| 1. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of options for debottlenecking the recovery boiler at kraft pulp mills – Economic performance and CO2 emissions.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECOS 2012 – The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, June 26-29, 2012, Perugia, Italy.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The trend in the European pulp and paper industry is toward fewer mills with larger capacity. As a result, a number of existing mills will increase their production capacity. For increased production capacity in kraft pulp mills, the recovery boiler is often a bottleneck. This paper compares three different options for debottlenecking the recovery boiler and utilizing a potential mill steam surplus at a typical Scandinavian kraft pulp mill, when increasing the production capacity by 25%: 1) Upgrading the recovery boiler, 2) Lignin extraction and 3) Black liquor gasification (as a booster). For black liquor gasification (BLG) two options for using the product gas are considered: production of electricity or DME motor fuel. Furthermore, both BLG and upgrading of the recovery boiler are assumed to be possible to combine with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The extracted lignin is assumed to either be valued as wood fuel or as oil. The different options are evaluated and compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for four different future energy market scenarios. The results show that, generally, BLG with motor fuels production and lignin extraction with lignin valued as oil achieve the best economic performance. Upgrading the recovery boiler and capture and store CO2 from the boiler flue gases gives the highest CO2 emissions reduction but is only an economically attractive option in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge.
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| 2. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of options for utilization of a potential steam surplus at kraft pulp mills - Economic performance and CO2 emissions
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1099-114X .- 0363-907X. ; 37:9, s. 1017-1035
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares different energy-related investment options that can be implemented in a kraft pulp mill with a potential steam surplus. The options investigated include lignin extraction, electricity production, capturing of CO2 and black liquor gasification with production of electricity or biofuels, here DME. The investment options are compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for different future energy market scenarios. A further analysis of how different parameters such as policy instruments and investment costs affect the different technologies also is included. The results show that, generally, for reasonable levels of biofuel support, the best economic performance among the studied technologies is achieved by extraction of lignin valued as oil. However, if the level of support for biofuels is high, black liquor gasification with DME production generally has the best economic performance among the studied options. All the investment options investigated decrease global CO2 emissions significantly. Capturing and storing CO2 from the recovery boiler flue gases result in the highest CO2 emissions reduction and also is an economically attractive option in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Alvfors, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors – three illustrative examples
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Currently biofuels have strong political support, both in the EU and Sweden. The EU has, for example, set a target for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector stating that all EU member states should use 10% renewable fuels for transport by 2020. Fulfilling this ambition will lead to an enormous market for biofuels during the coming decade. To avoid increasing production of biofuels based on agriculture crops that require considerable use of arable area, focus is now to move towards more advanced second generation (2G) biofuels that can be produced from biomass feedstocks associated with a more efficient land use.Climate benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are aspects often discussed in conjunction with sustainability and biofuels. The total GHG emissions associated with production and usage of biofuels depend on the entire fuel production chain, mainly the agriculture or forestry feedstock systems and the manufacturing process. To compare different biofuel production pathways it is essential to conduct an environmental assessment using the well-to-tank (WTT) analysis methodology. In Sweden the conditions for biomass production are favourable and we have promising second generation biofuels technologies that are currently in the demonstration phase. In this study we have chosen to focus on cellulose based ethanol, methane from gasification of solid wood as well as DME from gasification of black liquor, with the purpose of identifying research and development potentials that may result in improvements in the WTT emission values. The main objective of this study is thus to identify research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors based on literature studies as well as discussions with the the researchers themselves. We have also discussed improvement potentials for the agriculture and forestry part of the WTT chain. The aim of this study is to, in the context of WTT