| 1. |
- Allard, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Rasbiologiskt språkbruk i statens rättsprocess mot sameby : DN Debatt 2015-06-11
- 2015
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Statens hantering av forskningsresultat i rättsprocessen med Girjas sameby utgör ett hot mot Sverige som rättsstat och kunskapsnation. Åratal av svensk och internationell forskning underkänns och man använder ett språkbruk som skulle kunna vara hämtat från rasbiologins tid. Nu måste staten ta sitt ansvar och börja agera som en demokratisk rättsstat, skriver 59 forskare.
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| 2. |
- Bohman, Anna, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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How Frames matter : Common Sense and Institutional Choice in Ghana’s Urban Water Sector
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environment and Development. - : Sage Publications. - 1070-4965 .- 1552-5465. ; 23:2, s. 247-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ideas on what is best practice to provide more people in rapidly growing low- and middle-income cities with adequate water supplying services have changed during the 20th century. By applying a frame-theoretical approach, this article analyzes institutional choice in Ghana’s urban water sector. Special attention is paid to two major events: first, the establishment of the state water utility, Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, in 1965, and, second, the reform process in the 1990s and early 2000s that aimed at private sector participation in urban water management. By unraveling the arguments and the taken-for-granted assumptions underlying the two reforms, the article shows how the perceived space for policy alternatives available to decision makers at a certain point in time has been largely constrained by the dominant frames in a particular historical context. This conclusion is supportive of the argument that rationality is a highly contextual and time-dependent concept.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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Environmental communication and community : constructive and destructive dynamics of social transformation
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As society has become increasingly aware of environmental issues, the challenge of structuring public participation opportunities that strengthen democracy, while promoting more sustainable communities has become crucial for many natural resource agencies, industries, interest groups and publics. The processes of negotiating between the often disparate values held by these diverse groups, and formulating and implementing policies that enable people to fulfil goals associated with these values, can strengthen communities as well as tear them apart. This book provides a critical examination of the role communication plays in social transition, through both construction and destruction of community. The authors examine the processes and practices put in play when people who may or may not have previously seen themselves as interconnected, communicate with each other, often in situations where they are competing for the same resources. Drawing upon a diverse selection of case-studies on the American, Asian and European continents, the chapters chart a range of approaches to environmental communication, including symbolic construction, modes of organising and agonistic politics of communication. This volume will be of great interest to researchers, teachers, and practitioners of environmental communication, environmental conflict, community development and natural resource management.
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| 6. |
- Giva, Nicia, et al.
(författare)
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'Parks with People' in Mozambique: Community Dynamic Responses to Human-Elephant Conflict at Limpopo National Park
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Southern African Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0305-7070 .- 1465-3893. ; 43, s. 1199-1214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on experiences from a National Park inhabited by people in Mozambique, this article explores how the parks with people' approach has evolved within a complex context characterised by conflicts between wildlife conservation and farming-based livelihoods. It analyses how communities and the park management in Limpopo National Park have dealt with the dual conservation and livelihood needs shaped by climate adversities. The article also looks at the responses advanced by the people involved to ensure household food security. We investigate how the seasonal shifting between droughts and floods affects the intensity of wildlife conflicts and the communities' coping strategies. We contrast the communities' dynamic responses with the static, top-down management approach adopted by the park - often driven by donor priorities - and discuss opportunities for formulating means of adaptive co-management. Our results emphasise the value of contextual understanding when crafting strategies that are likely to reconcile conservation and livelihood goals. This requires a Mode 2' science approach that builds on a close collaboration with the affected communities and covers a time span of several seasons.
