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1.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Relationship between obesity, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels in children and adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina : an analysis of gender differences 2018 Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 9, s. 1-11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study aimed to examine: (i) the level of physical activity (PA), obesity indices and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among boys and girls in primary school, and (ii) to determine the association of obesity indices and PA with CRF for the total number of participants, and then separately for boys and girls. 753 sixth to ninth grade girls and boys aged 10–14 years took part in this cross-sectional study. The PA was assessed by the “Physical Activity Questionnaire – Children” and CRF was assessed by the Maximalmultistage a 20 m shuttle run test. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were considered as obesity indices. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore correlates of CRF. The results obtained showed the prevalence of general overweight and obesity was 25.5% in our sample which was lower than that in the regional estimate (e.g., 28%) for Eastern Europe. Among all participants, CRF was associated with male sex, older age, a lower WC percentile, higher WHtR, and higher level of PA. The model accounted for 24% of the variance. CRF was associated with older age and a higher level of PA among girls and boys. Lower WC percentile was a significant determinant of CRF among boys. In conclusion, general overweight/obesity was not independently associated with CRF. Those with better CRF were more likely to be male and older, had a higher level ofPA and lower central adiposity. These findings emphasize the importance of supporting school-age children to take a part in programmed physical activity regardless of their body composition.
2.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) The Reliability and Validity of a Novel Sport-Specific Balance Test to Differentiate Performance Levels in Elite Curling Players 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (JSSM). - : JSSM. - 1303-2968. ; 19:2, s. 337-346 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Balance as a skill and task-specific capacity is considered an essential physical quality in curling, required for executing effective stone delivery. However, no testing protocols have been developed to test curling-specific balance in the delivery position. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, validity and usefulness of a newly-developed, curling-specific balance test (CSBT) which involved the delivery position. The secondary aim was to examine the differences between elite and sub-elite curlers for core strength and flexibility, which have previously been identified as important qualities in curling and determinants of balance. Twenty curling players (13 females aged 19 ± 3.1 years; 7 males aged 19.6 ± 2.3 years) from five Swedish super-league curling clubs were divided into two groups according to playing level: elite and sub-elite. Variables included body mass, body height, body mass index, age, playing experience, training frequency, plank test, sit and reach test, standing single-leg balance test (SLBT) and CSBT. The CSBT was executed on a multiaxial tilting balance plate while mimicking the curling delivery position (i.e., a deep lunge position with the front foot on the plate). The participants completed the CSBT on three separate occasions, with each test consisting of three, 20-s attempts. Both the relative and absolute reliability were good for the CSBT (ICC = 0.90; CV = 14.5%). The CSBT demonstrated good measurement usefulness, being sensitive to detect moderate changes that exceeded 0.5 times the test standard deviation. Construct validity of the CSBT was evidenced by the large discriminatory capacity to differentiate expertise level in curling players (t-test: 2.85, p < 0.01; large ES), irrespective of other physical capacities (e.g., flexibility and core strength). However, the elite and sub-elite players also differed in age, playing experience and training frequency. Content validity was confirmed by a weak correlation (r = 0.21; 95%CI: -0.26 to 0.60) between the CSBT and SLBT, which suggests that curling-specific and standing balance should be considered as independent and task-specific motor skills. In conclusion, the CSBT can be used as a reliable, valid and useful tool for the assessment of curling-specific balance performance. In addition, longer and more extensive involvement in curling training contributed to superior specific balance in elite curlers.
3.	Ahlgren, Madeleine, 1976-, et al. (författare) Self-reported symptoms of low energy availability among female elite athletes and controls 2023 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract AimWe aimed to investigate symptoms of low energy availability (LEA) among athletes and recreational active people, and the associations with EDs, excessive exercise, and motivation for training and dietary behavioural changes. MethodsSwedish female national team athletes (n=150) from 26 sports, and recreational active women (n=108), 18-39 years were recruited via sport organizations and social media. Participants filled out an anonymous on-line survey comprising the LEA in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Major Depression Index (MDI), the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), and the Motivation to Change Questionnaire (MCQ). LEAF-Q total score >8 and EDE-Q Global score >2.3 were used to classify participants as having symptoms of LEA and eating disorders (EDs), respectively.ResultsOf all participants, 47% had symptoms of LEA with no difference between elite athletes (47%) and controls (48%). Participants with LEA had lower body mass and BMI compared to those with no symptoms, while no differences were found in age or training load. Most of the participants with LEA (69%) did not have symptoms of EDs. However, when excluding all participants with ED symptoms (n=65), participants with LEA had higher EDE-Q sub scale scores, MDI and EAI scores, and they reported poorer health status and reduced ability to increase energy intake and to lower the training load compared to participants with no LEA symptoms. ConclusionOur findings confirm earlier indications that symptoms of LEA is frequent among elite athletes as well as sedentary people, and that most LEA cases do not have EDs. However, our findings suggest that symptoms of LEA may still be associated with poor well-being, restricted eating and excessive training behaviour and negative focus on body shape and weight. Reversing LEA by increased energy intake and/or reduced training load is the only treatment to prevent REDs health and performance implications. Our findings therefore emphasize the need for multidisciplinary prevention strategies to ensure necessary dietary and training behavioural changes.
