| 1. |
- Cheah, S.K, et al.
(författare)
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Nanostructure Electrodes for 3D Li-ion Microbatteries
- 2008
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Ingår i: Junior Euromat 2008 14-18 July, Lausanne (CH) oral presentation.
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The vast development of surface micromachining technology has brought the proliferation of MEMS devices. However, the issue of powering the MEMS devices still remains as a great challenge. Although the conventional thin film 2D batteries seems promising for achieving high power density, however, relatively large area is required for having sufficient capacity. The drawbacks of 2D batteries can be overcome by using 3D architecture of Li-ion microbatteries.The 3D architecture of Li-ion microbatteries will have the advantages of short diffusion path as the electrode active materials are just tenth of nanometer deposited on the current collectors. The short diffusion path guarantees the high power performance. Besides that, the capacity of the microbatteries can be enhanced by just increasing the length of the electrode while keeping the areal footprint. This is what makes the 3D microbatteries a more promising power supply for MEMS.Our approach to synthesize a 3D Li-ion microbattery is starting with the synthesis of a nanostructure current collector using a template method. An anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) membrane is used as template for the electrodeposition of an aluminium current collector. AAO with defined pore sizes and inter-pores spacing are synthesized with a suitable diameter and interspacing where an aluminium current collector can grow within the template. The following step is the deposition of electrode active materials on the current collector. In this example Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is employed in order to achieve a well deposited layer of, in this case, a TiO2 cathode material. By controlling the deposition parameters, the crystal structure and the thickness of TiO2 layer can be altered to give a better electrochemical performance. Our results will be discussed in the light of the complexity of the deposition mechanisms of both the aluminium current collector nano-rods and the TiO2 layer.
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| 2. |
- Cheah, Seng Kian, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Supported Three-Dimensional Nanoelectrodes for Microbattery Applications
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nano letters (Print). - : American Chemical Society. - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 9:9, s. 3230-3233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A nanostructured three-dimensional (3D) microbattery has been produced and cycled in a Li-ion battery. It consists of a current collector of aluminum nanorods, a uniform layer of 17 nm TiO2 covering the nanorods made using ALD, an electrolyte and metallic lithium counter electrode. The battery is electrochemically cycled more than 50 times. The increase in total capacity is 10 times when using a 3D architechture compared to a 2D system for the same footprint area.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Perre, Emilie, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Direct electrodeposition of aluminium nano-rods
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 10:10, s. 1467-1470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrodeposition of aluminium within an alumina nano-structured template, for use as high surface area current collectors in Li-ion microbatteries, was investigated. The aluminium electrodeposition was carried out in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride:aluminium chloride (1:2 ratio). First the aluminium electrodeposition process was confirmed by combined cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. Then, aluminium was electrodeposited under pulsed-potential conditions within ordered alumina membranes. A careful removal of the alumina template unveiled free standing arrays of aluminium nano-rods. The nano-columns shape and dimensions are directly related to the template dimensions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that direct electrodeposition of aluminium nano-pillars onto an aluminium substrate is reported.
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| 7. |
- Perre, Emilie, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Electrodeposited Cu2Sb as anode material for 3-dimensional Li-ion microbatteries
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 25:8, s. 1485-1491
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increasing demand on high energy and power systems has arisen not only with the development of electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), telecom, and mobile technologies, but also for specific applications such as powering of microelectronic systems. To power those microdevices, an extra variable is added to the equation: a limited footprint area. Three-dimensional (3D) microbatteries are a solution to combine high-density energy and power. In this work, we present the formation of Cu2Sb onto three-dimensionally architectured arrays of Cu current collectors. Sb electrodeposition conditions and annealing post treatment are discussed in light of their influence on the morphology and battery performances. An increase of cycling stability was observed when Sb was fully alloyed with the Cu current collector. A subsequent separator layer was added to the 3D electrode when optimized. Equivalent capacity values are measured for at least 20 cycles. Work is currently devoted to the identification of the causes of capacity fading.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Perre, Emilie, 1982-
(författare)
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Nano-structured 3D Electrodes for Li-ion Micro-batteries
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A new challenging application for Li-ion battery has arisen from the rapid development of micro-electronics. Powering Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) such as autonomous smart-dust nodes using conventional Li-ion batteries is not possible. It is not only new batteries based on new materials but there is also a need of modifying the actual battery design. In this context, the conception of 3D nano-architectured Li-ion batteries is explored. There are several micro-battery concepts that are studied; however in this thesis, the focus is concentrated on one particular architecture that can be described as the successive deposition of battery components (active material, electrolyte, active material) on free-standing arrays of nano-sized columns of a current collector. After a brief introduction about Li-ion batteries and 3D micro-batteries, the electrodeposition of Al through an alumina template using an ionic liquid electrolyte to form free-standing columns of Al current collector is described. The crucial deposition parameters influencing the nucleation and growth of the Al nano-rods are discussed. The deposition of active electrode material on the nano-structured current collector columns is described for 2 distinct active materials deposited using different techniques. Deposition of TiO2 using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) as active material on top of the nano-structured Al is also presented. The obtained deposits present high uniformity and high covering of the specific surface of the current collector. When cycled versus lithium and compared to planar electrodes, an increase of the capacity was proven to be directly proportional to the specific area gained from shifting from a 2D to a 3D construction. Cu2Sb 3D electrodes were prepared by the electrodeposition of Sb onto a nano-structured Cu current collector followed by an annealing step forcing the alloying between the current collector and Sb. The volume expansion observed during Sb alloying with Li is buffered by the Cu matrix and thus the electrode stability is greatly enhanced (from only 20 cycles to more than 120 cycles). Finally, the deposition of a hybrid polymer electrolyte onto the developed 3D electrodes is presented. Even though the deposition is not conformal and that issues of capacity fading need to be addressed, preliminary results attest that it is possible to cycle the obtained 3D electrode-electrolyte versus lithium without the appearance of short-circuits.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Roberts, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
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3D lithium ion batteries-from fundamentals to fabrication
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0959-9428 .- 1364-5501. ; 21:27, s. 9876-9890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface mountable rechargeable batteries for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other small electronic devices. Within a battery electrode, a 3D nanoarchitecture gives mesoporosity, increasing power by reducing the length of the diffusion path; in the separator region it can form the basis of a robust but porous solid, isolating the electrodes and immobilising an otherwise fluid electrolyte. 3D microarchitecture of the whole cell allows fabrication of interdigitated or interpenetrating networks that minimise the ionic path length between the electrodes in a thick cell. This article outlines the design principles for 3D microbatteries and estimates the geometrical and physical requirements of the materials. It then gives selected examples of recent progress in the techniques available for fabrication of 3D battery structures by successive deposition of electrodes, electrolytes and current collectors onto microstructured substrates by self-assembly methods.
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| 13. |
- Tan, Semra, et al.
(författare)
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A solid state 3-D microbattery based on Cu 2Sb nanopillar anodes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738 .- 1872-7689. ; 225, s. 510-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 3D-microbattery consisting of nanostructured Cu 2Sb, a solid state electrolyte and a metallic lithium foil has been investigated electrochemically. Thin-film Cu 2Sb electrodes have been prepared by heat treatment of electrodeposited Sb on both 2D and 3D-nanopillar Cu substrates. A solid electrolyte based on UV cross-linked blends of poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate and polyetheramine (glyceryl poly(oxypropylene)) was thereafter deposited onto the electrode material, and then cycled against Li. It is demonstrated that the discharge capacity per footprint area for the 3D-nanopillar samples increased more than 10 times as compared to that of the 2D system.
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