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| 7. |
- Haddaway, Neil, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions : a systematic map protocol
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Nature. - 2047-2382. ; 8:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundMining activities, including prospecting, exploration, construction, operation, maintenance, expansion, abandonment, decommissioning and repurposing of a mine can impact social and environmental systems in a range of positive and negative, and direct and indirect ways. Mining can yield a range of benefits to societies, but it may also cause conflict, not least in relation to above-ground and sub-surface land use. Similarly, mining can alter environments, but remediation and mitigation can restore systems. Boreal and Arctic regions are sensitive to impacts from development, both on social and environmental systems. Native ecosystems and aboriginal human communities are typically affected by multiple stressors, including climate change and pollution, for example.MethodsWe will search a suite of bibliographic databases, online search engines and organisational websites for relevant research literature using a tested search strategy. We will also make a call for evidence to stakeholders that have been identified in the wider 3MK project (https://osf.io/cvh3u/). We will screen identified and retrieved articles at two distinct stages (title and abstract, and full text) according to a predetermined set of inclusion criteria, with consistency checks at each level to ensure criteria can be made operational. We will then extract detailed information relating to causal linkages between actions or impacts and measured outcomes, along with descriptive information about the articles and studies and enter data into an interactive systematic map database. We will visualise this database on an Evidence Atlas (an interactive, cartographic map) and identify knowledge gaps and clusters using Heat Maps (cross-tabulations of important variables, such as mineral type and studied impacts). We will identify good research practices that may support researchers in selecting the best study designs where these are clear in the evidence base.
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| 8. |
- Joosse, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Critical, Engaged and Change-oriented Scholarship in Environmental Communication. Six Methodological Dilemmas to Think with
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Communication. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1752-4032 .- 1752-4040. ; 14, s. 758-771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While calls for critical, engaged and change-oriented scholarship in environmental communication (EC) abound, few articles discuss what this may practically entail. With this article, we aim to contribute to a discussion in EC about the methodological implications of such scholarship. Based on our combined experience in EC research and drawing from a variety of academic fields, we describe six methodological dilemmas that we encounter in our research practice and that we believe are inherent to such scholarship. These dilemmas are (1) grasping communication; (2) representing others; (3) involving people in research; (4) co-producing knowledge; (5) engaging critically; and (6) relating to conflict. This article does not offer solutions to these complex dilemmas. Rather, our dilemma descriptions are meant to help researchers think through methodological issues in critical, engaged and change-oriented EC research. The article also helps to translate the dilemmas to the reality of research projects through a set of questions, aimed to support a sensitivity to, and understanding of, the dilemmas in context.
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| 9. |
- Klocker Larsen, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Kumulativa effekter av exploateringar på renskötseln : Vad behöver göras inom tillståndsprocesser