4.	Hafsteinsson Östenberg, Anna, 1962-, et al. (författare) Association between Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Level and Sense of Coherence in Swedish Adolescents : An Analysis of Age and Sex Differences 2022 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:19 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical fitness, physical activity, and sense of coherence (SOC) in Swedish adolescents (n = 2028 males, n = 1287 females) aged 14 to 18 using a cross-sectional design. Methods: Using the Swedish Physical power Mental harmony and Social capacity (FMS) student profile, participants performed physical tests measuring their cardiovascular ability (CV) and muscular strength. Questionnaires were used to measure physical activity levels (PA), the participation in organized physical training, sedentary behavior (SB), screen time, and SOC value. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the association between SOC and independent variables. Results: The regression analyses explained a small, shared variance between SOC and the independent variables in boys (4.3%) and girls (3.3%). SB showed a positive association with SOC both in girls (β = 0.114, p = 0.002) and boys (β = 0.109, p = 0.013). Abdominal strength was positively associated, while VO2max was inversely associated, with SOC (β = 0.113, p = 0.022; β = −0.109, p = 0.026, respectively) in boys. Girls had poorer fitness than boys did across all age groups except at age 18. PA levels decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys, but without differences between sexes. Abdominal strength decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys. In general, girls had lower SOC than boys across all age groups.Conclusions: Poor sedentary behavior was significantly associated with weaker SOC for both genders, indicating overall physical activity as the most important factor for stronger SOC. However, emotional support in vulnerable environments may have a bigger impact than physical activity or sedentary behavior on the SOC value for adolescents.
5.	Hafsteinsson Östenberg, Anna, 1962-, et al. (författare) Physical Fitness, Dietary Habits and Substance Misuse : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Associations in 7,600 Swedish Adolescents 2022 Ingår i: Physical Activity and Health. - : Ubiquity Press. - 2515-2270. ; 6:1, s. 26-37 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Introduction: Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, psychological and social changes and a time when habits are formed. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical fitness, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption and dietary habits among adolescents according to the Swedish Physical power, Mental harmony and Social capacity profile (FMS profile).Methods: Data were collected from Swedish high school students, 1st – 3rd grade (16–19 yrs), both genders, overall, 7,600 Swedish adolescents using the FMS profile, comprising physical tests and questionnaires concerning lifestyle factors (e.g. physical fitness, dietary habits, alcohol and tobacco use). Participants included in this study met the requirements of inclusion, which were having a complete set of data, e.g. had undergone all physical tests and answered all questionnaires.Results: A total of 13% self-reported cigarette smoking, while 37% self-reported alcohol consumption. Adolescents who smoked were older (t-test = 9.09,p< 0.001), heavier (t-test = 4.58,p< 0.001) and had greater BMI (t-test = 3.96,p< 0.001). Adolescents who consumed alcohol were older (t-test = 8.78, p < 0.001), heavier (t-test = 4.03,p< 0.001) and taller (t-test = 3.77,p< 0.001). Significant differences were found for all fitness factors, with better mobility, strength and balance in adolescents who did not smoke compared to smokers (Mann Whitney Z test = 2.77, 7.13, 5.77, respectively; allp< 0.001). Regularity of meals and avoidance of sweets and cakes were less prevalent in adolescents who smoked (OR (95% CI): 0.63 (0.59–0.68), 0.71 (0.66–0.77), respectively).Conclusion: Among Swedish adolescents, tobacco and alcohol use increase with age. However, physical fitness is consistently protective against tobacco consumption, and dietary habits are mostly protective against alcohol consumption. Physical fitness and low alcohol and tobacco consumption are possible health factors.
6.	Iglesias, David Suárez, et al. (författare) Impact of contextual factors on match demands experienced by elite male referees during international basketball tournaments 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 39:8, s. 936-943 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We aimed to assess the cardiovascular responses and locomotory demands of male referees during diverse elite, international, basketball matches, and to investigate the influence of moderating factors (competition sex, level and stage) on these demands. Cardiovascular and locomotory responses were monitored in 123 elite, male referees while officiating 283 basketball sessions (preparation until match end), during group and playoff stages, of women’s and men’s FIBA Continental and World Cups at senior and youth level. The total and average session distance and velocity were ~4740 m, 19.0 m·min −1 and 2 km·h −1. Referees experienced an average relative HR of 60–65% maximum HR with ~85% of each session spent within the very light to moderate HR categories. The average session relative HR was significantly greater for men compared to women competition, during senior compared to youth sessions, and for the group compared to the playoff stage sessions. Mean distance covered was significantly greater during senior and men compared with youth and women sessions. Elite, international male basketball referees experienced moderate cardiovascular load accompanied with intermittent locomotor activities during international sessions when accounting for all occupational activities. International competitions are more demanding for referees based upon competition sex, level and stage.