analyses, (i) increase knowledge about the complexity of biofuel production, (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials, regarding energy efficiency and GHG emissions, for three biofuel production cases, as well as (iii) identify and discuss improvement potentials regarding biomass supply, including agriculture/forestry. The scope of the study is limited to discussing the technologies, system aspects and climate impacts associated with the production stage. Aspects such as the influence on biodiversity and other environmental and social parameters fall beyond the scope of this study. We find that improvement potentials for emissions reductions within the agriculture/forestry part of the WTT chain include changing the use of diesel to low-CO2-emitting fuels, changing to more fuel-efficient tractors, more efficient cultivation and manufacture of fertilizers (commercial nitrogen fertilizer can be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning) as well as improved fertilization strategies (more precise nitrogen application during the cropping season). Furthermore, the cultivation of annual feedstock crops could be avoided on land rich in carbon, such as peat soils and new agriculture systems could be introduced that lower the demand for ploughing and harrowing. Other options for improving the WTT emission values includes introducing new types of crops, such as wheat with higher content of starch or willow with a higher content of cellulose. From the case study on lignocellulosic ethanol we find that 2G ethanol, with co-production of biogas, electricity, heat and/or wood pellet, has a promising role to play in the development of sustainable biofuel production systems. Depending on available raw materials, heat sinks, demand for biogas as vehicle fuel and existing 1G ethanol plants suitable for integration, 2G ethanol production systems may be designed differently to optimize the economic conditions and maximize profitability. However, the complexity connected to the development of the most optimal production systems require improved knowledge and involvement of several actors from different competence areas, such as chemical and biochemical engineering, process design and integration and energy and environmental systems analysis, which may be a potential barrier. Three important results from the lignocellulosic ethanol study are: (i) the production systems could be far more complex and intelligently designed than previous studies show, (ii) the potential improvements consist of a large number of combinations of process integration options wich partly depends on specific local conditions, (iii) the environmental performance of individual systems may vary significantly due to systems design and local conditons.From the case study on gasification of solid biomass for the production of biomethane we find that one of the main advantages of this technology is its high efficiency in respect to converting biomass into fuels for transport. For future research we see a need for improvements within the gas up-grading section, including gas cleaning and gas conditioning, to obtain a more efficient process. A major challenge is to remove the tar before the methanation reaction. Three important results from the biomethane study are: (i) it is important not to crack the methane already produced in the syngas, which indicates a need for improved catalysts for selective tar cracking, (ii) there is a need for new gas separation techniques to facilitate the use of air oxidation agent instead of oxygen in the gasifier, and (iii) there is a need for testing the integrated process under realistic conditions, both at atmospheric and pressurized conditions. From the case study on black liquor gasification for the production of DME we find that the process has many advantages compared to other biofuel production options, such as the fact that black liquor is already partially processed and exists in a pumpable, liquid form, and that the process is pressurised and tightly integrated with the pulp mill, which enhances fuel production efficiency. However, to achieve commercial status, some challenges still remain, such as demonstrating that materials and plant equipment meet the high availability required when scaling up to industrial size in the pulp mill, and also proving that the plant can operate according to calculated heat and material balances. Three important results from the DME study are: (i) that modern chemical pulp mills, having a potential surplus of energy, could become important suppliers of renewable fuels for transport, (ii) there is a need to demonstrate that renewable DME/methanol will be proven to function in large scale, and (iii) there is still potential for technology improvements and enhanced energy integration. Although quantitative improvement potentials are given in the three biofuel production cases, it is not obvious how these potentials would affect WTT values, since the biofuel production processes are complex and changing one parameter impacts other parameters. The improvement potentials are therefore discussed qualitatively. From the entire study we have come to agree on the following common conclusions: (i) research and development in Sweden within the three studied 2G biofuel production technologies is extensive, (ii) in general, the processes, within the three cases, work well at pilot and demonstration scale and are now in a phase to be proven in large scale, (iii) there is still room for improvement although some processes have been known for