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En av de största utmaningarna i dagens landskapsplanering rör de många och ofta konkurrerande anspråken på mark och naturresurser. Denna rapport redovisar resultaten från ett projekt som syftade till att utveckla kunskap och metodik för att beskriva och ta hänsyn till kumulativa effekter av exploateringar på den samiska renskötseln.Projektet sökte svar på följande frågor:1. Kartläggning av kumulativa effektera. Hur stora arealer upptar de kumulativa effekterna av exploateringar på renskötseln?b. Vilka metoder kan utvecklas för att dokumentera och kommunicera omfattning och effekter av olika former av exploateringar på renskötseln i ett landskap?2. Beaktandet av kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocessera. Vilka möjligheter och svårigheter har svenska myndigheter inom dagens regelverk och myndighetspraxis att beakta kumulativa effekter och hantera konflikter mellan olika anspråk?b. Vilka ansatser kan utvecklas för att förbättra hänsynen till kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprövning?Metod Kartläggningen av kumulativa effekter gjordes för Vilhelmina norra sameby genom att beräkna det totala störningsområdet utifrån information om historiska, befintliga och potentiella framtida exploateringar samt forskning kring störningszoner. Vi har använt kartlagd information för all infrastruktur och mänsklig aktivitet, och applicerat störningszoner för respektive störningskälla för att beräkna hur stor yta som berörs av de olika störningskällorna. Detta är första gången en metod presenteras för att uppskatta det totala störningsområdet som mått för de kumulativa effekterna av exploateringar på renskötseln.Studien av hänsyn till kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna gjordes i en deltagande policyanalys med bidrag från tjänstemän på de berörda tillståndsmyndigheterna som fick belysa hur de ser på regelverket och sin praxis och hur dessa kan förbättras. Detta är också första gången i Sverige som berörda tjänstemän från olika myndigheter tillsammans medverkat vid analys av regelverket och sin egen praxis rörande kumulativa effekter. Huvudmomentet i arbetet var en tvådagars workshop som hölls den 7–8 maj 2015.Resultat Vilhelmina norra sameby har sett en omfattande kumulativ förlust av sitt betesområde, mätt i det samlade störningsområdet. Det totala störningsområdet sedan förra sekelskiftet och fram till i dag i Vilhelmina norra sameby uppgick till 30 % (4679 km2) av samebyns 15 709 km2. Beräknat för vinterbeteslandet är störningsområdet 54 % (4111 km2) av samebyns 7656 km2 vinterbetesmark. I scenariot för år 2050 beräknas det totala störningsområdet till 39 % (6131 km2) av hela samebyn och 50 % (3815 km2) av vinterbeteslandet. Scenarioberäkningen visar att är det möjligt att faktiskt öka den tillgängliga betesarealen i ett framtida renbeteslandskap genom ett antal strategiska åtgärder i landskapet.Erfarenheterna från tjänstemännen som deltog i denna studie visar på avsevärda hinder i det befintliga regelverket och myndighetspraxis för att beakta de kumulativa effekterna. Följande hinder för att beakta kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna identifierades:Isolerade stuprör och fragmenterade tillståndsprocesser;Bristande underlag vid tillståndsprövning;Hög arbetsbörda och orealistiska förväntningar på samebyarna;Spänningar mellan politisk styrning och myndighetsutövning;Olika tolkningar av regelverk och underlag.Följande åtgärder som kan anammas för att förbättra beaktandet av kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna framkom:Minska fragmentering i prövningen;Säkerställa en oberoende MKB-process;Etablera en gemensam databas och en regional landskapsplanering;Införa en toleransnivå för vad samebyar förväntas tåla;Förse renskötseln med tillräckliga resurserSlutsatser Denna studie initierades i syfte att sätta igång en strukturerad diskussion kring hur myndigheter kan ta hänsyn till och motverka kumulativa effekter av andra markanvändningar på renskötseln. Detta kommer att kräva fortsatt engagemang från de involverade aktörerna. Vi skulle gärna se att dialogen utökas till att innefatta också bolag och deras konsulter, då denna pilotstudie fokuserade på myndigheternas erfarenhet.I brist på tydliga riktlinjer och praxis kring hur kumulativa effekter ska beaktas får enskilda tjänstemän för närvarande en svår sits när de förväntas medla mellan samebyar och bolag. Omfattande osäkerhet präglar vad som kan betraktas som ”relevanta” effekter, vilka metoder som är legitima för att beakta dessa effekter, och hur evidensen bör inkluderas i beslutsfattandet. När regelverk och procedur är otydliga, lämnar staten i praktiken över ansvaret till samebyarna och bolagen att, på eget initiativ, förhandla kring vad som är relevanta effekter att ta hänsyn till. Det finns starka argument för att skapa en tydligare ansats inom lagstiftning och förvaltningspraxis så att hänsyn kan tas till de kumulativa effekterna.