7.	Jukic, Ivan, et al. (författare) Correlates of soccer-specific change of direction speed and reactive agility 2018 Ingår i: Presented at 6th NSCA International Conference. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract INTRODUCTION: Definition of Agility is based on a model that separates agility in two components, change of direction speed and perceptual and decision making processes. Based on that, two independent types of agility-performances have been identified, including change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG). In addition, agility is known to be a significant determinant of success in soccer due to a high perceptual and decision making skills as well as change of direction demands in soccer. CODS and RAG are generally considered as independent qualities which further suggests that they should be tested and developed separately. However, it remains unclear whether soccer-specific CODS and RAG should be regarded as disparate qualities. METHODS: Twenty young male soccer players (17.0 ± 0.9 years; 1.81 ± 0.03 cm; 70.05 ± 7.41 kg), who participated at the highest level of competition in Sweden at their age, twice reported to the lab to perform soccer specific CODS and RAG tests. First session was familiarization session while the second which consisted of actual CODS and RAG testing took place 72h later. Both CODS and RAG tests consisted of stop-and-go movement patterns which are very common in a soccer game. In addition, both tests included change of direction with the simple ball kicking template. This ball kicking template was invented to mimic defensive soccer skills of stopping the opponent’s first touch with the ball and pass interception. Participants had advanced knowledge of the movement pattern during CODS while they had to react on a visual stimulus that was followed up by change of direction during RAG. RAG testing was done throughout three different protocols (RAG1, RAG2, and RAG3) with CODS being performed once. Both tests consisted of five trials with the 10-15 seconds of rest periods between attempts and 3 minutes of rest between the protocols in RAG. Participants performed all protocols in a random order and after reliability analysis, the best performance was retained as the final result of each participant. Measurements were performed by a hardware device system based on an ATMEL micro-controller (ATMEL Corp, San Jose, CA, USA) as the core of the system. A photoelectric infrared sensor (E18-D80NK) was used as an external time triggering input, and LEDs were used as controlled outputs. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to reveal the relationships between the tests. RESULTS: The CODS was significantly, but moderately correlated with the RAG1 (r =.50, p <.05), RAG2 (r=.56, p<.05), and RAG3 (r=.63, p<0.01) RAG tests. DISCUSSION: Although significant relationships have been observed, the results showed that the CODS test and RAG tests share only 25, 31 and 39% of the common variance which suggests them being independent qualities. Practitioners in soccer should be looking at these qualities in a unique way with the aim to test and develop them separately.
8.	Krolo, Ante, et al. (författare) Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer) Players : Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols 2020 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:1, s. 1-16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Reactive agility (RAG) and change of direction speed (CODS) are important determinants of success in football (soccer), but there is an evident lack of information on reliable and valid football-specific testing procedures which will be applicable in defining sport-specific RAG and CODS in youth players. This study evaluated reliability and construct validity of newly developed tests of football-specific RAG (FS_RAG) and CODS (FS_CODS), which involved the ball kicking football technique. Additionally, factors associated with FS_RAG and FS_CODS were evaluated. The participants were youth football players (n = 59; age: 13.40 ± 1.25 years) divided according to their age into U13 (11–12 years of age; n = 29), and U15 (13–14 years of age; n = 30) categories. Additionally, performance levels (starters [first-team] vs. non-starters [substitutes]) were observed in each age category. The dependent variables were newly developed FS_RAG and FS_CODS tests. The independent variables were sprinting capacities over 10 and 20 meters (S10M, S20M), countermovement jump (CMJ), the reactive strength index (RSI), and a generic CODS test of 20 yards (20Y). The newly developed FS_CODS and FS_RAG were observed as dependent variables. Results showed appropriate intra-testing and inter-testing reliability of the FS_RAG and FS_CODS, with somewhat better reliability of the FS_CODS (ICC=0.82 and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, better reliability was evidenced in U15 than in U13 (ICC: 0.82–0.85, and 0.78-0.80 for U15 and U13, respectively). Independent samples t-test indicated significant differences between U13 and U15 in S10 (t-test: 3.57, p < 0.001), S20M (t-test: 3.13, p < 0.001), 20Y (t-test: 4.89, p < 0.001), FS_RAG (t-test: 3.96, p < 0.001), and FS_CODS (t-test: 6.42, p < 0.001), with better performance in U15. Starters outperformed non-starters in most capacities among U13, but only in FS_RAG among U15 (t-test: 1.56, p < 0.05). Multiple regression calculations indicated nonsignificant association between independent and dependent variables in U13 (FS_CODS: 19%, FS_RAG: 21% of the explained variance, both p > 0.05), but independent variables explained significant proportion of both dependent variables in U15 (FS_CODS: 35%, FS_RAG: 33% explained variance, both p < 0.05). The study confirmed the applicability of newly developed tests in distinguishing studied age categories of players. Results indicate that superiority in all studied fitness capacities is translated into performance level in U13. Meanwhile, FS_RAG seems to be important determinant of quality in U15.