decades, (iv) the biofuel production processes are complex and site specific and process improvements need to be seen and judged from a broad systems perspective (both within the production plant as well as in the entire well-to-tank perspective), and (v) the three studied biofuel production systems are complementary technologies. Futher, the process of conducting this study is worth mentioning as a result itself, i.e. that many different actors within the field have proven their ability and willingness to contribute to a common report, and that the cooperation climate was very positive and bodes well for possible future collaboration within the framework of the f3 center. Finally, judging from the political ambitions it is clear that the demand for renewable fuels will significantly increase during the coming decade. This will most likely result in opportunities for a range of biofuel options. The studied biofuel options all represent 2G biofuels and they can all be part of the solution to meet the increased renewable fuel demand.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Anheden, Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Value chains for production of Renewable Transportation Fuels Using Intermediates
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An increased share of renewable transportation fuels requires utilisation of new low-cost sources of bio-based raw materials other than what is currently used in the pulp and paper industry and for power and district heat generation in the bioenergy sector. Currently, proposed raw material includes forest residues (branches and tops), stumps, waste round wood and different by-products from pulp and pa-per industry and sawmills. Of these, forest residues and stumps have, by far, the largest potential for increased utilisation. However, these types of raw materials are often voluminous and heterogeneous and are difficult to handle in existing refineries for production of transportation fuels. The cost of transporting this type of raw material over large distances in order to supply a larger plant is often said to be high. This report includes an analysis of the possible advantages and disadvantages of transform-ing forest-based biomass to an intermediate product with a higher energy density that is more homo-geneous and easier to handle during transport and during final conversion to transportation fuel.Two value chains are investigated as case studies a) bio-SNG production using forest residues, bark and sawdust as raw material and b) bio-oil production from forest residues, lignin in black liquor and tall oil, which can be upgraded to transportation fuels at a refinery. In the study we have assumed that the conversion of the original biomass to an intermediate product mainly takes place at a pulp mill. The intermediate conversion technologies included for value chain a) are drying and pelletizing and for value chain b) pyrolysis and distillation. The final conversion to end product bio-SNG takes place in connection to a district heating system, and the final deoxygenation and upgrading of bio-oil to hydrodeoxygenated (HDO) oil takes place at an oil refinery. The value chains with intermediates are compared with value chains without intermediates where the entire conversion process to final product is located in connection to a district heating system in value chain a) and at a stand-alone plant near to a refinery in value chain b). The value chains are studied from a well-to-gate perspective, from extrac-tion of the forest biomass to produced bio-SNG/HDO bio-oil. A direct comparison between value chains for bio-SNG and bio-oil production should be avoided. They are based on different reference data that are not synchronized. A direct comparison between the chains should in addition be done in a well-to-wheel perspective.The results show that the initial hypothesis that local production of a more energy dense intermediate would reduce transportation costs could not be verified. The reason is primarily the introduction of a second transport step to transport the intermediate to the final conversion site in addition to the transport of the raw material. The transport costs are associated with relatively high fixed cost espe-cially for ship and train transport, so the introduction of a second relatively high fixed transport cost of the intermediate has a dominating effect. Further, it can be concluded that the transport cost make up a relatively small share of the total production cost of the final product, in the order of 10%, and in a few cases up to 20%. There is therefore a relatively small difference in total specific production cost for the final product between value chains with and without intermediates considering the level of uncer-tainty in the input data and the assumptions behind the scenarios studied.Summarizing, the results indicate that the production costs are highly sensitive to the economies of scale, oxygen content in the bio-crude oil and raw material costs (forest residues price or electricity price in the case where lignin is used as raw material). Transportation costs have, comparatively, a little effect in the total production cost.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy futures in Sweden - Modeling integration scenarios for biofuel production
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 109, s. 1026-1039
