly used limit the structures that are possible to create. The techniques most often used to make microsystems involve multiple steps, where each step takes considerable time, and if only a few systems are to be made, the price per device becomes excessive. This thesis describes how a simple syringebased 3D-printer, in combination with an appropriate choice of materials, can reduce the delay between design and prototype and simplify fabrication of microsystems. This thesis suggest two types of materials that we propose be used in combination with 3D-printing to further develop microsystems for biology and biochemistry.Analytical applications in biology and biochemistry often contain electrodes, such as in gel electrophoresis. Faradaic (electrochemical) reactions have to occur at the metal electrodes to allow electron-to-ion transduction through an electrolyte-based system to drive a current when a potential is applied to the electrodes in an electrolyte-based system. These electrochemical reactions at the electrodes, such as water electrolysis, are usually problematic when miniaturizing devices and analytical systems. An alternative to metal electrodes can be electrochemicallyactive conducting polymers, e.g. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which can be used to reduce electrolysis when driving a current through water-based systems. Paper 1 describes gel electrophoresis where the platinum electrodes were replaced with the conductive polymer PEDOT, without affecting the separation.Manufacturing and prototyping of microsystems can be simplified by using 3Dprinting in combination with a sacrificial material. A sacrificial template material can further simplify bottom-up manufacturing of more complicated forms such as protruding and overhanging structures. We showed in paper 2 that polyethylene glycol (PEG), in combination with a carbonate-based plasticizer, functions well as a 3D-printable sacrificial template material. PEG2000 with between 20 wt% and 30 wt% ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate has properties advantageous for 3D-printing, such as shear-thinning rheology, mechanical and chemical stability, and easy dissolution in water.
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| 19. |
- Bergquist, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacokinetics of Intravenously (DIZ101), Subcutaneously (DIZ102), and Intestinally (LCIG) Infused Levodopa in Advanced Parkinson Disease
- 2022
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 99:10, s. E965-E976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives Intestinal levodopa/carbidopa gel infusion (LCIG) is superior to oral treatment in advanced Parkinson disease. The primary objective of this trial was to investigate whether continuous subcutaneous or intravenous infusion with a continuously buffered acidic levodopa/carbidopa solution yields steady-state plasma concentrations of levodopa that are equivalent in magnitude, and noninferior in variability, to those obtained with LCIG in patients with advanced Parkinson disease. Methods A concentrated acidic levodopa/carbidopa (8:1) solution buffered continuously and administered intravenously (DIZ101) or subcutaneously (DIZ102) was compared with an approved LCIG in a randomized, 3-period crossover, open-label, multicenter trial. Formulations were infused for 16 hours to patients with Parkinson disease who were using LCIG as their regular treatment. Patients were recruited from several university neurology clinics but came to the same phase I unit for treatment. Pharmacokinetic variables and safety including dermal tolerance are reported. The primary outcomes were bioequivalence and noninferior variability of DIZ101 and DIZ102 vs LCIG with respect to levodopa plasma concentrations. Results With dosing adjusted to estimated bioavailability, DIZ101 and DIZ102 produced levodopa plasma levels within standard bioequivalence limits compared with LCIG in the 18 participants who received all treatments. Although the levodopa bioavailability for DIZ102 was complete, it was 80% for LCIG. Therapeutic concentrations of levodopa were reached as quickly with subcutaneous administration of DIZ102 as with LCIG and remained stable throughout the infusions. Owing to poor uptake of LCIG, carbidopa levels in plasma were higher with DIZ101 and DIZ102 than with the former. All individuals receiving any of the treatments (n = 20) were included in the evaluation of safety and tolerability. Reactions at the infusion sites were mild and transient. Discussion It is feasible to rapidly achieve high and stable levodopa concentrations by means of continuous buffering of a subcutaneously administered acidic levodopa/carbidopa-containing solution.