9.	Muñoz, Mario, et al. (författare) Gender Differences In Physiological And Skills Characteristics Between Basketball Referees During International Basketball Tournaments 2022 Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 54:9S, s. 278-278 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract PURPOSE: To describe anthropometric- and performance-related characteristics of basketball referees during international tournaments.METHODS: Fifty-three, (males: 36, females: 17 mean ages = 36.1 ± 5.0 years) referees from the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), wore a heart rate monitor which integrates multiple sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope, digital compass, sampling at 200 Hz) coupled with in-built HR monitoring and proprietary software during two international tournaments games. Anthropometrics variables included height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%fat). Performance variables included total numbers of games, maximal speed, time spent on heart rate frequency zones by percentages of predicted maximal heart rate (PMHR). Heart frequency zones one, two, three, four, and five were defined in the following way: 50%-59% of PMHR, 60%-69% of PMHR, 70%-79% of PMHR, 80%-89% of PMHR and 90%-99% of PMHR, respectively during officiated games at the 2018 FIBA’s U17 world championship and Women World Cup. Descriptive statistics were performed on continuous variables. An independent sample t-test was used to explore differences between males and females referees.RESULTS: On anthropometric variables, significant differences between males and females were found for height (181.2 ± 6.7 vs. 171.4 ± 6.3 cm, respectively, p < 0.001), weight (80.2 ± 7.8 vs. 65.4 ± 5.5 kg, respectively, p < 0.001), BMI (24.4 ± 1.3 vs. 22.3 ± 1.6 kg.m-2, respectively, p < 0.001) and %fat (21.5 ± 3.8 vs. 28.1 ± 3.5 %, respectively, p < 0.001). On performance variables significant differences were found on total games officiated (6.14 ± 2.0 vs. 4.8 ± 2.2 games, respectively, p = 0.03), total distance covered while officiating (4332.4 ± 412.5 vs. 4624.1 ± 466.7 meters, respectively, p = 0.03) and maximal speed (24.8 ± 1.8 vs. 23.3 ± 2.9 km/h, respectively, p = 0.02). On heart rate frequency zone values during the game, no significant differences were found between the two genders.CONCLUSIONS: Males referees officiated more games than females, but the females covered more ground while officiating. This could be explained by either positioning on the court or the pace of the games. Males developed more speed than females; this could be explained by the biological advantage in muscle mass males has over females.
10.	Pagaduan, Jeffrey, et al. (författare) A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Complex Training on Vertical Jump Performance 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Human Kinetics. - : Sciendo. - 1640-5544 .- 1899-7562. ; 71:1, s. 255-265 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Complex training (CT) is a strength training intervention performed by completing all the sets of a resistanceexercise followed by a series of high-velocity/plyometric exercise/s. The purpose of this novel study was to conduct a metaanalysison the effect of CT on vertical jump (VJ) performance. Five electronic databases were searched using terms relatedto CT and the VJ. Studies needed to include randomized trials comparing CT with traditional resistance training(RT)/plyometric training (PLYO)/control (CON) lasting ≥ 4 weeks and the VJ as a dependent variable. Seven studiesqualified for the meta-analysis with two studies differentiating VJ performance from CT and RT, two studies comparingVJ performance of CT and PLYO, and two studies establishing the difference in VJ performance between CT and CON.Results indicated similar improvement in VJ performance from CT and RT (p = 0.88). On the other hand, greater VJperformance in CT than PLYO was identified (ES = 0.86; 95% CI 0.24, 1.47; p = 0.01). CT also showed significantlygreater enhancement in VJ compared to CON (ES = 1.14; 95% CI 0.60, 1.68; p < 0.01). In conclusion, CT can serve asalternative training from RT in improving VJ performance. On the other hand, CT is a better option in VJ enhancementthan PLYO and CON.
11.	Pagaduan, Jeffrey, et al. (författare) Accuracy and reliability of a free mobile HRV application in measurement of heart rate variability 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. - : University of Alicante, Spain. - 1988-5202. ; 14:Supplement: Proc4, s. S578-S583 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the accuracy and reliability of a free mobile heart rate variability (HRV) application in measuring HRV. Methods: Twelve females and 12 males underwent five-minute simultaneous HRV recording from electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest strap connected to a free mobile HRV application (HRVapp) in a supine position. HRV data from ECG and HRVapp were used to examine accuracy and reliability via relative error and intraclass correlation coefficient respectively. Results: The natural log of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal to normal intervals (lnRMSSD) exhibited accuracy and high reliability in HRVapp. Conclusion: lnRMSSD in HRVapp can serve as an alternative, low-cost technology for measurement of autonomic activity.