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of bioenergy can contribute to greenhouse gas emission reductions and increased energy security. However, even though biomass is a renewable resource, the potential is limited, and efficient use of available biomass resources will become increasingly important. This paper aims to explore system interactions related to future bioenergy utilization and cost-efficient bioenergy technology choices under stringent CO2 constraints. In particular, the study investigates system effects linked to integration of advanced biofuel production with district heating and industry under different developments in the electricity sector and biomass supply system. The study is based on analysis with the MARKAL_Sweden model, which is a bottom-up, cost-optimization model covering the Swedish energy system. A time horizon to 2050 is applied. The results suggest that system integration of biofuel production has noteworthy effects on the overall system level, improves system cost-efficiency and influences parameters such as biomass price, marginal CO2 emission reduction costs and cost-efficient biofuel choices in the transport sector. In the long run and under stringent CO2 constraints, system integration of biofuel production has, however, low impact on total bioenergy use, which is largely decided by supply-related constraints, and on total transport biofuel use, which to large extent is driven by demand.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Fallde, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Bakom drivmedelstanken - Perspektiv på svenska biodrivmedelssatsningar
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här rapporten är ett resultat av ett tvärvetenskapligt projekt inom forskarskolan Program Energisystem. Syftet har varit att studera svenska satsningar på biodrivmedel ur olika perspektiv samt att undersöka motiv som har legat bakom satsningarna. De perspektiv som undersökts är ett nationellt, ett lokalt och ett teknikperspektiv. I det nationella perspektivet har statliga dokument från perioden 1990 till 2006 studerats, med syftet att få en bild av hur den svenska satsningen på biodrivmedel motiverats. I studien undersöktes vilka argument som förs fram för och emot att använda biomassa till driv¬medelsframställning. Av speciellt intresse har varit argument med anknytning till resurs- och kostnadseffektivitet. Viktiga argument som framfördes för drivmedelssatsningen var jordbrukspolitiska överväganden, försörjningstrygghet och klimatnytta. Flera gånger nämns att frågan om hur biomasseresurserna används på ett så resurseffektivt sätt som möjligt borde utredas, men någon sådan utredning blev aldrig av.Det lokala perspektivet har studerats genom att undersöka Linköpings övergång till biogasdrift i tätortsbussarna. Centrala frågor är framför allt vilka aktörer som varit drivande i biogassatsningen samt vilka intressen som inverkat. I kapitlet visas hur olika aktörer företrädande kommunen, det kommunala energibolaget samt de kommunala och regionala transportbolagen varit drivande i satsningen. Aktörerna har tolkat biogassatsningen på olika sätt; som energi-, transport- och miljörelaterad fråga och har därför haft olika intressen i skeendet. Biogas har fungerat som ett gränsobjekt, det vill säga en lösning som passar alla parter, genom att sammanfoga de olika aktörernas intressen och möjliggöra ett möte mellan transport, energi och miljö på lokal nivå.För teknikperspektivet har fokus legat på undersökningar av teknikerna för framställning av framtidens biodrivmedel, med utgångspunkt i de tre utvecklingsanläggningar för dessa som finns i Sverige idag. I rapporten beskrivs den historiska bakgrunden till de tre utvecklingsanläggningarna; cellulosaetanolsanläggningen i Örnsköldsvik, förgasningsanläggningen för fast biomassa i Värnamo och svartlutsförgasningsanläggningen i Piteå. Utvecklingsanläggningarna pratas ofta om i klump som om det vore ett projekt, men av de historiska överblickarna för anläggningarna framgår att de i högsta grad är tre separata företeelser. De tre teknikerna och dess status beskrivs och en utblick för framtiden ges för respektive teknik. Vikten av integration av drivmedelsproduktionen diskuteras. Vidare problematiseras möjligheterna med att jämföra olika biodrivmedel för att exempelvis kunna värdera deras klimat- eller försörjningstrygghetsnytta, jämföra energi-, resurs- och kostnadseffektivitet etcetera. Ett antal rapporter om teknikerna för framställning och användning av alternativa drivmedel har studerats, främst studier som behandlar de tre utvecklingsanläggningsteknikerna. En diskussion förs kring vilka typer av nyckeltal som används för att jämföra biodrivmedel i dessa studier. Vidare visas på grundläggande skillnader i systemavgränsningar, antaganden om omgivande system etcetera och hur dessa skillnader påverkar resultatet. Exempelvis har vilken status som antas för tekniken, hur över- eller underskott av el värderas, liksom hur biprodukter och överskottsvärme hanteras stor betydelse. Olika studier tenderar att hantera dessa saker på olika sätt, vilket gör det mycket svårt att göra relevanta jämförelser. I den avslutande diskussionen resoneras kring de olika perspektiven på svenska biodrivmedelssatsningar med hjälp av tre teman; klimatpåverkan, oljeberoende och försörjningstrygghet samt nyckeltal för att jämföra biodrivmedel. Såväl likheter som skillnader mellan perspektiven har påvisats, och det har funnits svårt att urskilja en röd tråd i den svenska biodrivmedelssatsningen. Likaså kan motiven till biodrivmedelssatsningarna ifrågasättas; vilka argument som påverkat satsningarna skiljer sig åt i respektive perspektiv, och tenderar även att förändras med tiden.