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| 10. |
- Klocker Larsen, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Sami-state collaboration in the governance of cumulative effects assessment: A critical action research approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Impact Assessment Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-9255. ; 64, s. 67-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indigenous-state collaboration in the governance of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) is often hampered not only by legacies of colonialism and inequality but also disagreement on what the 'CEA governance problem' is in the first place. In this paper, we draw on critical theories on dialogue and collaboration to present a novel approach to joint problem analysis between Sami reindeer herders and civil servants in Swedish permitting authorities on mining, wind energy and forestry. We discuss process design choices, insights on CEA governance and ways to tackle these barriers in practice. We argue that indigenous-state collaboration may play a constructive role in improving CEA governance, including the recognition of indigenous peoples' rights. However, this requires a process that carves out new spaces for exploring divergent problem definitions and supports the participants in challenging institutionalized inequalities within their positioned realities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Kløcker Larsen, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Omtvistade landskap : Navigering mellan konkurrerande markanvändning och kumulativa effekter
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten presenterar ny kunskap om hur staten, exploatörer och samebyar kan förbättra hanteringen av exploateringars kumulativa effekter på renskötseln och samisk markanvändning.Rapporten bygger på ett forskningsprojekt som genomförts i partnerskap mellan samiska organisationer knutna till renskötseln, och forskningsinstitutionerna. Sex delstudier ingår i rapporten.•Hänsynen till kumulativa effekter i gruvbolags miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar, •samiskt inflytande i samband med miljöbedömningar, •vindkraftens påverkan under driftsfas på renskötseln i kalvningsområde, •metodik för att beräkna störningszoner, •konsekvenserna för renskötseln av vattenkraftutbyggnaden i Porjus och Vojmån samt möjliga skadelindrande åtgärder, samt •hur myndigheter kan efterleva sina skyldigheter mot samebyar i samband med tillståndsprocesser för konkurrerande markanvändning.Forskningen har finansierats av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag till stöd för Naturvårdsverket och Havs- och vattenmyndighetens verksamhet.
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| 12. |
- Kröger, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Finnish forest policy in the era of bioeconomy: A pathway to sustainability?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 77, s. 6-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses Finland's forest policy from the perspective of the Pathways to Sustainability approach. The historical roots and political dynamics between key actor coalitions, as well as their key concerns around sustain ability in forest policy are first outlined. After this contextualisation, we identify the current dominant pathway by analysing recent official policy documents (2010-2015) that focus on the future challenges for Finnish forestry. Additionally, we analyse the implementation of the pathway through the revision of the Forest Act (2011-2013). Our analysis shows that the dominant pathway to sustainability in Finnish forest policy aims at reconciling the different dimensions of sustainability by producing "more of everything". Yet there are underlying conflicts and priorities between different goals within this pathway, Which are not openly addressed. The dominant pathway has co-aligned with the global bioeconomy meta-discourse that has contributed to the re legitimisation of policy goals from previous industrial forestry eras. Prioritisation of production over ecological concerns are, however, challenged by the environmental coalition and in conflict with the views of the general public that has become more conscious about conservation, biodiversity and recreation. This resulted in intense struggles during the revision of the Forest Act, however with the production goals persisting over conservation. Our analysis concludes that the dominant pathway aims to safeguard increased timber production, and the studied period saw a political shift back towards more hierarchical policymaking that promotes a productivist forest policy under the guise of a "forest bioeconomy". (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Löf, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland: A political discursive perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland : A political discursive perspective. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 ; , s. 150-172
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sápmi and beyond, the practice of reindeer herding is under increasing pressure from competing for land use, large carnivores and climate change. The governing systems are, however, ill-equipped and unable to address resulting cumulative and interacting impacts. This has led to a difficult situation for reindeer herding due to the loss of land, functionality and flexibility, and proves a challenge for the Nordic states as the legitimacy of reindeer husbandry governance is increasingly contested. Addressing this challenge, this chapter unpacks the discursive and political dimensions of reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland. Guided by three broad questions: i) governing what, ii) governing how and iii) governing for and by whom, it explores how problem representations are constructed, handled and contested. The analysis shows that state-led governance was never in fact constructed to address herders’ concerns, but was, and remains, based on the states’ and competing land uses’ problem representations. The chapter, therefore, concludes by identifying the need to revisit the present understanding of “problems”, “solutions” and “visions” in reindeer husbandry governance. A key task will be to re-image, or actively seek to change the discursive construction of, reindeer herding as a system-to-be-governed and attune it to the perspectives of the herders.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Pölönen, Ismo, et al.