12.	Pagaduan, Jeffrey C., et al. (författare) Acute effects of loaded whole body vibration schemes on countermovement jump, speed and agility 2013 Ingår i: Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. - 2147-5652. ; 15:3, s. 56-59 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of loaded whole body static squat exercise during whole body vibration and non-vibration schemes on countermovement jump (CMJ), speed and agility. Twenty-one healthy male college football players (age: 20.14 ± 1.65 years; body height: 179.9 ± 8.34 cm; body mass: 74.4 ± 13.0 kg; % body fat: 9.45 ± 4.8) participated in the study. They underwent a standardized general warm-up and dynamic stretching followed by randomized loaded protocols executed for 5 minutes with a rest interval of 30 seconds. These included static squat with 30% bodyweight external load (ST + 30%), ST + 30% on a vibration platform at 25 Hz and 2 mm (WBV25), and ST + 30% on a vibration platform at 50 Hz and 4mm. Measurement of CMJ, 15 m sprint and modified agility tests followed the warm-up protocol. One way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference on CMJ performance, F(2,40) = 24.5, partial Î·2 = .551, p < 0.01. Bonferonni post hoc showed that ST+30% posted significantly lower CMJ than WBV25 and WBV50. CMJ at WBV50 was higher than WBV25. There was a significant difference on speed, F(2, 40) = 23.6, partial Î·2 = .542, p < 0.01. Post hoc determined that ST+30% was significantly slower than WBV25 and WBV50. WBV50 was faster than WBV25. There was a significant difference in the agility among interventions, F(2, 40) = 18.2, partial Î·2 = .477, p < 0.01. ST+30% agility time was significantly higher compared to WBV25 and WBV50. In conclusion, WBV50 posted the greatest benefits in CMJ, speed and agility.
13.	Pagaduan, Jeffrey C., et al. (författare) Effect of various warm-up protocols on jump performance in college football players 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Human Kinetics. - : Sciendo. - 1640-5544 .- 1899-7562. ; 35:1, s. 127-132 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of warm-up strategies on countermovement jump performance. Twenty-nine male college football players (age: 19.4 ± 1.1 years; body height: 179.0 ± 5.1 cm; body mass: 73.1 ± 8.0 kg; % body fat: 11.1 ± 2.7) from the Tuzla University underwent a control (no warm-up) and different warm-up conditions: 1. general warm-up; 2. general warm-up with dynamic stretching; 3. general warm-up, dynamic stretching and passive stretching; 4. passive static stretching; 5. passive static stretching and general warm-up; and, 6. passive static stretching, general warm-up and dynamic stretching. Countermovement jump performance was measured after each intervention or control. Results from one way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference on warm-up strategies at F (4.07, 113.86) = 69.56, p < 0.001, eta squared = 0.72. Bonferonni post hoc revealed that a general warm-up and a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted the greatest gains among all interventions. On the other hand, no warm-up and passive static stretching displayed the least results in countermovement jump performance. In conclusion, countermovement jump performance preceded by a general warmup or a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted superior gains in countermovement jump performance.
14.	Pagaduan, Jeff, et al. (författare) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Contrast Training on Vertical Jump Performance 2019 Ingår i: Strength and conditioning journal. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1524-1602 .- 1533-4295. ; 41:3, s. 63-78 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of contrast training(CT) on vertical jump performance. Thirteen out of 83 studies were included for systematic review while ten studies were utilized for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed greater CMJ gains in CT than resistance training(ES = 1.30; CI = 0.31, 2.30). Similarly, CT displayed higher countermovement jump (CMJ) than control (ES = 1.46; CI = 0.46, 2.46). In conclusion, CT showed greater improvement in CMJ compared to RT and CON.
15.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Acute Effects of Loaded and Unloaded Whole-Body Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance in Karate Practitioners 2024 Ingår i: Journal of Human Kinetics. - : Sciendo. - 1640-5544 .- 1899-7562. ; 92, s. 203-212 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigated the acute effects of different whole-body vibration (WBV) interventions on the jump height ofhighly trained karate practitioners. Fifteen male karate club athletes (age: 20.0 ± 3.8 years; stature: 177.3 ± 4.7 cm; bodymass: 76.9 ± 11.2 kg; % body fat: 9.2 ± 4.3) performed six randomized interventions: [a] static half-squat (SHS); [b] SHSwith external loads at 30% of the body weight (SHS + 30%BW); [c] WBV at frequency (f) 25 Hz, and 2 mm amplitude(A) (WBV 25/2); [d] WBV 25/2 with external loads of 30% of the body weight (WBV 25/2 + 30% BW); [e] WBV at f =50 Hz, and A = 4 mm (WBV 50/4), and [f] WBV 50/4 with external loads of 30% of the body weight (WBV 50/4 + 30%BW). Each intervention was performed for 5 sets at 60 s/set, with a rest interval of 30 s between sets. Countermovementjump (CMJ) data were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min after each preconditioning intervention. Two-way repeatedmeasures ANOVA revealed a non-significant main effect of intervention [F(5, 10) = 1.44, η2 = 0.42, p = 0.29)] and asignificant main effect of the rest interval [F(4, 11) = 3.51, η2 = 0.56, p = 0.04)] on CMJ height. A rest interval of 4 minresulted in significantly higher CMJ values than a rest interval of 2 min (p = 0.031). In conclusion, utilizing a 4-min restinterval irrespective of the intervention schemes may have potential for enhancing jumping performance among highlytrained karate athletes.