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| 12. |
- Flink, Mimmi, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing new Swedish concepts for production of second generation biofuels - evaluating CO2 emissions using a system approach
- 2007
-
Ingår i: SETAC Europe 14th LCA Case Studies Symposium, 3-4 December 2007, Göteborg, Sweden. ; , s. 99-102
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Well-to-wheels studies and various figures of merit are often used to assess the benefits of different biofuels regarding for example climate effect, security of supply, energy efficiency, resource efficiency and costs. However, fundamental differences in system boundaries, assumptions about surrounding systems etc. influence the results when comparing biofuels. This work focuses on well-to-wheel studies of second generation biofuels, in particular the technologies represented by the three development plants in Sweden, i.e. cellulosic ethanol in Örnsköldsvik, biomass gasification in Värnamo, and black liquor gasification in Piteå. The discussion includes potential to improve comparisons by for example including byproducts, e.g. heat, the influence of energy integration of the production process, and CCS in biofuel production as a way to improve climate benefits from biofuels.
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| 13. |
- Fornell, Rickard, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Preliminary design and energy efficiency analysis of a kraft pulp mill converted to a biorefinery producing ethanol and DME from softwood
- 2010
-
Ingår i: 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA 2010 and 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering, ECCE-7; Prague; Czech Republic; 28 August 2010 through 1 September 2010.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A conceptual biorefinery process is evaluated. The process is based on conversion of softwood to biofuels and consists of a digester according to the soda cooking principle, a cellulose to ethanol production line, and a black liquor gasification line. The main products are ethanol and dimethyl ether. Opportunities for heat integration exist. The steam surplus from the gasification plant cannot fully satisfy the steam demand of the balance of the process even if the process is well heat-integrated. However, the demand is considerably lower compared to when pulp is produced. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering-7 and the 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA (Prague, Czech Republic 8/28/2010-9/1/2010).
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| 14. |
- Fornell, Rickard, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary Design and Energy Efficiency Analysis of a Kraft Pulp Mill Converted to a Biorefinery Producing Ethanol and DME from Softwood
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 2283-9216. - 9788895608051 ; Volume 21, s. 1147-1152
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study a conceptual biorefinery process is evaluated. The process is based on conversion of softwood to biofuels, and consists of a digester according to the soda cooking principle, a cellulose to ethanol production line, and a black liquor gasification line. The main products are ethanol and DME. The focus of the study is to combine knowledge from previous research in order to generate a preliminary design and energy balance for the process. This information is then used as input in a heat integration analysis in order to assess the potential for energy efficiency measures. Since the gasification leg of the process is a heat source and the ethanol leg, pretreatment and evaporation plant are heat sinks, an important result of the heat integration analysis is to give an indication of whether the process is self sufficient with respect to heat. The study shows that large opportunities for heat integration exist. The results from the study indicate that the steam surplus from the gasification plant cannot fully satisfy the steam demand of the balance of the process, even if the process is well heat-integrated. The demand is however considerably lower compared to when pulp is produced.
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| 15. |
- Gourdon, Mathias, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Pulp mill biorefineries
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Process Integration Jubilee Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, March 18-20 2013.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Heyne, Stefan, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Well-to-tank data for advanced tailor-made biofuel alternatives
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. ; 2017:25thEUBCE, s. 1230-1236
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work is part of a cross-disciplinary Swedish research project on advanced tailor-made biofuels that aims at identifying drop-in biofuel options for the transport sector that combine excellent combustion properties with sustainable production pathways. The present paper addresses the methodology and primary results of the biofuel production pathway assessment for the diesel fuel alternatives identified within the project. The methodology is illustrated for 2-Ethylhexanol. Three alternative production pathways for 2-Ethylhexanol are analyzed: gasification-based, butanol-based and ethanol-based. The highest biomass to 2-Ethylhexanol conversion (33.9%, lower heating value basis) is achieved for the ethanol-based conversion pathway. The varying spectrum of by-products requires a sophisticated analysis necessary, as addressed in the present work. 2-Ethylhexanol as biofuel cannot outperform conventional biofuels such as e.g. ethanol from a well-to-tank energy performance perspective due to the additional conversion steps necessary. End-use phase benefits such as higher blend-in ratios or reduced pollutant emissions may change the well-to-wheel picture.