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bryngelsson, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Electrodeposited Sb and Sb/Sb2O3 nanoparticle coatings as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 19:5, s. 1170-1180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Galvanostatically electrodeposited coatings of pure Sb or co-deposited Sb and Sb2O3 nanoparticles, prepared from antimony tartrate solutions, were studied as anode materials in Li-ion batteries. It is demonstrated that the co-deposition of 20-25% (w/w) Sb2O3 results from a local pH increase at the cathode (due to protonation of liberated tartrate) in poorly buffered solutions. This causes precipitation of Sb2O3 nanoparticles and inclusion of some of the particles in the deposit where they become coated with a protecting layer of Sb. Chronopotentiometric cycling of the deposits, which also were characterized using, e.g., SEM, TEM, and XRD, clearly showed that the Sb2O3-containing deposits were superior as anode materials. While the Sb/Sb2O3 coatings exhibited a specific capacity close to the Sb theoretical value of 660 mA·h·g -1 during more than 50 cycles, the capacity for the Sb coatings gradually decreased to about 250 mA·h·g-1. This indicates that the influence of the significant volume changes present upon the formation and oxidation of Li3Sb was much smaller for the Sb/Sb2O3 nanoparticle coatings. The improved performance can be explained by significant formation of Sb2O3 during the reoxidation, the presence of smaller Sb particles in the Sb/Sb2O3 coatings, and the formation of buffering nanoparticles of Li2O in a matrix of Sb during the first reduction cycle for the Sb/Sb2O3 deposits.
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| 22. |
- Bryngelsson, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Electrodeposition and electrochemical characterisation of thick and thin coatings of Sb and Sb/Sb2O3 particles for Li-ion battery anodes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 53:3, s. 1062-1073
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibilities to electrodeposit thick coatings composed of nanoparticles of Sb and Sb2O3 for use as high-capacity anode materials in Li-ion batteries have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the stability of the coatings depends on their Sb2O3 concentrations as well as microstructure. The electrodeposition reactions in electrolytes with different pH and buffer capacities were studied using chronopotentiometry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. The obtained deposits, which were characterised with XRD and SEM, were also tested as anode materials in Li-ion batteries. The influence of the pH and buffer capacity of the deposition solution on the composition and particle size of the deposits were studied and it is concluded that depositions from a poorly buffered solution of antimony-tartrate give rise to good anode materials due to the inclusion of precipitated Sb2O3 nanoparticles in the Sb coatings. Depositions under conditions yielding pure Sb coatings give rise to deposits composed of large crystalline particles with poor anode stabilities. The presence of a plateau at about 0.8V versus Li+/Li due to SEI forming reactions and the origin of another plateau at about 0.4 V versus Li+/Li seen during the lithiation of thin Sb coatings are also discussed. It is demonstrated that the 0.4 V plateau is present for Sb coatings for which the (0 1 2) peak is the main peak in the XRD diffractogram.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Bryngelsson, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Thin films of Cu2Sb and Cu9Sb2 as anode materials in Li-ion batteries
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 53:24, s. 7226-7234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin Cu2Sb films have been prepared by heat-treating Sb films. electrodeposited on Cu substrates. The influence of the electrodeposition conditions and the heat-treatment period on composition and morphology of the films were investigated (SEM and XRD) and the obtained films were tested as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The Cu2Sb material showed a stable capacity of 290 mAh g(-1) (close to the theoretical capacity of 323 mAh g-1) during more than 60 cycles. The presence of 9-11% (w/w) Sb2O3 in the electrodeposited films resulted in smaller particles but also slowed down formation of Cu2Sb during the heat-treatment step. The presence of Sb2O3 was found to decrease the cycling stability although structural reversibility of Cu2Sb was obtained both with and without Sb2O3. Longer heat-treatment of pure Sb films resulted in the formation of Cu9Sb2 which was shown to be reduced at a lower potential than Cu2Sb. The Cu9Sb2 was converted to Cu2Sb during repeated cycling and the capacity of the latter Cu2Sb material was found to be 230 mAh g(-1). While reduction of the materials was complicated by simultaneous formation of an SEI layer, three plateaus Could be identified during the oxidation of Li3Sb, indicating the presence of three separate one-electron oxidation reactions.
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| 25. |
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