16.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Acute effects of loaded whole body vibration training on performance 2015 Ingår i: Asian journal of Sports Medicine. - : Kowsar Publishing Company. - 2008-000X .- 2008-7209. ; 6:1, s. 1-7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The application of whole body vibration (WBV) as a warm-up scheme has been receiving an increasing interest among practitioners.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of loaded and unloaded WBV on countermovement jump, speed and agility.Patients and Methods: Twenty-one healthy male college football players (age: 20.14 ± 1.65 years; body height: 179.9 ± 8.34 cm; body mass: 74.4 ± 13.0 kg; % body fat: 9.45 ± 4.8) underwent randomized controlled trials that involved standing in a half squat position (ST), ST with 30% of bodyweight (ST + 30%), whole body vibration at f = 50 Hz, A = 4 mm (WBV), and WBV with 30% bodyweight (WBV + 30% BW) after a standardized warm-up. Post measures of countermovement jump, 15-m sprint, and modified t-test were utilized for analyses.Results: One way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the countermovement jump performance, F (3, 60 = 9.06, η2 = 2.21, P = 0.000. Post-hoc showed that WBV + 30% BW posted significant difference compared to (P = 0.008), ST + 30% BW (P = 0.000) and WBV (P = 0.000). There was also a significant difference in the sprint times among interventions, F (3, 60) = 23.0, η2 = 0.865, P = 0.000. Post hoc showed that WBV + 30% BW displayed significantly lower time values than ST (P = 0.000), ST + 30% BW (P = 0.000) and WBV (P = 0.000). Lastly, there was a significant difference in the agility performance across experimental conditions at F(2.01, 40.1) = 21.0, η2 = 0.954, P = 0.000. Post hoc demonstrated that WBV have lower times than ST (P = 0.013). Also, WBV + 30% BW posted lower times compared to ST (P = 0.000), ST + 30% (P = 0.000) and WBV (P = 0.003).Conclusions: Additional external load of 30% bodyweight under WBV posted superior gains in countermovement jump, speed and agility compared to unloaded WBV, loaded non-WBV and unloaded non-WBV interventions.
17.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Acute effects of prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric warm-up schemes on jump, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate soccer players 2015 Ingår i: Biology of Sport. - Warsaw : Index Copernicus. - 0860-021X .- 2083-1862. ; 32:2, s. 129-134 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up interventions on jump, sprint and agility performance in collegiate soccer players. Twenty-one healthy male college soccer players (age: 20.14 ± 1.65 years; body height: 179.9 ± 8.34 cm; body mass: 74.4 ± 13.0 kg; % body fat: 9.45 ± 4.8) participated in the study. Subjects underwent four different randomized warm-up protocols separated by at least 48 hours. The warm-up schemes were: 1. no conditioning contraction protocol (NCC); 2. dynamic stretching (DS); 3. prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric exercise (ST); and, 4. ST with an additional external load equal to 30% of body weight (ST + 30% BW). All interventions were preceded by a general warm-up. Results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in countermovement jump (CMJ) at F(3,60) = 10.2, ηρ² = 0.337, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in CMJ performance in DS when compared to NCC and ST + 30% BW. No significant difference in CMJ was observed between DS and ST. CMJ scores in NCC, ST, and ST + 30% BW were non-significant. There was a significant difference in speed; F(3, 60) = 6.61, ηρ² = 0.248, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly better time in DS than NCC and ST. However, no difference in speed was observed between DS and ST + 30% BW. Similarly, speed was similar in NCC, ST and ST + 30% BW. A significant difference in agility performance was also observed; F(3, 60) = 24.1, ηρ²= 0.546, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater performance gains in DS than NCC. No significant difference in agility was observed in DS, ST and ST + 30% BW. In conclusion, a prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric protocol using bodyweight only showed similar benefits with dynamic stretching in countermovement jump performance. When the same isometric condition with additional load equal to 30% of bodyweight was applied, effects in speed and agility were similar to dynamic stretching.
18.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players 2021 Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - Lausanne, Switzerland : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO 2 20.9% and PiO 2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ∼3,800 m above sea level) with FiO 2 13.0% and PiO 2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P < 0.01, η 2 p = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO 2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, η 2 p = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.
19.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Association between conditioning capacities and shooting performance in professional basketball players : an analysis of stationary and dynamic shooting skills 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 32:7, s. 1981-1992 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Little is known about the influence of conditioning capacities on shooting performance in basketball. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between different conditioning capacities and shooting performance in professional basketball players. In this investigation, we examined 38 males (all perimeter players; height: 185.5+/-6.73 cm; mass: 78.66+/-10.35 kg). Conditioning capacities were evaluated by tests of muscular-strength, aerobic-endurance, jumping- and throwing-capacities, sprinting-speed, pre-planned-agility, anaerobic-endurance and fatigue-resistance. Shooting performance was evaluated using game statistics, as well as six tests of shooting-performance performed in controlled settings: (i) three tests of static (i.e., non-fatigued) shooting-performance (standardized execution of one- (S1), two- (S2) and three-point shots (S3) in stationary conditions), and (ii) three tests of dynamic (i.e., fatigued) shooting-performance (standardized execution of one- (D1), two- (D2), and three-point shots (D3) in dynamic conditions). All three dynamic shooting tests and the S1 test were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with corresponding game statistics. Multiple regression indicated that conditioning capacities were significantly related to D1 (R2=0.36; p=0.03), D2 (R2=0.44; p=0.03), S3 (R2=0.41; p=0.02) and D3 (R2=0.39; p=0.03) tests. Players with a higher fatigue-resistance achieved better results on D1 test ([beta]=-0.37, p=0.03). Pre-planned-agility ([beta]=-0.33, p=0.04), countermovement jump ([beta]=0.42, p=0.03) and fatigue-resistance ([beta]=-0.37, p=0.02) were significant predictors of D2 performance. The countermovement jump ([beta]=0.39, p=0.04), medicine ball toss ([beta]=0.34, p=0.04) and anaerobic-endurance ([beta]=0.46, p=0.04) predicted the results of D3 performance. Jumping, throwing and anaerobic endurance capacities were good determinants of the skill of dynamic shooting over a long distance. These findings emphasize the importance of explosive power and anaerobic-capacity as determinants of shooting-performance in high-level basketball players.