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| 17. |
- Isaksson, Johan, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Integration Of Biomass Gasification With A Scandinavian Mechanical Pulp And Paper Mill - Consequences For Mass And Energy Balances And Global CO2 Emissions
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 44:1, s. 420-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Scandinavian mechanical pulp and paper industry has been facing great challenges during the pastdecades, mainly because of declining demand for newsprint, and higher prices on raw material andenergy. One way of increasing profitability is to produce more value-added products besides theproduction of pulp and paper. In this study, integration potentials of three possible future biomassgasification-based energy mills with an existing thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) mill, co-located witha sawmill, have been evaluated. The product gas was utilized for electricity production in a gas turbine,for production of methanol or for production of FischereTropsch (FT) liquids. Integration of the energymills showed good potential as the TMP mill constitutes a heat sink for which the excess heat from theenergy mills can be utilized all year round. However, since there is little excess heat from the TMP mill atthe required level to be utilized for biomass drying, for example, heat integration is typically one way. Ithas also been shown that integration of biomass gasification with a TMP mill results in larger CO2emissions reduction than stand-alone operation. Still, compared to co-firing biomass in a coal powerplant, the energy mills all have lower potentials for CO2 emissions reduction.
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| 18. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative study of Fischer-Tropsch production and post-combustion CO2 capture at an oil refinery: Economic evaluation and GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) balances
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 59, s. 387-401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact on CO2 emissions of integrating new technologies (a biomass-to-Fischer-Tropsch fuel plant and a post-combustion CO2 capture plant) with a complex refinery has previously been investigated separately by the authors. In the present study these designs are integrated with a refinery and evaluated from the point-of-view of economics and GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) emissions and are compared to a reference refinery. Stand-alone Fischer-Tropsch fuel production is included for comparison. To account for uncertainties in the future energy market, the assessment has been conducted for different future energy market conditions. For the post-combustion CO2 capture process to be profitable, the present study stresses the importance of a high charge for CO2 emission. A policy support for biofuels is essential for the biomass-to-Fischer-Tropsch fuel production to be profitable. The level of the support, however, differs depending on scenario. In general, a high charge for CO2 economically favours Fischer-Tropsch fuel production, while a low charge for CO2 economically favours Fischer-Tropsch fuel production. Integrated Fischer-Tropsch fuel production is most profitable in scenarios with a low wood fuel price. The stand-alone alternative shows no profitability in any of the studied scenarios. Moreover, the high investment costs make all the studied cases sensitive to variations in capital costs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
- Ljungstedt, Hanna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of opportunities for heat integration of biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch crude production at Scandinavian kraft pulp and paper mill sites
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 62, s. 349-361
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates heat integrated production of FT (Fischer-Tropsch) crude, where excess heat from the FT crude plant is delivered to a typical Scandinavian pulp and paper mill that produces fine paper. The sizes of FT crude plants are quantified, when the amount of excess heat from the FT plant exactly matches the heating demand otherwise satisfied by the bark boiler at the mill, considering a number of development pathways at the mill, including various degrees of steam savings and biorefinery options, such as lignin extraction. Performance of integrated production is compared with that of an FT stand-alone plant on the basis of wood fuel-to-FT crude efficiency, GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions balances and FT crude production cost. The results show that there exists a heat integration opportunity for an FT crude plant ranging from 0 up to 350 MW (LHV) of wood fuel depending on the development pathway for the mill. The results indicate higher overall efficiency and a generally lower production cost for the heat integrated, co-located production. Heat integrated production has a larger potential to contribute to GHG emission mitigation, assuming a future generation of grid electricity emitting equal to or less than an NGCC (natural gas combined cycle) power plant. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 20. |