(författare)
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Finnish and Swedish law on mining in light of collaborative governance
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift. - : Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift. - 2000-4273. ; 2020:2, s. 99-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, access to minerals and the development of mines are both closely linked to combating climate change, enabling developments in transitions of energy and transportation systems. New mineral extraction projects are highly contested, and the mining sector has been struggling with both environmental and social governance, as well as the legitimacy of mineral exploration and mining activities. Collaborative governance aims to address these challenges by suggesting deeper, more interactive modes of engagement for planning and decision-making procedures. It calls for co-operative relations and deliberative approaches to environmental governance. This article comparatively explores relationships between collaborative governance and legislation on mining in Finland and Sweden. It argues that Finnish and Swedish mining-related laws and, in particular, land use planning and environmental impact assessment laws, have collaborative objectives and support the use of interactive and co-operative planning modes. However, corresponding legislation does not require broad consensus on critical decisions, and format and quality of collaborative processes can significantly differ case-by-case within the minimum legal requirements. This article identifies timing of statutory participation as a key factor for successful collaborative practices, and suggests changes to mining laws in this regard. It cautions that a unilateral focus on procedure means a risk of disregarding the close interplay between the procedural and substantive sides of regulatory frameworks – sides that are crucial for successful outcomes of collaborative processes.
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| 16. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Academia and activism in Saami research: negotiating the blurred spaces between
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Ethics in indigenous research : past experiences - future challenges. - 9789176014578 ; :7, s. 117-136
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In much discourse about academia in the Nordic countries, the role of the academic is revered as objective, neutral and disengaged. Getting involving in issues of so-cial justice or Indigenous rights claims is considered inappropriately political, risks making researchers subjective, and is thought to lie outside of the scope of aca-demic activity. In this paper, we argue that research must necessarily be reflexive, participatory and collaborative if, as non-Indigenous researchers, we are to engage with the colonial relations that have historically structured, and in many cases con-tinue to structure, relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous socie-ties. We use illustrations from our own research experiences to demonstrate how positivist assumptions, and a continuing denial of colonial injustices, prevail in the Nordics. We discuss the kinds of ethical dilemmas this produces for academics en-gaged in critical research, not only in relation to Indigenous communities, but also in relation to other non-Indigenous participants in the research process.
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| 17. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Discursive institutionalist approach to conflict management analysis - The case of old-growth forest conflicts on state-owned land in Finland
- 2013
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Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 33, s. 97-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the paper is to present an analytical framework for studying conflict management processes. The paper draws on discursive approaches to new institutional theory in integrating three inter-related elements of conflict management: collaborative practices; formal and informal institutions; and the ways the policy issues are understood and communicated (framed) by the different actors in contested situations. The Discursive Institutional Conflict Management Analysis framework (DICMA) draws focus to the interaction between these three elements during conflict management efforts. It also helps to identify challenges related to each of the elements when improving conflict management, and contributes to formulating necessary policy reforms.A case study looking at the management of old-growth forest conflicts on public land in Finland is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach. The empirical analysis shows that the ‘old new institutionalist' analysis is useful in explaining how history shapes the paths of the institutional reforms, how informal norms affect behaviour of natural resource management agencies, and how institutional structures create counterproductive incentive structures for the conflict management practices. However it takes the discursive approach, here applied through frame analysis, to understand the responses and strategies of natural resource management agencies in the face of the institutional challenges. Institutional and frame analyses in combination shed light to the logic behind the state forest agency's seemingly unproductive approaches to the conflicts.
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| 18. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Finnish and Swedish law on mining in light of collaborative governance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordisk Miljörättslig Tidskrift. - 2000-4273. ; , s. 99-134
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, access to minerals and the development of mines are both closely linked to combating climate change, enabling developments in transitions of energy and transportation systems. New mineral extraction projects are highly contested, and the mining sector has been struggling with both environmental and social governance, as well as the legitimacy of mineral exploration and mining activities. Collaborative governance aims to address these challenges by suggesting deeper, more interactive modes of engagement for planning and decision-making procedures. It calls for cooperative relations and deliberative approaches to environmental governance. This article comparatively explores relationships between collaborative governance and legislation on mining in Finland and Sweden. It argues that Finnish and Swedish mining-related laws and, in particular, land use planning and environmental impact assessment laws, have collaborative objectives and support the use of interactive and co-operative planning modes. However, corresponding legislation does not require broad consensus on critical decisions, and format and quality of collaborative processes can significantly differ case-by-case within the minimum legal requirements. This article identifies timing of statutory participation as a key factor for successful collaborative practices, and suggests changes to mining laws in this regard. It cautions that a unilateral focus on procedure means a risk of disregarding the close interplay between the procedural and substantive sides of regulatory frameworks – sides that are crucial for successful outcomes of collaborative processes.