20.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Development of new reaction agility test in tennis 2023 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract INTRODUCTION:Tennis is an intermittent physically demanding sport with many high-intensity acceleration, and deceleration actions with four directional changes in an average point, where a player runs an average of 3 m per shot [1]. Players have to react rapidly to the opponent’s shots and efficiently change their position in all directions to reach and return the ball [2]. Therefore, successful performance in tennis requires well-developed change-of-direction speed (CODS) and reaction agility (RAG) that is dependent on perceptual and decision-making skills [1,2]. However, there is an evident lack of tennis-specific agility tests. Recently, tennis-specific RAG test was developed, but it enabled only testing in two directions, left (L) and right (R), without sprinting forward (F) [3]. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of newly developed tennis-specific test (T-RAG) with three movement options (L, R and F).METHODS:The study included 18 regional-level, male and female youth tennis players (age: 14.5 ± 1.5 years; body height: 1.69 ± 0.08m; body mass: 57.8 ± 10,9kg). Variables included pre-planned T-CODS, and three protocols of non-planned T-RAG (e.g. F, L, R, F). For the T-RAG test, the participants had to execute “split step” across the infrared (IR) line, which initiates the timing and lit one of the three LEDs placed inside the cones (L, F, R). Then players had to assess which cone was lit, run towards it, hit the hanging ball with the racquet. The ball was placed at the specially constructed stand 1.2m above the respective cone and 4m distant from the starting line. Afterwards they sprinted back across the IR line. For the T-CODS, the participants did the test in pre-planned regime (e.g. L, F, R, L). Each test was performed three times.RESULTS:Both the relative and absolute reliability were good for the T-CODS (ICC = 0.80; CV = 5.8%) and T-RAG (ICC = 0.92 to 0.94; CV = 6.7 – 7.0%). The T-CODS and T-RAG shared 52–66% of the common variance.CONCLUSION:This study confirmed the high reliability of the three-directional tennis-specific tests of RAG and CODS in youth players which is in line with previous studies [2,3]. However, T-RAG showed better relative reliability compared to T-CODS, which can be explained by larger between-participants variability in T-RAG than in the T-CODS. When the variability is high, it is easier to maintain consistently the ranking order in test-retest measurements [4]. The percentage of shared common variance between T-RAG and T-CODS was higher than in the previous studies, which can be attributed to the lower playing level of participants who could lack movement proficiency when rapidly changing direction in response to external stimuli compared to their older counterparts. The tennis coaches should be aware that the development of RAG, perceptual and decision making abilities is warranted in youth players. Reference: 1.Fernandez et al. (2006) 2.Sekulic et al. (2017) 3. Sinkovic et al. (2022) 4.Pojskic et al. (2020)
21.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Differences between successful and unsuccessful basketball teams on the final Olympic tournament 2009 Ingår i: Acta Kinesiologica. - 1840-2976 .- 1840-3700. ; 3:2, s. 110-114 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the study was to find out global quantitative differences between successful and unsuccessful teams, which had played on the Olympic basketball tournament, in twenty two standard and derived statistical indicators of situational efficiency. The research was performed on the sample of 37 matches, so that 74 different statistical samples have been included in analysis. Data were collected by means of statistics patterns provided by official FIBA web site www.fiba.com. A discriminative analysis has been conducted in order to track down possible differences between two groups of the teams. One statistically significant discriminative function has been obtained. The values of canonical correlation are pretty high, which is to say that the 22 statistical parameters make very good difference between successful and unsuccessful teams, but also that there were big differences between the groups. The obtained results show that assists, parameters of shooters’ field goal efficiency, defensive rebound and number of points made by bench players are variables that make the most significant difference between victorious and defeated teams. The reason for big differences between the victorious and defeated national teams that participated on the final Olympic basketball tournament in Beijing is probably because they highly differentiated in technical, tactical and physical conditioning, what is conditioned by participation of various quality national teams that come from different continents and countries, where basketball leagues are not so good.