- Ljungstedt, Hanna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities for Heat Integration of Biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch Crude Production at Scandinavian Kraftliner Mill Sites
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 2283-9216. ; 35, s. 1051-1056
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the potential for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) crude at a typical pulp and paper mill producing kraftliner. Heat integrated FT crude production, where excess heat from the FT crude process is used to produce steam for the mill’s steam network, is evaluated for different levels of mill heat demand. The paper presents performance indicators, including wood fuel-to-FT crude efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) balances and production cost for FT crude, for co-located production of kraftliner and FT crude. These results are compared to corresponding performance indicators for FT crude production heat integrated with a mill producing fine paper, and stand-alone FT crude production, presented by the authors in a previous study. The results show that a typical kraftliner mill, in contrast to a typical fine paper mill, has a net steam demand even if large investments are made in steam saving measures. A kraft pulp and paper mill with an annual production of 417,000 ADt of kraftliner would need excess heat from an FT crude plant with 80 - 270 MW of wood fuel (LHV) input, depending on the heat demand at the mill. The wood fuel-to-FT crude efficiency, GHG emissions balances and production costs for FT crude are similar for heat integration in kraftliner and fine paper mill. The comparison of heat integrated and stand-alone FT crude production indicates higher wood fuel-to-FT crude efficiencies and lower production costs for heat integrated FT crude production. The reduction of GHG emissions is strongly affected by the assumed marginal electricity production technology, where heat integrated production benefits from low emitting electricity production technologies.
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| 21. |
- Olofsson, Johanna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication and evaluation of SixNy coatings for total joint replacements
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-4530 .- 1573-4838. ; 23:8, s. 1879-1889
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wear particles from the bearing surfaces of joint implants are one of the main limiting factors for total implant longevity. Si3N4 is a potential wear resistant alternative for total joint replacements. In this study, SixNy-coatings were deposited on cobalt chromium-discs and Si-wafers by a physical vapour deposition process. The tribological properties, as well as surface appearance, chemical composition, phase composition, structure and hardness of these coatings were analysed. The coatings were found to be amorphous or nanocrystalline, with a hardness and coefficient of friction against Si3N4 similar to that found for bulk Si3N4. The low wear rate of the coatings indicates that they have a potential as bearing surfaces of joint replacements. The adhesion to the substrates remains to be improved.
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| 22. |
- Paulsen, Katrine M., et al.
(författare)
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High-throughput sequencing of two European strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Hochosterwitz and 1993/783
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 1877-959X .- 1877-9603. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a medically important arbovirus, widespread in Europe and Asia. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans and animals by bites from ticks and, in rare cases, by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The aim of this study was to sequence and characterize two TBEV strains with amplicon sequencing by designing overlapping primers. The amplicon sequencing, via Illumina MiSeq, covering nearly the entire TBEV genome, was successful: We retrieved and characterized the complete polyprotein sequence of two TBEV strains, Hochosterwitz and 1993/783 from Austria and Sweden, respectively. In this study the previous phylogenetic analysis of both strains was confirmed to be of the European subtypes of TBEV (TBEV-Eu) by whole genome sequencing. The Hochosterwitz strain clustered with the two strains KrM 93 and KrM 213 from South Korea, and the 1993/783 strain clustered together with the NL/UH strain from the Netherlands. Our study confirms the suitability and rapidness of the high-throughput sequencing method used to produce complete TBEV genomes from TBEV samples of high viral load giving high-molecular-weight cDNA with large overlapping amplicons.