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| 19. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Governing Old-Growth Forests: The Interdependence of Actors in Great Bear Rainforest in British Columbia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Society and Natural Resources. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-1920 .- 1521-0723. ; 25, s. 900-914
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article explores the interdependence of state, civil society, and market actors in resolving environmental conflicts through new governance arrangements. Based on policy documents and in-depth interviews, the study shows that the government-led Land and Resource Management Plans concerning the coastal rainforests in British Columbia depended for their success on governance efforts that environmental organizations and forestry corporations initiated and carried through independently outside the formal planning processes. These nonstate actors, on the other hand, chose to engage with the provincial government, the First Nations, and the planning processes representing a large number of stakeholders, in order to gain the necessary legitimacy, certainty, and resources for the solutions created during their bilateral negotiations. The results show that when able to consciously coordinate separate processes and roles in the governance of forests, actors can create space for new solutions in seemingly intractable situations.
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| 20. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Implementing the state duty to consult in land and resource decisions: perspectives from Sami communities and Swedish state officials
- 2019
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Ingår i: Arctic review on law and politics. - : Cappelen Damm AS - Cappelen Damm Akademisk. - 1891-6252 .- 2387-4562. ; 10, s. 4-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The duty of states to consult indigenous communities is a well-established legal principle, but its implications for practice remain uncertain. Sweden is finding itself at a particularly critical juncture as it prepares to legislate a duty to consult the Sami people in line with its international obligations. This paper explores the ability of Swedish state actors to implement the duty to consult, based on lessons from an already existing duty set out in Swedish minority law, namely to ensure the effective participation of minorities in land and resource decisions. Presenting novel empirical material on the views of Sami communities and state officials in ministries and agencies, we demonstrate the existence of considerable implementation gaps linked to practice, sectoral legislation, and political discourse. We argue that if state duties are to promote the intended intercultural reconciliation, then new measures are needed to ensure enforcement, e.g. via mechanisms of appeal and rules of nullification. In addition, sectoral resource regulations should be amended to refer to the duties set out in minority law and/or a potential new bill on consultation duty in a consistent manner. In the near-term, the state should ensure that Sami communities are adequately resourced to engage in consultation and should invest in state authorities’ own ability to implement, i.e. through competence development, staffing, intersectoral coordination, and independent evaluation. Much could also be gained if state agencies and Sami communities worked together to develop detailed consultation routines for relevant resource sectors.
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| 21. |
- Raitio, Kaisa, et al.
(författare)
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Mineral extraction in Swedish Sápmi : The regulatory gap between Sami rights and Sweden’s mining permitting practices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, extractive industries are placing increasing pressure on the traditional indigenous Sami livelihood of reindeer herding. Consequently, the intersection of indigenous rights and mining-related development in Sweden has become an increasingly contested socio-legal space. In this article, we analyse the extent to which there are meaningful opportunities for Sami reindeer herding communities in Sweden to effectively influence the permit procedures concerning proposed mines, in order to protect their rights and interests. We provide a comprehensive socio-legal analysis that highlights the weak level of recognition of Sami rights and related impact assessments within the mining permitting system in Sweden. We demonstrate the weakness is caused by several factors: an a priori assumption by Swedish authorities that reindeer herding and mining can generally co-exist; the lack of a codified Swedish State duty to consult the Sami; the narrow scope and the weak status of cumulative impact assessments in Swedish EIA legislation and practice; and the weak recognition of Sami reindeer herding as a “property right” during the permit review process under the balancing of competing land-uses. Our results highlight the urgent need for legislative reform in Sweden, if the State is to fulfil its international obligations and improve its legal consistency concerning the rights of the Sami as an indigenous people.