22.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Importance of reactive agility and change of direction speed in differentiating performance levels in junior soccer players : reliability and validity of newly developed soccer-specific tests 2018 Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 9:May, s. 1-11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Agility is a significant determinant of success in soccer; however, studies have rarely presented and evaluated soccer-specific tests of reactive agility (S_RAG) and non-reactive agility (change of direction speed – S_CODS) or their applicability in this sport. The aim of this study was to define the reliability and validity of newly developed tests of the S_RAG and S_CODS to discriminate between the performance levels of junior soccer players. The study consisted of 20 players who were involved at the highest national competitive rank (all males; age: 17.0 0.9 years), divided into three playing positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards) and two performance levels(U17 and U19). Variables included body mass (BM), body height, body fat percentage,20-m sprint, squat jump, countermovement jump, reactive-strength-index, unilateral jump, 1RM-back-squat, S_CODS, and three protocols of S_RAG. The reliabilities of theS_RAG and S_CODS were appropriate to high (ICC: 0.70 to 0.92), with the strongest reliability evidenced for the S_CODS. The S_CODS and S_RAG shared 25–40% of the common variance. Playing positions significantly differed in BM (large effect-size differences [ES]; midfielders were lightest) and 1RM-back-squat (large ES; lowest results in midfielders). The performance levels significantly differed in age and experience in soccer; U19 achieved better results in the S_CODS (t-test: 3.61, p < 0.05, large ES)and two S_RAG protocols (t-test: 2.14 and 2.41, p < 0.05, moderate ES). Newly developed tests of soccer-specific agility are applicable to differentiate U17 and U19players. Coaches who work with young soccer athletes should be informed that the development of soccer-specific CODS and RAG in this age is mostly dependent on training of the specific motor proficiency.
23.	Pojskic, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Modelling home advantage in basketball at different levels of competition 2011 Ingår i: Acta Kinesiologica. - 1840-2976 .- 1840-3700. ; 5:1, s. 25-30 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to find out if there were any differences between the home and road basketballteams that played in three different levels of competition, in nineteen standard and derived statisticalindicators of situational efficiency. The home and road teams from NLB-Adriatic league, Euroleague–regularseason and Euroleague-Top 16 were analysed. Three discriminant analyses have been conducted in order totrack down possible differences between the home and road teams in game stats. Obtained results show thedifferences in game related statistics between the home and road teams from NLB and Euroleague (regularseason) competition. Home teams are characterised by higher number of assists, steals, points and pointsscored by the starting five, while the road teams have more turnovers. This points to aggressive defensiveand offensive tactics of the home teams. There were no statistically significant differences between thehome and road teams played in Euroleague-Top 16. As the quality of competition becomes stronger, theadvantage of home court becomes less dominant. In other words, when the quality of teams is pretty equal,home advantage is low and does not have a dominant and crucial role in winning games.
24.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Morphological differences of elite Bosnian basketball players according to team position 2014 Ingår i: International Journal of Morphology. - : SciELO. - 0717-9367 .- 0717-9502. ; 32:2, s. 690-694 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this research was the estimation of anthropometric characteristics of elite male basketball players from four Bosnian first league teams, as well as the identification of possible differences between players who play in different positions in the teams. Fifty-five, healthy players (age: 19.09±3.13 years; body height: 189.13±8.30 cm; body mass: 83.42±12.48 kg) were divided into three different subsamples according to their positional role (twenty two guards, nineteen forwards and fourteen centers). Twenty morphological variables were measured and afterwards one (BMI) was calculated. For all anthropometric characteristics, descriptive parameters (mean, standard deviation and range) were calculated. In order to determine the possible differences between the players that play in different positions in the teams the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferoni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons was used. The results obtained show that there are significant differences between the different groups of players in sixteen out of twenty-one measured variables. Centers (big players) are dominantly heavier, taller, with longer and wider skeletons dimensionality as well as with bigger body circumferences compared to forwards and guards. Forwards are significantly heavier and taller with longer leg and arm lengths compared to guards. There are no significant differences between the groups in terms of body fat percentage, fat free percentage, body mass index and biepicondylar breadth of the femur and humerus. Generally, the values of the measured variables rise from guards to centers, except for body fat percentage and skinfolds. The obtained information can help coaches to indirectly evaluate fitness levels of the players and to design training and nutritional programs for basketball players.
25.	Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al. (författare) Positional Role Differences in the Aerobic and Anaerobic Power of Elite Basketball Players 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Human Kinetics. - : De Gruyter Open. - 1640-5544 .- 1899-7562. ; 49:1, s. 219-227 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity of elite male basketball players who played multiple positions. Fifty-five healthy players were divided into the following three different subsamples according to their positional role: guards (n = 22), forwards (n = 19) and centers (n = 14). The following three tests were applied to estimate their aerobic and anaerobic power and capacities: the countermovement jump (CMJ), a multistage shuttle run test and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The obtained data were used to calculate the players' aerobic and anaerobic power and capacities. To determine the possible differences between the subjects considering their different positions on the court, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the different groups of players in eleven out of sixteen measured variables. Guards and forwards exhibited greater aerobic and relative values of anaerobic power, allowing shorter recovery times and the ability to repeat high intensity, basketball-specific activities. Centers presented greater values of absolute anaerobic power and capacities, permitting greater force production during discrete tasks. Coaches can use these data to create more individualized strength and conditioning programs for different positional roles.

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