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| 23. |
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Perspektiv på förädling av bioråvara 2014
- 2014
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- MÖJLIGHETER OCH UTMANINGAR MED PRODUKTION AV KEMIKALIER,MATERIAL OCH BRÄNSLEN FRÅN SKOG OCH JORDBRUKKol, olja och naturgas utgör en ändlig resurs som vid förbränning ger koldioxidutsläppsom i sin tur leder till klimatförändringar. En övergång från fossila råvaror tillbioråvaror skulle möjliggöra en uthållig produktion och användning av kolbaseradematerial, kemikalier och bränslen. Men användning av mer bioråvara och införandetav nya förädlingsmetoder är inte utan risker och problem. Det finns många frågorsom kräver svar. Vad ska vi använda våra begränsade bioresurser till? Konkurrerarproduktion av biobränslen och biomaterial med matproduktion? Hur förädlas råvarornabäst? Kan bioraffinaderier integreras i befintliga industrier och vilka politiskastyrmedel krävs för att förverkliga framtidens bioraffinaderier?Det saknas enkla och slutgiltiga svar på dessa och andra viktiga frågor. Däremotkan vi studera förädling av bioråvara från olika perspektiv. På så vis kan vi fåvärdefulla och kompletterande pusselbitar som var och en bidrar till en tydligarehelhetsbild.Perspektiv på förädling av bioråvara är en levande e-bok med årliga uppdateringar.
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| 24. |
- Pettersson, Karin, 1981
(författare)
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Black Liquor Gasification-Based Biorefineries – Determining Factors for Economic Performance and CO2 Emission Balances
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biorefineries constitute an attractive future development option for the pulp and paper industry, allowing mills to produce not only pulp or paper but also other value-added products. Black liquor gasification (BLG) is currently being developed as an alternative technology for energy and chemical recovery in kraft pulp and paper mills. The technology enables the mill to increase the internal electricity generation or produce chemicals such as motor fuels. This thesis investigates the influence of different factors, including choice of product, type of mill, alternative investments, opportunities for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and future energy market conditions, on the economic performance and CO2 emission balances for BLG-based biorefinery concepts.Implementation of biorefinery concepts such as BLG with electricity production in future market pulp mills can be achieved without making the mill dependent on external wood fuel. However, implementation in integrated pulp and paper mills requires external wood fuel and reduces the amount of wood fuel available for other applications, thereby increasing the CO2 emissions from those applications.The results show that BLG with motor fuel production could be profitable for both market and integrated mills, whereas BLG with electricity generation is primarily an attractive option for market mills. For mills that operate with conventional recovery boiler technology, potentially profitable biorefinery concepts include lignin extraction or motor fuel production from gasified wood fuel. Few of the biorefinery concepts investigated in this work achieve a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, especially for integrated mills. However, if commercially available, CCS could contribute to significant CO2 emissions reduction and enhanced profitability for future energy market conditions characterized by a high CO2 emissions charge, for both combustion- and gasification-based biorefinery concepts. Steam-saving measures could also significantly improve the economic performance as well as the CO2 emission balances, especially for biorefinery concepts that use external wood fuel. The results also show that even if the recovery boiler has not reached the end of its technical lifetime, it could nevertheless be attractive for mills to consider investment in a smaller BLG plant.
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| 25. |
- Pettersson, Karin, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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CO2 emission balances for different black liquor gasification biorefinery concepts for production of electricity or second-generation liquid biofuels
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 35:2, s. 1101-1106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Black liquor gasification (BLG) is currently being developed as an alternative technology for energy and chemical recovery at chemical pulp mills. This study examines how different assumptions regarding systems surrounding the pulp mill affect the CO2 emission balances for different BLG concepts. The syngas from the gasification process can be used for different applications; this study considers production of renewable motor fuels and electricity generation. Both a market pulp mill and an integrated pulp and paper mill are considered as host mill for the BLG plant. Furthermore, the consequences of limited availability of biomass are shown, i.e., increasing the use of biomass in a mill is not necessarily CO2-neutral. The results show that the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by introducing BLG is generally much higher for a market pulp mill than for an integrated pulp and paper mill. Electricity generation from the syngas is favoured when assuming high grid electricity CO2 emissions where as motor fuel production is favoured when assuming low grid electricity CO2 emissions. When considering the consequences of limited availability of biomass, the CO2 emission balances are strongly affected, in some cases changing the results from a decrease to an increase of the CO2 emissions.
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