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| 22. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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New institutional approach to collaborative forest planning on public land: Methods for analysis and lessons for policy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 29, s. 309-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collaborative planning has become an increasingly popular approach in environmental decision-making, particularly in situations where there are multiple actors with conflicting interests. In this paper, collaborative environmental planning is perceived as being embedded in an institutional environment that has an impact on the processes and outcomes of planning. Building on the theory of new institutionalism, the paper combines legal analysis of forest regulation with interviews and policy document data from two case studies on collaborative Natural Resource Planning in state-owned forests in Finland. These approaches will be used to analyse how formal regulations and informal norms are interpreted and implemented in the planning processes. The paper highlights the important role institutions can play in promoting or hindering successful collaborative planning, and makes recommendations for developing a forest governance system that is equipped to deal with the identified challenges.
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| 23. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Protected areas and indigenous rights in Sapmi: an agonistic reading of conflict and collaboration in land use planning
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning. - 1523-908X .- 1522-7200. ; 25, s. 342-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recognition of Indigenous Peoples' rights has sailed up as one of the most critical issues in land use planning, globally. In this paper, we use a recent planning process for a national park on traditional Sami territory in northern Sweden to demonstrate how state officials engaged in everyday conservation planning are pivotal in navigating colonial legislation and promoting policy change on Indigenous rights. The analysis contributes, among other, to scholarly debates about the role of conflict in land use planning and the practices of frontline bureaucrats in natural resource governance. Our contribution demonstrates the value of an agonistic lens that attends to the constructive role of conflict in democratic change in pluralistic societies. This concerns both how state officials approach disagreement as well as the way contestation can create novel spaces to promote structural changes towards sustainability and justice. By not assuming collaboration but respectfully seeking it, the state officials succeeded in re-designing a collapsed process to help actors explore larger structural issues around Indigenous rights and government policy. In our agnostic reading, then, contestation should be perceived not as oppositional to the establishment of collaboration but as a necessary, and productive, part of inclusive land use planning.
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| 24. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Science and Politics in Old-Growth Forest Conflict in Upper Lapland
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature and Culture. - : Berghahn Books. - 1558-6073 .- 1558-5468. ; 8, s. 53-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article illustrates the interconnectedness of science and politics through a case study of old-growth forest conflict in Finnish Upper Lapland. It demonstrates the ways in which "traditional science" has failed to settle the decades-long conflict between state forestry and traditional Sami reindeer herding, and discusses the potential of democratization of science through more inclusive forms of knowledge production. The analysis, which is based on qualitative interview data, shows that a traditional science focus on biological indicators and mathematical modeling has provided only a partial account of the reindeer herding-forestry interactions by ignoring the local, place-specific practices that are equally important in understanding the overall quality of pasture conditions in Upper Lapland. It concludes that an inclusive inquiry, structured according to the principles of joint fact-finding, could create a more policy-relevant, and also more scientifically robust, knowledge basis for future forest management and policy decisions.
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| 25. |
- Raitio, Kaisa
(författare)
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Seized and missed opportunities in responding to conflicts : constructivity and destructivity in forest conflicts management in Finland and British Columbia, Canada
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental communication and community : constructive and destructive dynamics of social transformation. - 9781138913868 ; , s. 229-249
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter compares two high profile forest conflicts to show the importance and constructive role conflicts can play as drivers of social change by improving the access of previously disadvantaged groups to decision-making processes. The analysis builds on literature on policy regimes, collaborative planning theory and conflict analysis in comparing the conflict dynamics and the conflict management responses adopted by the government forest agencies in Finland and British Columbia. The analysis shows that the extent to which conflicts contribute constructively to change depends not only on the intention of those who challenge the system, but centrally on the responses of those with power to manage the resources and the planning processes.
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